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The Future of the WTO, Report by the Consultative Board to the WTO DG, 2004:8ZNZ4N  Optimistic statement may not give fuller picture: Does not consider that developed ϲʹ Members are responsible for at least a third of all disputes brought in last ten years; Does not reflect repeat players among developing countries (Brazil, India, Korea, Mexico, Thailand) Does not reflect experience of African countries, who are among the smallest and most vulnerable of ϲʹ Members.2ZZ}ZZdZZqZ2T  PWhat is the true picture of African participation? No disputes as complainant or respondent; 5 disputes as third parties, of which three were as part of ACP group; Limited participation as panellists; No Appellate Body Member from sub-Saharan Africa; No African nationals currently involved in ϲʹ dispute settlement in the Secretariat..33D   ^Why be concerned about Africa s non-involvement? Participants help develop jurisprudence; Dispute settlement sometimes used to  fill gaps in negotiations, e.g. example of non-member submissions; India  BOP case; African countries may miss opportunity to shape obligations and develop interpretations supportive of development objectives; Participation important to integration of African countries in multilateral trading system.F11    Recent cases involving African countries encouraging. African countries involved as third parties in two of the most significant cases concerning trade in agriculture. US  Subsidies on Upland Cotton EC  Export Subsidies on sugar7ZZsZZ ZZZ   EC  Sugar Complainants claimed EC provided export subsidies in excess of reduction commitment levels under the Agreement on Agriculture; 21 third parties; 9 sugar-exporting African countries; ACP defending perceived challenge against the preferential access to the EC market; Support to African countries from EC, and EC sugar industry; Role of counsel; importance of political lobbying. PPPPPPrP    V Reflections on EC  Sugar African countries yet again defending a challenged EC regime (Bananas, Sugar) Should Africans perform role of defending EC, or should Africans be insisting on arrangements that are not subject to challenge? Role of EC, private industry? Could Africa have  gone it alone ?.   US  Cotton Claim by Brazil that US subsidies were having adverse effects and causing serious prejudice to Brazilian cotton industry by bringing down world prices; Complex web of subsidies challenged, totalling about $4 billion to 25 000 farmers. Chad and Benin participated as third parties; assisted pro bono by private law firm. 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The Future of the WTO, Report by the Consultative Board to the WTO DG, 2004:8ZNZ4N  Optimistic statement may not give fuller picture: Does not consider that developed ϲʹ Members are responsible for at least a third of all disputes brought in last ten years; Does not reflect repeat players among developing countries (Brazil, India, Korea, Mexico, Thailand) Does not reflect experience of African countries, who are among the smallest and most vulnerable of ϲʹ Members.2ZZ}ZZdZZqZ2T  PWhat is the true picture of African participation? No disputes as complainant or respondent; 5 disputes as third parties, of which three were as part of ACP group; Limited participation as panellists; No Appellate Body Member from sub-Saharan Africa; No African nationals currently involved in ϲʹ dispute settlement in the Secretariat..33  bWhy be concerned about Africa s non-involvement? Participants help develop jurisprudence; Dispute settlement sometimes used to  fill gaps in negotiations, for example, non-member submissions (India  BOP case); African countries may miss the opportunity to shape obligations and develop interpretations supportive of development objectives; Participation important to integration of African countries in multilateral trading system.F11    Recent cases involving African countries encouraging. African countries involved as third parties in two of the most significant cases concerning trade in agriculture. US  Subsidies on Upland Cotton EC  Export Subsidies on sugar7ZZsZZ ZZZ   EC  Sugar Complainants claimed EC provided export subsidies in excess of reduction commitment levels under the Agreement on Agriculture; 21 third parties; 9 sugar-exporting African countries; ACP defending perceived challenge against the preferential access to the EC market; Support to African countries from EC and EC sugar industry; Role of counsel; importance of political lobbying. PPPPPPqP    V Reflections on EC  Sugar African countries yet again defending a challenged EC regime (Bananas, Sugar) Should Africans perform role of defending EC, or should Africans be insisting on arrangements that are not subject to challenge? Role of EC, private industry? Could Africa have  gone it alone ?.   US  Cotton Claim by Brazil that US subsidies were having adverse effects and causing serious prejudice to Brazilian cotton industry by bringing down world prices; Complex web of subsidies challenged, totalling about $4 billion to 25 000 farmers. Chad and Benin participated as third parties; assisted pro bono by private law firm. Rural farmers in African LDCs among the most affected by US subsidies; (Benin, CAR, Chad, Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, Togo) ZZZSZZUZZ}Z $h`    Reflections on US  Cotton Absence of Private Sector Involvement; unlike in EC - Sugar, no assistance from industry; Vulnerability of African LDCs: political pressure brought to bear; Underscores crucial role of counsel, experts, research by NGOs and institutes such as tralac, coordination with main litigants in dispute; Emphasizes importance of dispute settlement for negotiating process.Lnnnt,}t     K0  6(  ~  s *U 4i Ci   x  c $D 4 w   H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.DO9+D=' = @B +  K0 0 0(   x  c $0 l   x  c $>0/  H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.DpҒ+D=' = @B +  K0 @0(  x  c $0 l   x  c $0/  H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.D:+D=' = @B +  K0 P0(  x  c $0 l   x  c $00/  H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.Dn +D=' = @B +  K0 `0(  x  c $,0 l   x  c $0   H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.Dg=+D=' = @B +  K0 p0(  x  c $䥟0 l   x  c $0/  H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.D+D=' = @B +  K0  0(   x  c $0ҟ0 l   x  c $ӟ0Z    H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.DFH+D=' = @B +  K0 $0(  $x $ c $Hݟ0 l   x $ c $ޟ0/  H $ 0޽h ? 33___PPT10i. 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S71yYQ3ff___PPT10i.HF'ݗ+D=' = @B +r<jIJE@ \j%(   Bitmap ImagPowerPoint Document(+DocumentSummaryInformation8 ՜.+,D՜.+,  $ , ?On-screen Show "Advisory Center on ϲʹ Law (ACWL)fA  ArialTimes New Roman WingdingsTimesRules of Origin under EPAs Bitmap Image'Daring to Dispute: Africa and the ϲʹSlide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9 Slide 10 Slide 11  Fonts UsedDesign TemplateEmbedded OLE Servers Slide Titles_danncanncCalvin Ma H<DLT_AdHocReviewCycleID_EmailSubject _AuthorEina Faso, Togo) ZZZSZZUZZ}Z $h`    Reflections on US  Cotton Absence of Private Sector Involvement; unlike in EC - Sugar, no assistance from industry; Vulnerability of African LDCs: political pressure brought to bear; Underscores crucial role of counsel, experts, research by NGOs and institutes such as tralac, coordination with main litigants in dispute; Emphasizes importance of dispute settlement for negotiating process.Lnnnt,}t      K0 @0(  x  c $0 l   x  c $0/  H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.D:+D=' = @B +  K0 P0(  x  c $0 l   x  c $00/  H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.Dn +D=' = @B +  K0 `0(  x  c $,0 l   x  c $04'  H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.Dg=+D=' = @B +  K0  0(   x  c $0ҟ0 l   x  c $ӟ0Z    H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.DFH+D=' = @B +  K0 $0(  $x $ c $Hݟ0 l   x $ c $ޟ0/  H $ 0޽h ? 33___PPT10i. 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S71yYQ3ff___PPT10i.HF'ݗ+D=' = @B +r0^0= 083  :,Root EntrydO)*9ePicturesTCurrent User /SummaryInformation(aU  the ϲʹSlide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9 Slide 10 Slide 11  Fonts UsedDesign TemplateEmbedded OLE Servers Slide Titles_dMorisMorisalvin Ma H<DLT_AdHocReviewCycleID_EmailSubject _AuthorEPowerPoint Document(+DocumentSummaryInformation8՜.+,D՜.+,  $ , ?On-screen Show "Advisory Center on ϲʹ Law (ACWL)fA  ArialTimes New Roman WingdingsTimesRules of Origin under EPAs Bitmap Image'Daring to Dispute: Africa and the ϲʹSlide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9 Slide 10 Slide 11  Fonts UsedDesign TemplateEmbedded OLE Servers Slide Titles_danncanncCalvin Ma @ Dx_AdHocReviewCycleID_EmailSubject _AuthorEmailmail_AuthorEmailDisplayName_PreviousAdHocReviewCycleID k)Public symposium 2005- workshop speechesBernard.Kuiten@wto.orgKuiten, Bernard (6