ࡱ> DABCn;$JY]Wa,/1=O\ PNG  IHDRagAMA pHYsj IDATxy`վdOۤK[RR"XMy ! hūӫ>ׇ";UT^A@pRN[钤M4{%dp>8Gof; Ʋ, - H" >AB!OP'(B! EA|" >AB!OP'(B! EA|" >AB!OP'(B! EA|"DX.Jurz Mtv*U:C<7?a򔤾99ZEQ|W$\@,.>h06YnRToh/\הiqë1tLkwWU8E :BĺOM/<ޤ(ABFW_iyt#q wwQB䐮Iⴴ`%2h(@{!Ξisݴ玉T\P9sr@r޻_j8e !=0+_+'MV^f&!=/T,v1tVdW(BHv iƶl!KI|ABWu\^RZ.!0㗇n] Pzw~>]ş0 D"_-[~knv͛ 6,|,绖Hn24}}[XΒwT{,W EZ^8!D=PZ-?a'kDPY72|8@-oK٭<{vWv n.s(BB6,|\4rBx;e':Yht8“+ζzA ݺOGt6UVUvː4u} D!I$"@(RM] bcYS5β7vzAPf Up4lٮ=q͖o32Mua:AA2fQ>'n9}lIctvv._᮰|pV[:11*Bzx' Q׸ 7fk|!$6L+Eڝq_~:*8]LY3dHRAGnQVr>Y6qo.?W$@WN mղ#o_Dc,k ߵpտ{5~C헒:wL}ӟwr;ٳnk>)2ϴ<ߵx~m~mQHq[? ;/ul]xO5DL&hܕk44$7Q6OXRM{?4oYs}##"nk 0 k?Zd!u~ɏHI .Yu."a( Lpܸ⿯qS.IJy7x%k1M%F&D.y,|{2SZ\jyl%Y9>.!LK!Fȑ•v:F=[\MgW++g.k>֪-r~[1-Xn{vJT {#!FȲ#i%NR9vizdc{m-j!,eEB$&40T^ƝBĘyF#4(0(h2U߾Je>8N3zbŇybY/xj?h__UY 4Nl !IrS+V^蟚OzB={u/?t=e om̡_pϿJVL* ="'|vu7l&p/T(jX]"W 2\4Zm\)JqX 8YYEa3?_^]UB&Mq9pQ:UvJC2,^f.FHRA,*2=OhhpRCX{!wyqq!e߸Cf|UmZgp]n3<&FLyIu z;e{H.W_7g, 8a텈<\uc-   l0))-ٓQ==^QZix>_ У9$uE::Gco LŠ$mͶia[:L ?VԒAAAַ٬VXs!!(nS.evm_ Mw,<_;oHӇͫv}YyˁZώ4xw/<\zL @kPbBl"hQ$:<}`Y60Bz?[qǎa@|m8>1O^ IVpjJ%"ÇnZAU+М"$VpZ njP eTY(J4485SŻURX_v0z"Eo 뾐zXʯ˄C=j|aà |NlVχ BRߤUf,Y:¿[KD#ԓ&sݜ"SgŸaK}@ :l| hNxqc3֬=vPp^NNLԜ?rݜ"/lZZΗ(;?=!½~Aቸ 2yyb2w tv}Ҋ iNZEJaސwVV(f|1ۀ 揉AD"a Ϛk..>Gv?'FMɧ32 toq9]lDp8K/P'd;Ӵƿ0 h`h3BA(lu~~|\Сo"% ].Ln(Bt:wl*JrHB'=~YwOq$JJ (+=/(B<۾Stqnwip;#t4(B Iek4'jA,Dҁn%+Ჹc>>9,(˾޵ݵ1(ß@ҋˑӲɪG岘?>Їi:Un[0 6;;6и终Ds;EȳsaHQߪ_ PoI2zma!6f y@QWy|+xheN[Gpx|j#MӥMo2"2sO~!*{R[:*=k׭(jҤOj-r5:g,:2-M%{ aJ/[޻{ Q P8 ,Unn7kj=Dr8$ aqË{_K."P$ud21!}%4v}ԶcJ׍^#&@8taٚCbO 1s!iZT˖xu㱤MӏC-7iӥȓO|O0 oCoh.-'V7 `2nv=49Lk;ִZN>c(Z" 1ku@|,F\6UʺE.}ʉQ{?i-8/xq6IA8QLPI/V*188iRBɊC@ .RwvjؕwGzn.kG S$}N߿@dZ{ur~fT"Ŧ^19؆yQSaR.X <3S) mU'485rS5zRo!Ns̼iT C]uN!$u, tlVR#%ikgze s{^8\y{ mi.xb$ :#2 !D$G`۽Ñ1ZV?Yq땂/7kW\:3#O`xew,^tgh4- "X혂kWk2KB(}X8xr̦by{sczɲ?g+.L>7dKPx~%nbXMQT㍅ߊ2>㭈8ts0AV*SEY!Y2T`i :OĥRDqadu-UO6]N/Z9r \VfE k F՛ #sq%I}<;7uOd N"ysetŅ6 :tB{<Ք0 F ug(D1_}> Ͼ˳Һ )$Ee˛tY`h ']̑{`ɶbmѵ˅K=h!hB@ 3A;a㤴qnpȸ}b44? toSI 14 0Tb5R' SoSfl47[&08Mƥdq"h j \' $yGCilU߂=Sȼrh)ڥ;PXz*5 ITՊS!}u^u> B|Vðb2f̎Mv##;9ޥۼHⲦEUI͍)n\{UbR踻|V̯nwydnZrjfI7+U/thȇ8;*c2 2:g8 h@)P_d( "‡x0  0t9lp8J˯vvGoT3 Ci'kT%`0o~1>v>j{t 8LBVD) WKYeM) ;Q_J30tq`]ƅ01a6Six<iC laHo,;] c,N3p2$"I*? BtI+a1]_G蛉z.,;NWTs>P1ԩMIDAT8S;@spEb0 3 CR$h 9l&D(NPAkv@YɱG`\[we?p0D2Ng9 ?`]6^{'"&мգ0 gt(}&M5qψPzs#ﾱ(Aё+Uz[#6Ycgn굚pZ!&v秄QWڭ_[ v|<+;Kk>}%+ې-"ss!sۚ0lمr*wˎ-yNaNfkj5-]eZi`0 hrp6 0@@GR.$<>s?X =cf<,:4o렂 ++fҿr Vsxg+⫟8g "[v6rirA/p~N$Avacu1M R\ %"!\x86f AĪMJ)m=u"HI6p~WH֞s VP|d%<Ä|,7)1Hc󈘏SHiw̖ <89b =IRU?yuvrF]Nv۟8}s.tc5rx*I10q |녊#yEuq{e@t j04kMb)lE]f4F)h$(600ޙV{s==˟*Um?NcI )> B.]v (A1 WTe8B!%.8Ft: Nl2X$żW8]ۏ4myf61ӠzgmT3w5CU̞zhV^\pͰ^Q "|H mSp.VPT:lח5:r ;&Jn8̾'MsP(mnsy FC("R7PBE}C۱bRBc7ؗ.m)mz^׶ &`TAJ"}2Y'9pg)O?/KBRDD?,H :BO$Q ×˕>бʩә·ÊʿʴK9<}`庫z"w@,DaF)ٙ#lX/^l0]l%W {DNXZS]ESRB AsYr އ$$`P;zj^o5r^)ûYYRg_RB @[S(1D`GW/]*Uy۵v3ώ='QP]~tߦ!o|:N b[d)9Ԅ V_PRYm69~+~cR{Y#I AF@VI$:[b;QUQi()igRl˃Rَ9L*s\H~Ku  1b0SKR8װ9Yꀶbs*l+_>4sJ6Ǟ \j8x.7a&q1~Pe2`+_iu%ٍKR a#jPUW7L04*#*ӯ$99G?&T~,N@K~R ]s#F "9jhZm۷jJOfU(ތ))kٸͣWY˥®Pߚxu!]N-}Ly_#y<JzƨS? ~}Ӝߞ={S,Y%:M70ǎ\9΂}M?TWp93Ҵuĸպj>p wϔOY!7 V ?ÑK$'G1XgpyNseh$-;$'fGD3uj 맥;>]i俛qک݅`۱գɻ,zجysirB14XpS͚M_h>{.z^D/yaX0jEыk `xޓ<0܅ - #%w][hUjEw'%%G$t-- C|^WYV5ljy<2i"Vfv*fAQLEPR_6pjGq}n/(ԋfR'Jdt,G'kćY=M+@gjn q"!PL:NG8.y$S,ᵿ0ZX_6+̎H'!(fYӨR:LP$3QqLT(n+?uU:t~şJaώ\#sJ'PjK]Fìa3׌Z<("|+Lߜȑ 0̼ʢ2H}`3gҬ'}f %DJjZf#. AhҌ8^4o"%Dϟ=S6]rX $?!%Dl+ܧŪ ]UNe\]q#A!%DrպLϯ~v8Y|<ؽRB5-{9V49v p{;0XٱH ^6]V M@pl(ׄ2aC̙4uFJbT })8kous5Dw)xwʘtq2RB}_+)>woXRB}2iäJ3~I;c]id>eZlHERbQcyX= RBk~VڈsoiL$̀ԄH@$ A ݈7rSF}>EХ`K0N]W'7 a$[Ѩ`w}FBwOt{>?˶Bue/y7sU/-䉄"FL3*ABxVfYm0K 2_蜦Q}8q@B}.a>whHĉکﭱ'+$*ы`ݷfӞȰ$д48'=l-?<_%uS ]u3X*:kؒVͅzg3ኀ`?lWxmEQ ߯xTHP!!@THP!!@THP!!@THP!!@THPKaIENDB`3(@ ) @ #Bitmap Image Paint.Picture0Bitmap ImageBitmap Image Paint.Picture0Bitmap Image/ 00DArialngsXu,0,)20$DVerdanasXu,0,)20$" DTimes New Roman,0,)20$0DWingdingsRoman,0,)20$@ .  @n?" dd@  @@``  x.     *!/#$%&'()*+-, ,b$$JY]Wa,/1=O\ ; 0AA0 ̙@8ʚ;[7ʚ;g4AdAdD)20ppp@ <4ddddpe00u 9___PPT10 pp6F___PPT9( (8 *  ?  %O  =(Subsidies, Trade and the ϲʹ KWorld Trade Report 2006 Presented at ϲʹ Public Forum, 26 September 2006 LPL World Trade Report 2006A comprehensive overview of use and impact of government subsidies: definitions of subsidies predictions of economic theory about the effects of subsidies reasons governments give for using subsidies incidence of subsidies across countries and sectors ϲʹ rules on subsidies :E9 EThe legal, statistical and economic definitions of subsidies differ FF! 1. Economic definition may involve: -budgetary outlays -regulatory intervention -public provision of good and services at less than market price -any government intervention that affects relative prices 2. National accounts statistics only include - direct payments to resident enterprises 3. WTO legal definition Broad range of forms of subsidies (direct payments, tax concessions, provision of goods and services) BUT EXCUDES public infrastructure, regulation  specificity Need studies based on legal definition=-'!̙̙+ ̙ ' |Report emphasises need for more and  better data on subsidies??! Data from international sources that allow for cross-country comparability only exist at a highly aggregated level or are available for a limited number of (sub) sectors (agriculture, fisheries, coal) instruments (export credit support) Very few data exist on services subsidies.XGU+VGU+    -Lack of transparency on the use of subsidies..$GSignificant discrepancies exist between value of subsidies according to different statistical sources (inter)national statistics and ϲʹ notifications World Trade Report raises serious questions about the completeness of ϲʹ notifications ... ... and therefore about the achievements of the ϲʹ with respect to transparency HZOZ4Z|ZZHO4|g!Subsidies (bil.$, averages 98-02)""$ 8Fishery subsidies reported to ϲʹ, OECD and APEC (mil $)99$!How much do countries subsidize?""$According to national accounts statistics 69 countries spent around $300 billion on subsidies in 2003 of which 21 developed countries spent $250 billion. The average ratio of subsidies to GDP was: 1.4 per cent for developed countries 0.6 per cent for developing countries N+q+L7How much do countries subsidize at the sectoral level?88$Large variation in the sectoral distribution across countries (yet, differences across data sources in composition by industry and instrument used) Agricultural subsidies in OECD countries show a downward trend There is no solid information on trends in industry and services subsidies There seems to be a tendency to redirect subsidies towards  horizontal objectives Who benefits from these subsidies? Are horizontal subsidies de facto less trade distortive? ?]>V>"8 6Stated objectives of governments for using subsidies "75$$SGovernments extend subsidies to ... pursue industrial development support the creation of new knowledge through R&D attain distributional objectives protect the environment. Economic theory: Subsidies Can be effective instruments to pursue these objectives Can distort trade by giving artificial competitive advantage to beneficiaries $ZZZZZ$Subsidies as a policy toolCompared to other policy instruments, subsidies tend to: represent a relatively transparent form of government intervention at national level have less undesirable side effects than some other policies if well-designed Can be more easily afforded by higher income countries, a disadvantage for some But they make governments prone to capture by recipient groups Need more empirical studies to assess the relevance of market failure and the effectiveness/design of subsidization policies :Z1Z}ZZ:1} +The Trade and Welfare Effects of Subsidies,,$xA systematic analysis of trade and welfare effects of subsidies has only been carried out in the economic literature for agricultural subsidies Economic simulation models suggest that agricultural subsidies create welfare losses ... ... that are borne primarily by the major providers of subsidies, although they still distort trade Their removal may hurt net food importers>ZZ -Disciplining the Use of Subsidies at the ϲʹ..$VThe WTO disciplines the use of specific subsidies, i.e. subsidies that are explicitly limited to a particular set of beneficiaries. The WTO thus seeks to ensure that eligibility for subsidies is based on objective criteria and neutral conditions (so  targeted subsidies may differ from  specific subsidies). Export subsidies prohibited in manufacturing. In Agriculture they will be eliminated by 2013 (HK 2005). S&D treatment for developing countries. Question: Should developing countries be permitted to apply export subsidies to manufacturing? FZbZb WTR 2006 concludesMore reliable and more comprehensive data sets that are comparable across countries are necessary in order to increase transparency on the use of subsidiesWTR 2006 concludes6Need of more studies to answer some questions: Are market failures relevant to justify subsidies? How  effectively are subsidies used for governments stated objectives? What is the impact of subsidies on income and welfare? (studies limited to agriculture) What is the impact of subsidies in developing countries? Who are the actual beneficiaries of the subsidies? (Eg. Approx. 5% recipients receive 50% agriculture subsidies in the EU) How theoretical predictions and empirical evidence relate to the legal definition of subsidies? Z0/4 !"#$%& ' (   ` 3ff` ` >?" dF@(?uddR@iZ@PlP@F@</O n?" dd@   @@``PR $   @ ` `0p@@L0 0 4(     H4ؐgֳgֳ ?"`Z,  Hclick to edit... @  Hڐgֳgֳ ?"`,   RClick to edit Master text styles Second Level Third Level Fourth Level Fifth Level!    S   c $x  `p  ^* 0     c $d vq6   `*"0     c $P   b*$0 f  Z"  S Ԕ #" `wqi   BA ??"!   0,"l :&0 2   0<": 6"0 2N  6޽h? ? 3ff___PPT10e.+D=' = @B + $1_Generic (Online) L0 @ <(    NTwgֳgֳ ?@ w ,   H`wgֳgֳ ? `  <$0 w , Z"  S Ԕ #" `wqi  BA ??"!    0w"G :&0 2    0hw": 6"0 2N  6޽h? ? 3ff___PPT10u.. D+e%,D=' = @B +0 zrd (  d d 0X~ -6  ~ P*   d 0~ b 6 ~ R*  d d c $ ?8X  ~ d 0~  n ~ RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S d 6 ~  -?  ~ P*   d 6%~  b ? ~ R*  H d 0fy ? 3380___PPT10.B6 8(    09 -6   >*   0 b 6  @*   6   -?   >*   6p  b ?  @* H  0fy ? 3380___PPT10.3;   *(  x  c $w@ w r  S wb w H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.ȡ{]+D=' = @B +  L0 @L$(  Lr L S K~ Z,  ~ r L S G~ zT ~ H L 0޽h ? 3ff___PPT10i.Dp2Q+D=' = @B +H L0 p0(  px p c $>~ Z,  ~ x p c $4?~ M, ~ H p 0޽h ? 3ff80___PPT10.P L0 ,$(  ,r , S '~ Z,  ~ r , S ,& M'Zk  ~ H , 0޽h ? 3ff___PPT10i.ϡ0BL+D=' = @B + L0 <$(  <r < S v~ Z,  ~ r < S xw~ m, ~ H < 0޽h ? 3ff___PPT10i.ס09{f+D=' = @B +IA L0 @@5.1@(  r  S T~ Z,  ~ ? ,1 . #"NBUVUVUVUUVUVUVUf, ~S  B~?K,1VNF___PPT9(  {@(" '  @@``Q  B~?K1VNF___PPT9(  y> " '  @@``Q  BT~?K1VNF___PPT9(  y> " '  @@``U  B~?e,KVNF___PPT9(  }...@(" '  @@``U  B~?eKVNF___PPT9(  }0.9@(" '  @@``\  B~?eKVNF___PPT9(   South Africa> "  '  @@``U  B~?,eVNF___PPT9(  }1.3@(" '  @@``U  Bt~?eVNF___PPT9(  }1.0@(" '  @@``a  Bp~?eVNF___PPT9(  Republic of Korea> " '  @@``U  B(~?,VNF___PPT9(  }...@(" '  @@``V  B~?VNF___PPT9(  ~12.2@(" '  @@``U  B?VNF___PPT9(  }India> " '  @@``U  B? ,VNF___PPT9(  }1.7@(" '  @@``U  Bh? VNF___PPT9(  }2.0@(" '  @@``V  B#? VNF___PPT9(  ~Brazil> " '  @@``V   B8-? , VNF___PPT9(  ~16.3@(" '  @@``V   B8?  VNF___PPT9(  ~43.5@(" '  @@``]   BB?  VNF___PPT9(   United States> "  '  @@``U   BpL? , VNF___PPT9(  }0.7@(" '  @@``V   BV?  VNF___PPT9(  ~10.8@(" '  @@``[  BQ?  VNF___PPT9(   Switzerland> "  '  @@``U  Bj? , VNF___PPT9(  }2.9@(" '  @@``U  Bt?  VNF___PPT9(  }4.1@(" '  @@``V  BDX?  VNF___PPT9(  ~Norway> " '  @@``U  B0? , VNF___PPT9(  }4.2@(" '  @@``V  B?  VNF___PPT9(  ~34.3@(" '  @@``U  B?  VNF___PPT9(  }Japan> " '  @@``U  B ?5 , VNF___PPT9(  }0.3@(" '  @@``U  B'?5  VNF___PPT9(  }4.7@(" '  @@``Y  B?5  VNF___PPT9(   Australia> "  '  @@``V  BÛ?O,5 VNF___PPT9(  ~96.3@(" '  @@``W  B͛?O5 VNF___PPT9(  109.0@(" '  @@``_  Bț?O5 VNF___PPT9(  EU (15) - total> " '  @@``U  B(?i,OVNF___PPT9(  }0.9@(" '  @@``U  B<?iOVNF___PPT9(  }7.7@(" '  @@``V  B?iOVNF___PPT9(  ~Canada> " '  @@``S  B?,iVNF___PPT9(  {@(" '  @@``S  BX?iVNF___PPT9(  {@(" '  @@``Q  B?iVNF___PPT9(  y> " '  @@``_  B?,VNF___PPT9(   notifications@("  '  @@``V  B)?VNF___PPT9(  ~Data@(" '  @@``  BD+? @P/V  B$:?,VNF___PPT9(  ~ϲʹ @(" '  @@``d  B4?VNF___PPT9(  National Accounts @(" '  @@``Q  B(N?VNF___PPT9(  y> " '  @@``ZB  s *1 ?,ZB  s *1 ?1,1HB  C 1HB   C ,,1ZB $ s *1 ?i,iH  0޽h ? 3ff80___PPT10.P+,t L0 =t5th)ys(  xr x S E Z,   s , )y #"B6 , W y Bb?n,VNF___PPT9(  187.7@(" '  @@`` y B?un @P/U y B?uVNF___PPT9(  }...@(" '  @@``U y B? VNF___PPT9(  }...@(" '  @@`` y Bd?   @P/V y B ?B VNF___PPT9(  ~13.5@(" '  @@``U y B0?BVNF___PPT9(  }4.8@(" '  @@``` y B?VNF___PPT9(  Taipei, Chinese > " '  @@``W y BԱ?n ,VNF___PPT9(  351.0@(" '  @@`` x Bt?u n @P/U x BĜ? uVNF___PPT9(  }463@(" '  @@``U x Bt? VNF___PPT9(  }339@(" '  @@`` x B֜?  @P/V x B?B VNF___PPT9(  ~62.3@(" '  @@``V x B? BVNF___PPT9(  ~57.7@(" '  @@``^ x B$? VNF___PPT9(  Korea, Rep. of> " '  @@``X x B?n , VNF___PPT9(  2165.0@(" '  @@`` x B?u n  @P/V x B? u VNF___PPT9(  ~2526@(" '  @@``V x B<?  VNF___PPT9(  ~2720@(" '  @@`` x B%?  @P/V x BH/?B VNF___PPT9(  ~62.4@(" '  @@``V x B/? B VNF___PPT9(  ~35.2@(" '  @@``U x BB?  VNF___PPT9(  }Japan> " '  @@``V x BL?n , VNF___PPT9(  ~15.9@(" '  @@`` x B(U?u n  @P/T x B^? u VNF___PPT9(  |83@(" '  @@``T x B\h?  VNF___PPT9(  |21@(" '  @@`` x Bp?  @P/U x Br?B VNF___PPT9(  }...@(" '  @@``U x B? B VNF___PPT9(  }...@(" '  @@``Y x B@?  VNF___PPT9(   Australia> "  '  @@``W x BH?n , VNF___PPT9(  633.0@(" '  @@`` x BH?u n  @P/U x B? u VNF___PPT9(  }...@(" '  @@``U x B?  VNF___PPT9(  }...@(" '  @@`` x BP?  @P/U x Bȝ?B VNF___PPT9(  }...@(" '  @@``U x B$ҝ? B VNF___PPT9(  }...@(" '  @@``V x B۝?  VNF___PPT9(  ~Russia> " '  @@``U x B?n , VNF___PPT9(  }...@(" '  @@`` x B`?u n  @P/V x Bx? u VNF___PPT9(  ~1033@(" '  @@``V x B?  VNF___PPT9(  ~1089@(" '  @@`` x Bd ?  @P/W x B?B VNF___PPT9(  529.8@(" '  @@``W x BD? B VNF___PPT9(  675.9@(" '  @@`` x B+?  VNF___PPT9(  EUaT " '/  @@``U x B3?n, VNF___PPT9(  }158@(" '  @@`` x B=?un  @P/V x BD?u VNF___PPT9(  ~1156@(" '  @@``U x BI?  VNF___PPT9(  }976@(" '  @@`` x BXX?   @P/T x Ba?B VNF___PPT9(  |79@(" '  @@``V x Bl?B VNF___PPT9(  ~30.7@(" '  @@``] x B4v? VNF___PPT9(   United States> "  '  @@``U x B?n,VNF___PPT9(  }6.9@(" '  @@`` x Bpm?un @P/U x B?uVNF___PPT9(  }...@(" '  @@``T x B̛? VNF___PPT9(  |16@(" '  @@`` x B?   @P/U x B?B VNF___PPT9(  }...@(" '  @@``U x B?BVNF___PPT9(  }...@(" '  @@``V x Bx?VNF___PPT9(  ~Mexico> " '  @@``W x B˞?n,VNF___PPT9(  646.1@(" '  @@`` x BԞ?un @P/U x B֞?uVNF___PPT9(  }498@(" '  @@``U x B0ߞ? VNF___PPT9(  }490@(" '  @@`` x B?   @P/V x B?B VNF___PPT9(  ~71.1@(" '  @@``U x B?BVNF___PPT9(  }...@(" '  @@``V x B ?VNF___PPT9(  ~Canada> " '  @@`` x BD?n, @P/ x B<?un @P/ x B((?u @P/ x BX0?  @P/ x B|8?   @P/ x B@?B  @P/ x BH?B @P/ x BQ? @P/V x BK?n,VNF___PPT9(  ~1997@(" '  @@``S x Bd?unVNF___PPT9(  {@(" '  @@``Y x Bo?uVNF___PPT9(  2000-03@(" '  @@``Y x Bxf? VNF___PPT9(  1996-99@(" '  @@``S x B8?  VNF___PPT9(  {@(" '  @@``Y x B?B VNF___PPT9(  2000-03@(" '  @@``Y x B?BVNF___PPT9(  1996-99@(" '  @@``V x B?n,VNF___PPT9(  ~APEC@(" '  @@``Q x B?unVNF___PPT9(  y> " '  @@``Z x BԤ? uVNF___PPT9(  OECD GFT@ (" '  @@``Q x B?  VNF___PPT9(  y> " '  @@``c x BHȠ? VNF___PPT9(  ϲʹ notifications@(" '  @@``Y x BҠ?VNF___PPT9(  Country@(" '  @@``ZB  y s *1 ?,HB  y C ,HB  y C HB  y C ,,ZB y s *1 ?,ZB y s *1 ? ZB y s *1 ? uZB y s *1 ?n,H x 0޽h ? 3ff80___PPT10. L0 PP$(  Pr P S  Z,   r P S P ,  H P 0޽h ? 3ff___PPT10i.I:+D=' = @B + L0 `T$(  Tr T S ," Z,   r T S # M  H T 0޽h ? 3ff___PPT10i.L`]iV+D=' = @B + L0 ($(  (r ( S H7 Z,   r ( S 8 ,P  H ( 0޽h ? 3ff___PPT10i.͡0L+D=' = @B + L0 pX$(  Xr X S H Z,   r X S I ,  H X 0޽h ? 3ff___PPT10i.Mc+D=' = @B + L0 0$(  0r 0 S T Z,   r 0 S U ,  H 0 0޽h ? 3ff___PPT10i.֡`E+D=' = @B +  L0 4$(  4r 4 S i Z,   r 4 S j ,  H 4 0޽h ? 3ff___PPT10i.֡'б+D=' = @B + L0  D$(  Dr D S { Z,   r D S | ,  H D 0޽h ? 3ff___PPT10i.ڡM+D=' = @B + L0 \0(  \x \ c $ Z,   x \ c $Ѓ M,4  H \ 0޽h ? 3ff___PPT10i.ڡM+D=' = @B +0 XPl(  l^ l S d8X   J l c $|d n   The Report put together data from national statistics, supranational report, WTO notifications under SCM Agreement and AoA and information from TPR reports. When we want to look at  absolute values of subsidiesw[H l 0fy ? 3380___PPT10.t0 t(  td t c $d8X    t s *d n   n Specificity= only subsidies with a limited beneficiary set are subject to WTO rules. These differences may create problems: (i) for empirical analysis: data collected do not reflect the relevant measure (ii) for the political relevance of economic analysis, because the studies of the effect of subsidies do not refer, for example, only to  specific subsidies. NB there are specific definition of subsidies for specific sector for example the OECD measure agriculture subsidies on the bases of  producers subsidy equivalent , Government Financial Transfers (GFT) for fisheries (including infrastructure expenditure), for environmental subsidies also the cost in terms of the negative environmental externalities. NB2. According to the definition of the OECD (1994, OECD/GD(94)103) an environment subsidy is a form of financial assistance (grant, soft loan, tax allowances) "used as an incentive for altering environmental behaviour or given to firms to help them comply with imposed standards". It is important to highlight that, in the case of environmental protection, this definition of subsidies may be deemed particularly restrictive. For example, from an economic point of view, implicit subsidies play a very important role. In the traditional sense, subsidies are the financial assistance of governments to the private sector. However, in the case of environmental targets regulation plays an important role. From an economic perspective, the cost savings of firms in a country with low environmental standards or lax enforcement of that country is a subsidy. These difference pose a problem when attempting to understand the incidence of subsidis, but also in the analysis of the impact of subsidies (welfare effects, optimality of subsidy policy) *U H    QhH t 0fy ? 3380___PPT10.B60 1)0(  ^  S d8X   #  c $xd n   OECD and APEC definition include infrastructure, government payments to another government to acquire fishing rights (while they have not been reported to the ϲʹ)H  0fy ? 3380___PPT10.h\0 @l(  ^  S d8X     c $d n   bNNB services subsidies are excluded from the notifications. This may in part explain the discrepancy. BUT also recall that subsidy definition in NA statistics only include financial outlays, they do not include revenue forgone. So let s look at subsidies in one (non services) sector: fisheries.H  0fy ? 3380___PPT10.J0 PZ(  ^  S d8X     c $d n   P Who actually benefits from these subsidies? A study exist only for agricultural subsidies in the EU showing that Approx. 5% recipients receive 50% agriculture subsidies in the EU. What is the impact of these trends? Some study exist over the impact of removing agricultural subsidies, showing that net food importer may be hurt. BUT what is the impact of moving toward  horizontal objectives? Is there a difference between the impact on developed and developing countries? Are the  effectively less trade distortive ? More in depth analysis required to understand whether  horizontal subsidies do not provide de facto an advantage to specific sectors. H  0fy ? 3380___PPT10.x2T0 `d(  ^  S d8X     c $T d n   ZFWhen we pass to analyse the reasons why government provide subsidies. H  0fy ? 3380___PPT10.pv0 p(  ^  S d8X     c $d n   QEG. In the case of using subsidies for industrial development. Subsidies may be justified in the case of a market failure due to information externalities due to the process of discovery of new profitable investments. A comparison of various types of intervention suggests that trade protection is not an efficient way of promoting self discovery while subsidies (government loans and guarantee) are efficient. The discussion is on the (I) RELEVANCE OF MARKET FAILURES, (II) ADMINISTRATIVE (information requirements and political economy consequences of subsidies) and FISCAL feasibility of government interventions. There is disagreement regarding the empirical relevance of the cases of market failure justifying intervention that economic theory has identified AND there is clear divergence in the feasibility issue. Empirical evidence is not conclusive (Eg. Large number of studies on East Asia, but different interpretations: one is that industrial policy made a minor contribution to growth in Asia, the other one is that it played a major role in most non-traditional export success stories) jRH  0fy ? 3380___PPT10. }0 (  ^  S d8X     c $d n   SThe general belief that developed countries make more use of subsidies is confirmedTTH  0fy ? 3380___PPT10.\ 0 YQ(  ^  S d8X   K  c $5d n   In 2001 developing countries were given the opportunity to request an extension of their export subsidies programme in manufacturing for the transition period. The extension of 8 years expires in December 2007. Should developing countries be permitted to continue to apply subsidies to manufacturing? NB In agriculture developing countries benefit of S&D so their commitment for reducing export subsidies are more flexible.  H  0fy ? 3380___PPT10.P# 0 (  X  C d8X   ~  S 1~d n  ~  H  0fy ? 3380___PPT10.ȓ 0 (  X  C d8X     S X@d n    H  0fy ? 3380___PPT10.pї7x \grEn!Z-Z^]7Iet+HRT$(Q$KwITa}*[ig~߯z$]m҅wLw$b!Q߾;@G; ='0Ȁ,> }0`0pP0J#1q3_` km S`*L̀0 f `>X`1, P@ՠX :X`#l͠[`+lv.Mm]Ѓݰ>0u߁/fjk|Fmp,|?5?/Yӧ=d~o$ lɭn^:RRsS?{c۰-`?nX~Tj|\7%ha{ȼk\LCI0NGNuާݯ9ND}gT]5` &` fpa8GsK8V` 6pl;8p8 . ep+pu7n/܆;]UwCꎣO  B+9!v<L=CvJỚak*++鞨8tH""ԟ,.g=] DD0d3vz=/ݓIDD֡CѲbA=!CG} s_{Z"! a*4(˟]^D!Cz;tfn\T\HiH$"С$cƬczNMK{(CPm%"IDĭCugogq$eCPX:Ieto$atH""1n5vܾto'tH"2qDͫ3zO0ܘĭҽ! É>wX-n2kc,嘇{.eaF!RZZ(:DʶID{c&C_wp]wW&QoOI{ C$RRR;lܑ-ZJM:ܒI C$|fp5zpC!hĠtO4A6O{`c_!h.:%tϵ!"iZc#2Cc^#1SN,!^*dͺwGC_0>N!f\ yOa m,&?񖯸Cl6;9.!7w44<544Vw&'$H̓ y~mu^Ks)v#.:=3t(%e6JJ 3%#F8HӌRvRoUߩLｃ)(u/ㄒRR>t7n}Z Fv{qK>$zSZegAa3;6":CQV=㗟]^lNiuu5ݛeF8 J!-&!|b? =t78E]av0ʕ)x{B8%%toW(k)tO bM̮y`]tAPCl aRtC#yY8tw~j$g^c8ߦu)e>`~h8jq^FU-Xqqdס}utZ&D|E .w sss0Wƹ֭ݵ#<]A7o|HнݼktfwLf d:".--ѵF:BS0+<'hp!3FJ6y%\/E :Tuc-d}:0nReeqί_ uݪsssc"blΰ.8xS̥<_̇EO/^,|!m[?q^ySZDoCI^V|ijS_'߳ K {*&pܜLut;㾍{ftF([gh^r΅ <֙-8@@h--]wzqnbbAbbk8_nYyeF&;11Ȏz)xнtסٺ;l>lԢ*WfP#}j芊 ۗB_Y,s#-GVi-: yHhee&S}rGU ʅ-Moc?c=f=-j 4u0m]d]W{ejjhYY6NY~V?}gW]c'7Fsf o}*JI7n2]wKy㯐RX*|ឍy|9eرٕ*[ ?}2TV;)` n.]eY6gaME899vć>:Kw쒒#'w ܂ǚcÍXF#kw`-/&???j͆#rrde۴=E=8QV-J?ԧ渌Tyvym2et򱅦 ??eիͧv}zucf lqY?5F@ 8HKgd:9;9Y[ Ԣ8'IIZ(@K+sR+fܦtSݔCVL׬t@oY9zUks#:Qv N\,㈏JL|[X"Fo)I6 ONnp GZ:@g@V侮~3tjᾰtǜt56S[gq$d~p8o|jq :c%]jкڳ-ԽїOEm!.!1Mg7R'D\4Euiuo^$2rNi׃3gu̻y bH]8-wT8 Nt4CΌ"t!W3ƌI= ~+8B{yu ]DH~G:sաO\biQˢ_pSR=/&DKXAAsg@] u1+ oѤC(}߳{6[F_ݙ"+% R%C=|H!j!vD6-!Y *Fe66SR(&~)W=~ Əժ!G#:$䃜hVU܅!+!,v! Db{]:@%mae@}f/^ VC*WcK.WX9Cv1/M$ _q y>VC \pwލ3Юl΁E XjOВ([ld ͒L$V@ٛ<ơ>9j-9uV JCpT^f:hd+RzоШ 9gmER,p,',2e*' u@sn6I~Ent_yJCj"D8yiϔW[w5+kIZDth.X!5+⥧1U2hW:<=P߀+M404 l~<[v}Q`} ܂8 rh458Ҥ*8u`&f<ζ0Z!(2f3BG*6C%˾Us[ A ְ Ljyuy n--dk@()OQFA |;487bGF_ CbX(fw]R/2IY%eV&o?J}-4H |Xo8|U 6W1$вܝt4ݦ/~~*MVWT1T[%:If,o|V@P%35MX7Yβ[vK835f&k J fW_nHد1}k JBTP}cSas 4ﲩp4hƪ92ơWUV\BP˲_@a/wviX 0<63/)w*"8#"ZgiY>xBHmyMR?g Zx=e c(j<<۬}1nFLQM>RSK*%K,r rBlS\쉓T'ew+%撮%SJ ywd:X%AMgՍiKæ_!L $iI1ёhʈ $Bֲq1hE ^2Oi}Ca@(<ȵt\- ӂ4}pVYԝ', ݐƀћ Vś,gj[GP(|N. })n6Nc3a(Noٟdw&02{FۍKVE3 DhS= -G3-S-ȩʨѿ\mܶaJ${Rf\4 ߞ\ˬNLttdWq*|!r= p7Y SA3to#uP8[[.#S/`_@/'i{:%%ە4܁Yc,hT׫zeHO0dH-FQ[h}dh 0a!Kp`vcH|>4t䳾J+<Ջ{ 3((72RfJTOri9끥7KO~\8dyE ~>Ѐ0Ԧ>߼Q[lۖm!) 9{{RV^ؘ~&P_ć[B˜:@/YUK6}> '1767Ak;%>)rjG:9#㱫°L锄-<u guRpI/ T!  uvgsˆQѭͰHJD"Wˢɽlۍ23hى^ڤ C5-[wjV|)mDϧZJNd7ٯYlcOeB?|.(PbI0#@lp8UM,_fu<*=}Qa OQVfxOu"6P ntOHvrk sZ画Ƙ~*{Auo6)_Up0))LOvĭŷ`Q_eh)* PTPMBnHɃcU_zv)4MCzUt S@Đn9BE96vtuOETB}ORhmRQ]6jj|BHP5StTC/&J8aM2Cpk+W? pzv~CzoU=aM3a!CVNqr"P5$qn-0&0nh阮 k^{\0ZE+} aM2,8;8tqل|fEXܰZZX6z͜R2sJe%w *uez/'NnusgnR̓O.Xuن^O߯$;$4{l^/@║ 6OY>O%5晱tz$xvg:tꔒx$J"eϫӯRiS]f7AA bQ{' *\[EQ}zsǭsX:|Z|=Ï/2pwbJt&>L4jװƼ|nZq~9**"wH'\ɵ7 ?v'6 n=Wa-jM ,IC?gEt;Χ w80554翴G&%=#)C~[;R=~͞^{Q"ΦJeN uuY&=/*2xZ;M<a搨X3SިkD陋E=IY6kwsU\.f};-6QF.<4!p;eа>Qg[kol@TE3>]|Jo3 J^%_Xә_Th4g3j5%xnY\)" VЯwl#*RN7`TrȎSm+Ե{Hyv-d dz {9]35|1^(GZⶩRobU(M8N6ONS[iS ŎYzq׳M:1sheHred4 l}v+5T͖).$;يo~lFQE|8NW/#]̡3 O4#V7NV?O IgZ3>=m(+zjkH鈎Cņc77rEQo&J_vw\t$I~-n4k?s4B f; \*vL2?AQbEs){vsʾبitoO&5"r'Bn8C#!j5T=ջf.=Vg,Ђ<]D[V6vp> B,;{;UWy{LD$n`搉 ϘiN;ORc_^V+-.$#F}fhYCkmD΂cGq?"j\Ǘ|gI?^j}3A6$m^N3AtD+N4M_۱3gnءT)?L4ܬٌiV',o4 0e_k\EXVF5MnXC^}w~#gmnځy$.Ro6)a0 T-UuOPbG8heO\ح ,"I E}{PmdB!Ře۵hZLCaQ:N +|!iDP_My Ɍ<հ9w)FQT]Y{hKZBW֮C>ꐰֺaa`?)Յ )6j1Yو=|iˆ3?E&ꐉU[p]ү$y yxVǍkC]C]w*(.u*f9~pP0!E|;uh)A&wN,C&n D#6!ET3 ij4 K_jPGh{'wCB~^ϐ]}G&ۆ̬ l% M>8C&N.믕&櫥w">5u(S=*Ņ]O=2%n!GOh=理&VlvJD={n4c6!8C4}\g¢a~b17E{v^ͪ.;m#8صK5o'N=+#In窤Cn.tɻ[ ޻s}'>MIdC ' ֭U?y=a;፬zqʃOj~vX㯿u~2 /$HHJy=D87R{,Q};QZ\pF(h*e80fC p3!`80fC p3!`80fC p3!`8G89JWK׈Y΄3rat9:7x \grEn!Z-Z^]7Iet+HRT$(Q$KwITa}*[ig~߯z$]m҅wLw$b!Q߾;@G; ='0Ȁ,> }0`0pP0J#1q3_` km S`*L̀0 f `>X`1, P@ՠX :X`#l͠[`+lv.Mm]Ѓݰ>0u߁/fjk|Fmp,|?5?/Yӧ=d~o$ lɭn^:RRsS?{c۰-`?nX~Tj|\7%ha{ȼk\LCI0NGNuާݯ9ND}gT]5` &` fpa8GsK8V` 6pl;8p8 . ep+pu7n/܆;]UwCꎣO  B+9!v<L=CvJỚak*++鞨8tH""ԟ,.g=] DD0d3vz=/ݓIDD֡CѲbA=!CG} s_{Z"! a*4(˟]^D!Cz;tfn\T\HiH$"С$cƬczNMK{(CPm%"IDĭCugogq$eCPX:Ieto$atH""1n5vܾto'tH"2qDͫ3zO0ܘĭҽ! É>wX-n2kc,嘇{.eaF!RZZ(:DʶID{c&C_wp]wW&QoOI{ C$RRR;lܑ-ZJM:ܒI C$|fp5zpC!hĠtO4A6O{`c_!h.:%tϵ!"iZc#2Cc^#1SN,!^*dͺwGC_0>N!f\ yOa m,&?񖯸Cl6;9.!7w44<544Vw&'$H̓ y~mu^Ks)v#.:=3t(%e6JJ 3%#F8HӌRvRoUߩLｃ)(u/ㄒRR>t7n}Z Fv{qK>$zSZegAa3;6":CQV=㗟]^lNiuu5ݛeF8 J!-&!|b? =t78E]av0ʕ)x{B8%%toW(k)tO bM̮y`]tAPCl aRtC#yY8tw~j$g^c8ߦu)e>`~h8jq^FU-Xqqdס}utZ&D|E .w sss0Wƹ֭ݵ#<]A7o|HнݼktfwLf d:".--ѵF:BS0+<'hp!3FJ6y%\/E :Tuc-d}:0nReeqί_ uݪsssc"blΰ.8xS̥<_̇EO/^,|!m[?q^ySZDoCI^V|ijS_'߳ K {*&pܜLut;㾍{ftF([gh^r΅ <֙-8@@h--]wzqnbbAbbk8_nYyeF&;11Ȏz)xнtסٺ;l>lԢ*WfP#}j芊 ۗB_Y,s#-GVi-: yHhee&S}rGU ʅ-Moc?c=f=-j 4u0m]d]W{ejjhYY6NY~V?}gW]c'7Fsf o}*JI7n2]wKy㯐RX*|ឍy|9eرٕ*[ ?}2TV;)` n.]eY6gaME899vć>:Kw쒒#'w ܂ǚcÍXF#kw`-/&???j͆#rrde۴=E=8QV-J?ԧ渌Tyvym2et򱅦 ??eիͧv}zucf lqY?5F@ 8HKgd:9;9Y[ Ԣ8'IIZ(@K+sR+fܦtSݔCVL׬t@oY9zUks#:Qv N\,㈏JL|[X"Fo)I6 ONnp GZ:@g@V侮~3tjᾰtǜt56S[gq$d~p8o|jq :c%]jкڳ-ԽїOEm!.!1Mg7R'D\4Euiuo^$2rNi׃3gu̻y bH]8-wT8 Nt4CΌ"t!W3ƌI= ~+8B{yu ]DH~G:sաO\biQˢ_pSR=/&DKXAAsg@] u1+ oѤC(}߳{6[F_ݙ"+% R%C=|H!j!vD6-!Y *Fe66SR(&~)W=~ Əժ!G#:$䃜hVU܅!+!,v! Db{]:@%mae@}f/^ VC*WcK.WX9Cv1/M$ _q y>VC \pwލ3Юl΁E XjOВ([ld ͒L$V@ٛ<ơ>9j-9uV JCpT^f:hd+RzоШ 9gmER,p,',2e*' u@sn6I~Ent_yJCj"D8yiϔW[w5+kIZDth.X!5+⥧1U2hW:<=P߀+M404 l~<[v}Q`} ܂8 rh458Ҥ*8u`&f<ζ0Z!(2f3BG*6C%˾Us[ A ְ Ljyuy n--dk@()OQFA |;487bGF_ CbX(fw]R/2IY%eV&o?J}-4H |Xo8|U 6W1$вܝt4ݦ/~~*MVWT1T[%:If,o|V@P%35MX7Yβ[vK835f&k J fW_nHد1}k JBTP}cSas 4ﲩp4hƪ92ơWUV\BP˲_@a/wviX 0<63/)w*"8#"ZgiY>xBHmyMR?g Zx=e c(j<<۬}1nFLQM>RSK*%K,r rBlS\쉓T'ew+%撮%SJ ywd:X%AMgՍiKæ_!L $iI1ёhʈ $Bֲq1hE ^2Oi}Ca@(<ȵt\- ӂ4}pVYԝ', ݐƀћ Vś,gj[GP(|N. })n6Nc3a(Noٟdw&02{FۍKVE3 DhS= -G3-S-ȩʨѿ\mܶaJ${Rf\4 ߞ\ˬNLttdWq*|!r= p7Y SA3to#uP8[[.#S/`_@/'i{:%%ە4܁Yc,hT׫zeHO0dH-FQ[h}dh 0a!Kp`vcH|>4t䳾J+<Ջ{ 3((72RfJTOri9끥7KO~\8dyE ~>Ѐ0Ԧ>߼Q[lۖm!) 9{{RV^ؘ~&P_ć[B˜:@/YUK6}> '1767Ak;%>)rjG:9#㱫°L锄-<u guRpI/ T!  uvgsˆQѭͰHJD"Wˢɽlۍ23hى^ڤ C5-[wjV|)mDϧZJNd7ٯYlcOeB?|.(PbI0#@lp8UM,_fu<*=}Qa OQVfxOu"6P ntOHvrk sZ画Ƙ~*{Auo6)_Up0))LOvĭŷ`Q_eh)* PTPMBnHɃcU_zv)4MCzUt S@Đn9BE96vtuOETB}ORhmRQ]6jj|BHP5StTC/&J8aM2Cpk+W? pzv~CzoU=aM3a!CVNqr"P5$qn-0&0nh阮 k^{\0ZE+} aM2,8;8tqل|fEXܰZZX6z͜R2sJe%w *uez/'NnusgnR̓O.Xuن^O߯$;$4{l^/@║ 6OY>O%5晱tz$xvg:tꔒx$J"eϫӯRiS]f7AA bQ{' *\[EQ}zsǭsX:|Z|=Ï/2pwbJt&>L4jװƼ|nZq~9**"wH'\ɵ7 ?v'6 n=Wa-jM ,IC?gEt;Χ w80554翴G&%=#)C~[;R=~͞^{Q"ΦJeN uuY&=/*2xZ;M<a搨X3SިkD陋E=IY6kwsU\.f};-6QF.<4!p;eа>Qg[kol@TE3>]|Jo3 J^%_Xә_Th4g3j5%xnY\)" VЯwl#*RN7`TrȎSm+Ե{Hyv-d dz {9]35|1^(GZⶩRobU(M8N6ONS[iS ŎYzq׳M:1sheHred4 l}v+5T͖).$;يo~lFQE|8NW/#]̡3 O4#V7NV?O IgZ3>=m(+zjkH鈎Cņc77rEQo&J_vw\t$I~-n4k?s4B f; \*vL2?AQbEs){vsʾبitoO&5"r'Bn8C#!j5T=ջf.=Vg,Ђ<]D[V6vp> B,;{;UWy{LD$n`搉 ϘiN;ORc_^V+-.$#F}fhYCkmD΂cGq?"j\Ǘ|gI?^j}3A6$m^N3AtD+N4M_۱3gnءT)?L4ܬٌiV',o4 0e_k\EXVF5MnXC^}w~#gmnځy$.Ro6)a0 T-UuOPbG8heO\ح ,"I E}{PmdB!Ře۵hZLCaQ:N +|!iDP_My Ɍ<հ9w)FQT]Y{hKZBW֮C>ꐰֺaa`?)Յ )6j1Yو=|iˆ3?E&ꐉU[p]ү$y yxVǍkC]C]w*(.u*f9~pP0!E|;uh)A&wN,C&n D#6!ET3 ij4 K_jPGh{'wCB~^ϐ]}G&ۆ̬ l% M>8C&N.믕&櫥w">5u(S=*Ņ]O=2%n!GOh=理&VlvJD={n4c6!8C4}\g¢a~b17E{v^ͪ.;m#8صK5o'N=+#In窤Cn.tɻ[ ޻s}'>MIdC ' ֭U?y=a;፬zqʃOj~vX㯿u~2 /$HHJy=D87R{,Q};QZ\pF(h*e80fC p3!`80fC p3!`80fC p3!`8G89JWK׈Y΄3rat9:r`]3?wO PVYx"PRg>$UE['Tz;+)\;p>B&JLSUuY[WK)_Oh+'0T hp  Slide 1Jansen bottollier36Microsoft PowerPoint@~@;bȡ@8.DGSg  )'    """)))UUUMMMBBB999|PP3f333f3333f3ffffff3f̙3ff333f333333333f33333333f33f3ff3f3f3f3333f33̙33333f333333f3333f3ffffff3f33ff3f3f3f3fff3ffffffffff3ffff̙fff3fffff3fff333f3f3ff3ff33f̙̙3̙ff̙̙̙3f̙3f333f3333f3ffffff3f̙3f3f3f333f3333f3ffffff3f̙3f3ffffffffff!___wwwroso4'A x(xKʦ """)))UUUMMMBBB999|PP3f3333f333ff3fffff3f3f̙f3333f3333333333f3333333f3f33ff3f3f3f3333f3333333f3̙33333f333ff3ffffff3f33f3ff3f3f3ffff3fffffffff3fffffff3f̙ffff3ff333f3ff33fff33f3ff̙3f3f3333f333ff3fffff̙̙3̙f̙̙̙3f̙3f3f3333f333ff3fffff3f3f̙3ffffffffff!___www'''q'N_________N___N___ @ 'o 'N'N'N@ O''N 'N' _N _____  @ _ _@ __՜.+,D՜.+,    On-screen Showϲʹ   ArialVerdanaTimes New Roman Wingdings1_Generic (Online) Bitmap ImageSubsidies, Trade and the ϲʹWorld Trade Report 2006FThe legal, statistical and economic definitions of subsidies differ ?Report emphasises need for more and better data on subsidies.Lack of transparency on the use of subsidies"Subsidies (bil.$, averages 98-02)9Fishery subsidies reported to ϲʹ, OECD and APEC (mil $)"How much do countries subsidize?8How much do countries subsidize at the sectoral level?7Stated objectives of governments for using subsidies Subsidies as a policy tool,The Trade and Welfare Effects of Subsidies.Disciplining the Use of Subsidies at the ϲʹWTR 2006 concludesWTR 2006 concludes  Fonts UsedDesign TemplateEmbedded OLE Servers Slide Titles\@ 0P_AdHocReviewCycleID_EmailSubject _AuthorEmail_AuthorEmailDisplayName_ReviewingToolsShownOnce (Presentation by P. Low to NGO ForumPaulette.Planchette@wto.orgPlanchette, Paulette"_' bottollierbottollier  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./02345678:;<=>?@ERoot EntrydO)Pictures;Current User9SummaryInformation(TPowerPoint Document(KDocumentSummaryInformation81