ࡱ> `b_ +bjbj 4<ccE"\3\3AAAAA3A3A3A3A8kA$A3AIYAA:AAABV*DdD4XXXXXXXc[^LXADBBDDXEAAAAYEEEDAAAAXEDXEEVAAXCt{3AEvpWX<Y0IYWQ^EQ^(XEAXDDD\3 ?:   Session 30: The future of trade and the environment: Creating the ϲʹϒs solution for trade, development and sustainable oceans Sub theme I: The ϲʹ and the players that influence the multilateral trading system Moderator H.E. Mr Peter Allgeier, Ambassador, President, C&M International, Washington, D.C. Speakers Dr Rainer Froese, Senior Scientist/Fisheries Biologist, Leibniz-Institute fr Meereswissenschaften (IFM-GEOMAR), Kiel, Germany Dr Anthony Charles, Professor, Environmental Studies Programme and School of Business, St Marys University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada Mr Ricardo Melndez-Ortiz, Chief Executive, International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development Organized by OCEANA Report written by Ambassador Peter Allgeier, President, C&M International Friday, 17 September 2010 11.15-13.15 Abstract This panel used the ϲʹ fisheries subsidies negotiation as a tangible example of how the ϲʹ can contribute to solving global environmental problems. Beyond its status as the ϲʹϒs first trade and environment negotiation, the fisheries subsidy negotiation has several unique characteristics: It is more than a commercial negotiation. While one objective of the negotiations is a typical level the playing field commercial objective, its primary objective is to promote the sustainability of the worlds ocean fisheries. The solutions to the negotiation do not fit the normal ϲʹ mould of adjusting the border measures, or internal policies, of each member. The fisheries subsidy issue involves both activities within members marine borders (i.e.their Exclusive Economic Zones or EEZs) and activities on the high seas. The negotiations cut across North-South lines. The major fishing subsidizing members include both developed and developing countries. Those adversely affected by the subsidies economically and environmentally include both developed and developing countries. The negotiations also raise new institutional issues for the ϲʹ. What distinguishes the ϲʹ from other international agreements is that the members commitments are legally binding and enforceable through a robust dispute settlement system. Is the current Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) equally workable for an agreement with a global sustainability objective and the commercial agreements in the current ϲʹ? Beyond these complications and challenges, there is the overriding challenge of finding the proper balance between development and trade on the one hand and sustainability and the environment on the other hand. The panellists discussed three key questions in these negotiations: What is the state of the worlds fisheries? What is the relationship between trade/development and sustainable fisheries? What are the implications of this negotiation for the ϲʹ as an institution, and for the treatment of trade and the environment in global environmental governance? 1. Presentations by the panellists (a) Rainer Froese, Senior Scientist/Fisheries Biologist, Leibniz-Institute fr Meereswissenschaften (IFM-GEOMAR), Kiel, Germany DrFroese described the trends in global fisheries, demonstrating that the vast majority of fisheries are fully exploited, overexploited, or depleted. He illustrated the dramatic expansion of commercial fishing and quoted the subsequent decline of catch per 100 hooks and reduced biomass of fish as evidence of the growing depletion of fish stocks. Global fisheries have drastically reduced the size of their target stocks, typically by 90per cent since 1950. Global catches have been declining since the late 1980s. Mismanagement of fisheries by governments has failed to reverse these trends. The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea defines the biomass that can produce the maximum sustainable yield as a reference point below which stocks need to be rebuilt. But subsidies to fishing fleets have resulted in fishing well beyond maximum sustainable yield (and beyond the economically sustainable point in the absence of government subsidies). These levels of fishing can be maintained only through subsidies, which currently account for nearly 25per cent of the value of global catch. Removing the subsidies would allow stocks to rebuild and would increase catches in the medium-term. DrFroeses conclusion is that fisheries could produce more food, better livelihoods and higher profit and tax collections if subsidies were eliminated and proper management according to the Law of the Seas and the UN Fish Stocks Agreement were practiced. (b) Anthony Charles, Professor, Environmental Studies Programme and School of Business, St. Marys University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada DrCharles addressed the role of small-scale and artisanal fisheries in meeting development, conservation, and trade reform goals. He also stressed that reductions in subsidies are needed to save the oceans from overfishing. Subsidies cause problems mainly in industrial fisheries, but the elimination of certain subsidies, including fuel subsidies, would also be helpful for small-scale fisheries. There is, however, no universally accepted definitions for small-scale, artisanal, and subsistence fisheries, although there are some agreed characteristics. Support for artisanal and small-scale fisheries is needed to meet the UN Millennium Development Goals, human rights obligations, and marine conservation goals. The question is: what kind of support should be provided? Not all forms of support (subsidies) can help to meet development needs and produce conservation benefits. So-called good subsidies include support for: research, enforcement of fisheries management, fishermens organizations, quality improvement (e.g.inspection, certification), and diversification into other industries. Bad subsidies or subsidies favouring industrial fisheries include: fuel subsidies, tax exemptions for vessel owners, and investment in or modernization of vessels and gear. (c) Ricardo Melndez Ortiz, Chief Executive, International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, Geneva, Switzerland MrMelndez-Ortiz spoke of the challenges that the fisheries negotiations pose for the ϲʹ. First and foremost, he stressed that the primary objective of the negotiations is conservation of the fisheries, not commercial fairness. However, there is a steep learning curve for trade negotiators to negotiate resource scarcity issues such as fisheries. Outside groups have been playing a positive role by helping to educate the negotiators about the science of the issues. There needs to be a shared understanding of sustainability. The negotiations also raise the issue of inter-generational equity, which is inherent in resource scarcity issues. Policies also need to address the needs of countries at different levels of development. The normal North-South divisions do not make sense. MrMelndez also pointed out that Aid for Trade is necessary for the fisheries sector to cope with the costs of greening its operations. There is a need for coastal fisheries communities to move from a quantity perspective to a value perspective. 2. Questions and comments by the audience Most of the questions focused on understanding the concept of maximum sustainable yield. DrFroese pointed out that it is neither excessively complicated nor overly expensive to determine the biomass of a fishery in comparison to the biomass that would produce maximum sustainable yield. Thus, it is not accurate to say that developing countries require enormous resources to determine the state of their fisheries or the sustainable catch. Other comments dealt with issues such as levelling the playing field for developing countries that have not developed their fleets sufficiently to take full advantage of their fisheries resources. There also was the recognition that it would not be sufficient to address only the subsides affecting high seas fishing, since coastal fishing accounts for 90per cent of the catch, and many developing countries fishermen are having to go further out to sea because of the depletion of closer-to-shore fisheries. An important point that emerged during the discussion was the ability of most fisheries to recover if the total catch and fishing effort is reduced (e.g.by eliminating subsidies and other destructive practices) and maintained at sustainable levels. 3. Conclusions and way forward The session wrapped up with an affirmation of the significance for the oceans of a ϲʹ agreement that would eliminate subsidies that support over-capacity and overfishing. As 125 scientists stated in a letter to ϲʹ Director-General Lamy on 24May2007, The ϲʹ has in its hands the opportunity to effect one of the greatest changes toward protecting the worlds oceans.      FILENAME \p \* MERGEFORMAT DivImrd:#Imrd:HelenS:Public Forum:Publication 2010:2. Back from copy editor:Session 30.doc  savedate \@ dd.MM.yy 03.11.10  printdate \@ dd.MM.yy 00.00.00 5~2 ; C D o p    ) + , . / 1 2 4 6 ? g h s t u v 45.0QTƼƼƴhjh up5hjh uphmc hjh uphjh upCJOJQJ h-h uph[z[h up5h uphjh upOJQJh upOJQJG2 ; D 5 ? i P + & Fgd up $xgd upmxgd upgd up ^`gd up()+,    e  ]cef^_&/  ADE"#Z[HIIJh upCJOJQJhjh upCJOJQJhjh up5h up hjh upTFre^A@"##%'((D*E*G* dgd upx^`gd up $xgd up & Fgd upgd up@OP  !!B"C"""""""""""""""##O$P$R$S$%%%%x&y&&&' '''''((N(O(((A)a)z){)))))))))))C*D*E*F*H*I*jh upUhjh up5h upCJOJQJhjh upCJOJQJ hjh uph upQG*H*J*K*M*N*P*Q*++++gd up. dgd up I*K*L*N*O*Q*R*n*o***********++++++ hjh up h up*jh upUh up21h:p up. 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