ࡱ> ^`] 4bjbj 4Dcc,33@@@@@@@@@8%A$IA@JNeAeA:AAABTDDDMMMMMMMdPSLM@EBBE EMpF@@AANpFpFpF$E@A@AMpFEMpFpFVL@@@M9t{@EM M<N0JNMxRSpFRSMpF@MEEE3 ?:   Session 38: The (elusive?) quest for coherence in global negotiations and norms: the case of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Sub theme III: Coherence between the ϲʹ and other areas of global governance Moderator Mr Ahmed Abdel Latif, Intellectual Property and Technology Programme Manager, International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) Speakers Mr Martin Girsberger, Head of Intellectual Property and Sustainable Development Unit, Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property (SFIIP) Ms Maria Julia Oliva, Senior Adviser on access and benefit sharing, Union for Ethical BioTrade Dr Dwijen Rangnekar, Senior Research Fellow, Centre for the Study of Globalisation and Regionalisation, University of Warwick Mr Frederick Abbott, Professor of Law, Florida State University College of Law Mr Jean-Frdric Morin, Professor of Political Science, Universit Libre de Bruxelles Organized by International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) Report written by MsMarie Wilke, Dispute Settlement and Legal Issues Junior Programme Officer, ICTSD; and MsMarta Wojtczuk, Dispute Settlement and Intellectual Property Intern, ICTSD Friday, 17 September 2010 16.30-18.30 Abstract With the 10th Conference of the Parties (COP) of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) coming up in October this year, coherence between negotiations on genetic resources and traditional knowledge in a number of international fora and processes has gained increased attention in view of its implications for efforts to forge an effective international access and benefit-sharing (ABS) regime. This concerns fora as diverse as the CBD, the ϲʹ, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), the World Health Organization (WHO) and several free trade agreements (FTAs). Panellists examined tensions and synergies between discussions in these different fora, and how countries were struggling to address them in order to ensure greater coherence and mutual supportiveness. 1. Presentations by the panellists (a) Jean-Frdric Morin, Professor of Political Science, Universit Libre de Bruxelles Prof.Morin opened the discussion by presenting the empirical research he had recently conducted on the issue of coherence, looking at the participation of a number of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries in various fora involved in ABS relevant deliberations. With more and more institutions being involved, he pointed out that we are moving towards a situation of regime complex referring to the collective of the overlapping regimes, which consists of the intellectual property, trade, agriculture and biodiversity regimes. While each regime is characterized by its own rules and procedures, they tend to overlap as they influence each other, he said. In this context, Prof.Morin defines coherence as a degree of integration in policy-making, with two levels: first, the substantive dimension, which is the degree of complementarity between related policies; and second, the procedural dimension, which is the cooperation among domestic actors. He stressed that if states want to be fully coherent, they need political commitment and institutional capacity. In this regard, he explained that states are either chaotic, showing no coordination between different regimes; strategic, taking different positions in the conflicting organizations with trade-off considerations; functional, establishing clear lines between the subject matters involved; or systemic, having the same expert representation in all the different fora, addressing the same issue. His analysis showed that Switzerland has the most systemic approach, while other states, in particular the United States appear strategic. As his analysis did not focus on the actual content of submissions made, however, this is no indicator for whether states act strategic concerning their negotiation positions, or whether the chaotic appearance results from internal disagreement and authority issues. In fact, I am not even sure that coherence as such is a wishful outcome, he later added during the discussion period. It is fair to predict that states cannot afford to be more chaotic on the issue of ABS than they already are, he concluded. (b) Martin Girsberger, Head of Intellectual Property and Sustainable Development Unit, Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property As a representative of a country which has deliberately pursued greater coordination in international negotiations in this area, MrGirsberger provided an overview of the Swiss position in ABS negotiations both at the ϲʹ and at WIPO. In this context, he presented the Swiss Patent Act, which came into force in 2008, and the way in which it addressed disclosure of source of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge in patent applications. While he said that Switzerland strongly favoured a resolution of the disclosure issue in WIPO and the ϲʹ, he also presented the pros and cons of having the disclosure requirement addressed in the ABS Protocol: Considering the timeline, it would the fastest solution since the negotiations are to be finished in two months. On the other hand, ABS and CBD are not intellectual property (IP) instruments, and there is a risk of blocking negotiations, he added. Moreover, if pursuing a global approach, one has to consider that the US is not a member to the CBD, therefore it would be not covered by the Protocol, he said. (c) Frederick Abbott, Professor of Law, Florida State University College of Law Prof.Abbott presented the concrete example of sharing of biological materials with human pathogenic potential as an area where further coordination is required to achieve coherence between the WHO process and the emerging ABS Protocol. He emphasized that sharing of biological materials with human pathogenic potential is necessary from a public health standpoint for the development of vaccines and therapeutic treatments. However, the WHO negotiations on pandemic influenza preparedness sharing of influenza viruses and access to vaccines and other benefits where some of the subject matter is addressed are stalled, while negotiations on the ABS Protocol are intensifying this month. He argued that countries are negotiating toward [a] potential multilateral legal swamp as the approaches taken by the two draft instruments are not adequately integrated. WHO is the most logical forum for addressing pathogen-sharing subject matter, yet developing countries may consider their voice is not very well empowered in WHO, and find the CBD/ABS alternative attractive. Countries should commit the subject of pathogen materials to a single forum and approach it firmly so [as] to bridge differences in the interests of global public health, he emphasized. (d) Maria Julia Oliva, Senior Adviser on access and benefit sharing, Union for Ethical BioTrade MsOliva provided another example on where coherence needs to be achieved: the case of free trade agreements. She explained that, while originally perceived as a threat to policy space provided under the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and the ABS objective of the CBD, biodiversity-related intellectual property provisions in FTAs are now seen also as a chance for developing countries. What really has changed, is that the discussion went from looking at IP and biodiversity as an exclusively defensive interest in the context of FTAs, to looking at it as an opportunity, as a positive interest, MsOliva added. This is illustrated, for instance, by the US-Peru and US-Colombia FTAs, which were accompanied by understandings on the protection of biodiversity and traditional knowledge, a recognition of the CBD principles and an exchange of information on patent applications, in particular on prior art, MsOliva said. Likewise, FTAs of developing countries signed with Canada, the European Union (EU) and the European Free Trade Area (EFTA), respectively, likewise underline this development. In particular, the recent EFTA and EU FTAs with Colombia and Peru are examples of FTAs where progressive biodiversity provisions have been included in the main text of the agreements. However, she also raised the concern that it is not only about coherence between legal norms but also about what is happening on the ground. There is a range of mechanisms that have to be put in place to increase mutual supportiveness and when we have a system with all the tools in place, these tools need to be enforced, she concluded. (e) Dwijen Rangnekar, Senior Research Fellow, Centre for the Study of Globalisation and Regionalisation, University of Warwick Finally, DrRangnekar provided concluding comments mentioning that, despite the fact that the CBD ABS negotiations have been ongoing for over six years now while the discussion itself was introduced already more than two decades ago the difficulty of increasing coherence has generated new topics and angles that need to be looked at. It is interesting to see that despite the time that has elapsed since the discussion started no single regime has been able to assume exclusive authority on the matter of ABS he recalled. Likewise, all four presentations showed that certain regimes were favoured over others by particular actors at a particular point in time. It is important and interesting to analyse the reasons for these changes. Along a negotiation process, ideas and concepts change which results in [the] forum shifting strategies, depending on the most promising regime as each regime appears to have its own principles and objectives which favour different ideas, which again results in an indirect hierarchy resulting from the strengths of each forum. The impact and thus desirability of coherence therefore need to be analysed and assessed according to their context, he concluded. 2. Questions and comments by the audience The role and continuous inclusion of the notion of mutual supportiveness was raised by MsMarie Wilke, Dispute Settlement and Legal Issues Junior Programme Officer at ICTSD. In that regard, MsOliva said that, although this notion assumed that everything had the same value, it is the patent system which should support the CBD objectives and not the other way around. MrAbdel Latif inquired about the implementation of the disclosure of source requirement since the Swiss Patent Act of 2008 came into force, and whether it had contributed to preventing cases of misappropriation of genetic resources and traditional knowledge. MrGirsberger indicated that the disclosure of source requirement was only one element among others to address this problem. 3. Conclusions and way forward As final remark MrAbdel Latif noted that all panellists seemed to agree that coherence for the sake of coherence was not necessarily desirable, but coherence was often instrumental to achieving the actual objectives which had been at the root cause of the debate, in particular addressing misappropriation of genetic resources and lack of effective benefit-sharing arrangements.      FILENAME \p \* MERGEFORMAT DivImrd:#Imrd:HelenS:Public Forum:Publication 2010:2. 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