ࡱ> \^[ v4bjbj 4@cc+33@@@@@@@@@8%A9A@NUAUA:AAA~B DtD<MMMMMMM(PRLM@D~B~BDDM4F@@AAM4F4F4FD@A@AM4FDM4F4FVL@@@YMx-ft{@E|L uM<M0NLxS4FSYM4F@YMDDD3 ?:   Session 8: Doing it differently: Reshaping the global economy Sub theme II: The economic, political and technological factors shaping world trade and the role of the rules based multilateral trading system in contributing to the global economic recovery Moderator Ms Deborah Berlinck, Journalist, O Globo Speakers DameBillie Miller, former Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade of Barbados Ms Navanethem Pillay, High Commissioner for Human Rights, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) Ms Nonkululeko Nyembezi-Heit, CEO ArcelorMittal, South Africa Ms Valentine Rugwabiza Sendanyoye, ϲʹ Deputy Director-General Organized by ϲʹ Gender Network Report written by MsLee Ann Jackson Thursday, 16 September 2010 10.00-12.00 Abstract This session explored the factors that influence women's role in domestic and international economies, and sought to identify steps that could contribute to enhancing their access to economic opportunities. The four women speakers represented diverse views ranging from human rights perspectives, the private and public sectors and the ϲʹ Secretariat. There was broad agreement that the multilateral system rules do not, by themselves, lead to gender inequities nor do they lead to gender-neutral outcomes. The real impact of trade and trade policies on women comes through decisions taken at the national level regarding investment, resource allocation, legal enabling environments and policies. 1. Presentations by the panellists Panellists began by commenting on the factors that constrain the ability of women to participate fully as economic agents in the trading system. (a) Navanethem Pillay, High Commissioner for Human Rights, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) In her opening remarks, MsPillay stressed that women and men are affected differently by trade policies. To level the playing field, human rights law can provide guidance. Specifically, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) provides the legal basis to promote and protect the rights of women in all spheres, including the economic field. MsPillay argued that, in the case of essential elements of welfare such as food, healthcare, and education the international community and states cannot and should not leave the concerns of human welfare solely to market forces. (b) Nonkululeko Nyembezi-Heit, CEO ArcelorMittal, South Africa MsNyembezi-Heit stressed that, in the business context, women are different from men in non-trivial ways. As a group, women are less aggressive and more consensus-seeking, less competitive and more collaborative, less power-obsessed and more group-oriented. For this reason, women excel at transformational management and exhibit different leadership behaviours. These behaviours are becoming more important for success in todays corporations, particularly in an economy that is increasingly driven by knowledge. (c) Billie Miller, former Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade of Barbados DameBillie Miller described the policies that contributed to socio-economic transformation in Barbados. In order to build human capital, Barbados implemented policies that ensure that access to healthcare and education is universal, mandatory and free at every point of delivery, from primary, secondary and tertiary levels. These policies have contributed to rapid declines in infant and maternal mortality and morbidity, increased life expectancy and widened access to education for women. DameBillie Miller highlighted that, in Barbados, one priority for action is to address the needs of boys as they adjust to socio-economic changes and the evolution of the economic roles of women in the economy. (d) Valentine Rugwabiza Sendanyoye, ϲʹ Deputy Director-General MsRugwabiza noted that, while efforts to open trade can contribute to economic empowerment and increased living standards, trade cannot achieve these outcomes in isolation. The impact of trade opening is not the same for women and men due to differences in access to opportunities. The multilateral trade rules should not be an excuse for inaction on the gender front at the domestic level. The rules provide adequate policy space for ϲʹ members to adopt policies that create enabling conditions to ensure equal access to trade opportunities for women. Panellist discussions In the moderated discussion, panellists commented on specific factors that constrain the ability of women to participate fully as economic agents in the trading system. Women's work is often concentrated in the informal sector, where women are often exposed to low wages, long hours and uncertain tenure. Lack of access to resources constrains women's ability to enter the market economy. Inadequate safety nets and support for child care limit women's flexibility in terms of time allocation in economic activities as well as domestic responsibilities within the household. Without adequate education and training women are less able to participate and compete in the economy. Management practices that fail to recognize the diverse needs of men and women may lead to women being marginalized in the workplace. Solutions to these issues can take many forms, and approaches will vary depending on domestic conditions. A change at the national level in terms of policies and resource allocation will have the highest potential for making a positive impact. Rules and regulations targeted at changing outcomes for women can be useful and data collection should be improved to support enhanced evaluation. From the private-sector perspective, management systems that encourage diverse teams lead to better outcomes. In addition there was a consensus that there was scope for multilateral efforts to play a role, particularly in terms of raising awareness. 2. Questions and comments by the audience MsNyembezi-Heit was asked to comment on the preferential treatment approach of addressing the needs of marginalized groups in societies. In response, she noted that quota systems can enhance participation of marginalized groups. However, preferential treatment approaches need to be based on clear goals and on a defined time-frame within which those milestones are to be achieved. In addition, decision-makers need to be bold enough to abandon the process when it does not work. In the end, any system of affirmative action based on preference is ultimately discriminatory to other groups, and MsNyembezi-Heit stressed the need to be thoughtful when adopting these approaches. Picking up on a comment regarding different work styles, MsNyembezi-Heit stressed the need for the private sector to redesign the old management models to suit the participation of women, and noted that leadership will only change when there is a critical mass of women in the workforce. She argued that the type of change that can be brought about by restructuring the old model is actually beneficial to businesses themselves. A discussion regarding potential lessons that could be drawn from regional experiences, including gender requirements in technical assistance projects, touched on two themes whether lessons learned in one country context can be transposed to other national settings, and the value of including the gender dimension in social investment programmes. MsRugwabiza emphasized that there is a need to recognize context specificity, since no single experience is fully transposable to a different context. At the same time, while being mindful of the different contexts and the forces in play within those contexts, it is possible to draw some lessons from successful examples. MsNyembezi-Heit highlighted that, typically, social investment agendas emphasize poverty alleviation. Given that women make up the majority of the poor, social investment is an area where the issues of investment and women naturally intersect. The private sector can begin to channel more funding to women and women-related projects. In South Africa for instance, large companies do have gender dimensions to their social investment strategies. The discussion next moved to the issue of whether multilateral trade negotiations in agriculture could incorporate a gender component. An audience member noted that removing agriculture distortions could benefit women more than men. In Pakistan for instance, 80per cent of labour in the livestock sector consists of women, and if distortions in the dairy sector were to be removed, millions of women and households would be lifted out of poverty. Stressing that this dimension is not highlighted in the Doha Development Agenda (DDA), she called for more research on the impacts of the Doha round of negotiations on women. MsRugwabiza responded that, ultimately, ϲʹ members are in a position to provide information on these topics and to ensure that their negotiating positions encompass these concerns. Members are the best placed to influence these outcomes. With respect to distortions, and the implications in terms of business opportunities, conclusion of the DDA will be helpful in achieving development goals in many countries. A successful conclusion of the Doha round would mean the removal and reduction of agricultural distortions, as well as the reduction of tariff peaks and tariff escalations, which are major impediments to economic development in developing countries. 3. Conclusions and way forward In conclusion each speaker was invited to comment on what steps could be taken to enhance gender equality and to empower women take advantage of economic opportunities. MsRugwabiza concluded by saying that the best way in which the multilateral trading system can make contributions to both men and women, as well as to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), is through the successful conclusion of the Doha round. MsPillay could see that ϲʹ members were reluctant to include human rights, equality and issues of participation in the MDG debate because of the fear that this would hamper economic growth. However, she asserted that human rights are a precondition for economic development. The right to food and health, for instance, ensures that a population is fully equipped and positioned to develop entrepreneurship capacities and ensure participation in economic markets. For MsPillay, a human-rights-based approach was essential. DameBillie Miller hoped that there would be a better appreciation of the need to bring men along in the process of empowering women and to ensure that the gender gap does not widen. She also highlighted the need to recognize women's choices regarding how and where they work. MsNyembezi-Heit contended that the business community has been relegated to observer status in the debates concerning women and development. She emphasized the importance of including the private sector in decision-making and implementation processes related to development strategies. In her view, the private sector could contribute to development in ways that go beyond social investment.      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