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Presented at the World Trade Organization Symposium On Issues Confronting the Word Trade System Geneva, Switzerland 7 July 2001 Genetically Modified Organisms Definitions: Transgenic Organisms Food organisms (crops, livestock, fish) Non-food applications (forestry, horticulture) Components of the Debate Scientific and Factual issues Ethical and Value Issues Legal Issues Institutional Issues Scientific and Factual Issues Risks Benefits Distribution Risks Human health risks Ecological risks Economic risks Human Health Risks Allergy/Toxicity Changes in Nutritional Composition Cumulative Effects of Many New Foods Ecological Risks Gene Flow/Gene Pollution (e.g., “superweeds”) Effects on non-target species (e.g., Monarch butterflies) Effects on ecological balances (e.g., supersalmon) Economic Risks Costs of Health/Ecological Damage Major Economic Displacements Loss of Business (consumer choice) Loss of Trade/Trade Barriers Benefits Human health benefits Ecological benefits Economic benefits Human Health Benefits (Mostly Potential/Future) Nutritionally Improved Foods More Food Security Plant-Produced Vaccines Ecological Benefits (Mostly Potential/Future) Reduced need for agricultural chemicals Soil conservation/improved soil quality More efficient production (less land needed for food, fiber, forest crops) Economic Benefits Welfare effects of health and ecological benefits listed above Benefits of trade, to sellers and consumers Distribution of Risks and Benefits Who reaps the benefits? Who bears the risks? Distribution within societies Distribution among societies Ethical and Value Issues Risk-Benefit trade-offs Social equity issues Religious and cultural values Democratic values Risk-Benefit Trade-Offs Do the benefits justify the risks? How much risk is acceptable? These are value-laden social choices (not questions for science to answer) Social Equity Issues Fairness (or unfairness) of distribution of risks and benefits Preservation of individual right to choose (labeling debate) Who should bear the costs of regulation? Religious and Cultural Values Are we “playing God?” Animal genes (and proteins) in vegetarian diets Individuals’ right to pursue one’s beliefs and to make informed choices Democratic Values Who decides these questions? Need for open, transparent participatory processes Preserving consumers’ right to choose Legal Issues Intellectual property rights Liability for harm International treaties (Biosafety Protocol, TRIPS, trade agreements) Institutional Issues Lack of regulatory frameworks for safety decisions (national and international) Market forces not sufficient (externalities) Lack of societal consensus and lack of mechanisms for addressing broader issues, beyond safety questions Three Critical Challenges (1) The benefits of GM technology are still largely promises, not yet reality. Most applications marketed to date have aided agricultural production in developed countries Few GMO products so far directly benefit consumers Many barriers to GMO crops for small--scale farming in developing countries (2) Risk assessment is not sufficient; better decision paradigms are needed. Some GMO risks are novel, cannot be predicted with much scientific certainty Decisions need to incorporate a greater degree of precaution and assessments of alternatives Many countries not adequately equipped at present to conduct risk analysis (3) Regulatory decisions based on safety cannot resolve the GMO debate. The debate is largely about what is best for society (and how to decide). Safety decisions exclude most of these value issues. No forum exists in which to debate and reach consensus on the broader questions. Consequently, these unresolved issues enter and confound the safety debate. 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