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[;7њ5IIv M$3~q6 4!{]Ezz<ѭ$$T_֊2 'e~\Ow*y󊢫 (eu^ʢZRR"<;GOZOZ* ;i(9l`2N_4, ʲ\.t2n&#{gؓ97 (˚E2np)o늀sD}IENDB`7=( / 0DTimes New Roman( 0( 0 DArialNew Roman( 0( 0 " DGaramond Roman( 0( 0 0DWingdingsRoman( 0( 0 @DTimesngsRoman( 0( 0 PDTimesNewRomann( 0( 0  C0.  @n?" dd@  @@`` HhY ()()  2     ,b$)Rc/|6 0AA f3f3 4p@8qQʚ;j8ʚ;g4SdSd@ 0ppp@  <4!d!dlp 0<4ddddlp 0<4BdBdlp 0h___PPT2001D<4X0___PPT10 ZZ>___PPT9  /0 :?j, VQueen's University School of Policy StudiesO  =1[Transparency and Participation in the National Trade Policy Process: the Canadian example ,\Z$Robert Wolfe Associate Professor School of Policy Studies Queen s University, Kingston, Canada wolfer@post.queensu.ca 2vv,_U1Is the Doha rhetoric enough?H 10.& we are committed to making the WTO's operations more transparent, including through more effective and prompt dissemination of information, and to improve dialogue with the public. We shall therefore at the national and multilateral levels continue to promote a better public understanding of the WTO and to communicate the benefits of a liberal, rules-based multilateral trading system. And does Sutherland Chapter V miss the point? Information in Geneva VITAL legitimacy of WTO may not depend on organizations that pay most attention.f'!? Z  4' 4Z.f$%T0 Premises: T Trade liberalization not the only objective: human agency,  development as freedom (Sen) Participation at home contributes to sustainable development (Cosbey) by ensuring consideration of environment social cohesion and growth Transparency ensures accountability in a more diffuse policy process ~)T%  :M,V@+ Key dimensions for trade policy )accurate, objective and timely information promotes transparency and accountability and enables citizens to participate in the public policy process. Consultation processes seek the views of individuals or groups on policies that affect them directly or in which they have a significant interest.H*  4l  4`6Some principles4New legal texts must be congruent with the informal practices and mutual expectations of actors Officials cannot make up their country s  interests  learn from citizens and firms engaged in trade as importers and exporters; producers and consumers. What problems do actors encounter? What new opportunities do they wish to pursue? Where are rules as codified in WTO discordant with daily practices in the trading system? How are market practices interfering with the aspirations of citizens? (WHOSE interests are reflected in policy?).Z Z >RZrI*Transparency and the TPRMWhat if the TPRM asked more directly about domestic policy transparency and consultation mechanisms? Report itself a valuable source of information What might first report on Canada find? What lessons should we draw for the TPRM process?6e/Ze/Ze9Can TPRM do more? Canada 2003: The Government also consults regularly with the public to muster support for trade policy. Interested parties are invited to submit their views regarding specific ϲʹ trade and investment-related issues thanks to a "Consultations with Canadians" website.4 I.    ' =Canadian consultation industry growing for more than 20 yearsG1999 (est) 300 public consultations, from national climate change process to dialogue with rural Canadians about their priorities. Summer 2004, province of Ontario consulting its citizens on teacher workloads, mandatory retirement, rent control, urban sprawl, rural communities, drinking water, and new securities legislation ?( %History of trade policy consultationsfGATT: tariffs seen as  budget secrecy but industry lobbyists were consulted anyway Tokyo Round (1970s) requires consultation with provinces and business plus coordination of the federal public service on trade policy Canada-US FTA and Uruguay Round (1980s) move  behind the border : changes demands for consultation WTO ministerial meeting in Seattle (1999) post-MAI extensive public participation in preparations and then attendance &Z-ZZ*d 4ZMdZZ%-*+   Y4The foundationgData is the essential factual basis for policy debate Statistics Canada is a leading statistical agency"h )3L+$Information on departmental website %  4Discussion papers Briefings newsletters publication of legislation and regulations negotiating texts submissions to the ϲʹ on disputes in which Canada is involved,(=?-Trade policy consultations&  4*Wide range of participants who can contribute useful information, and/or whose support will be needed. Other government departments, provinces, municipalities Broad and sectoral industry associations, civil society organizations, firms, academics Citizens Canadian mechanisms to engage all of themVgZvP 4Z*P 4ZQ/!Who should be consulted, and how?ETechnical information can be sought by officials from experts or economic actors. Exploring compromise on a difficult issue can be done in more broadly based multistakeholder settings where all sides are able to listen to contending points of view. Trying to build a consensus might best be done in Parliamentary hearings. EnU 46 4 4O 4~  4 /,Why are Canadian consultations so elaborate?"-,3f behind the border negotiators need domestic information; jurisdiction and authority widely dispersed; engage a wider  public Consultations especially contribute to policy analysis when available expertise is limited. Example: in agriculture and in services, diffuse not concentrated groups, and individuals, so new mechanisms needed Growing trade interest of citizens and civil society organizations public concerns political not economic; governance not instrumentalfnd 4Z\" dZnd 4Z\1 Challenges?{Difficult work of detailed negotiations does not excite public interest, except from farm groups Changing nature of consultations, or problem adapting mechanisms to new players involved Cost of participation, for proponents and opponents of liberalized trade. Principles broadly agreed, in Canada. Contributing analysis takes money and/or expertise not available to all groups<nd 4vv=! Substantive questions for a TPRMDo consultations alter the way government perceives  public interest or is policy still dominated by whoever has the ear of government? Are consultations used to help build consensus among stakeholders, narrowly or broadly defined? provide information to clarify negotiating objectives Do they help negotiators understand what citizens want? obtain information, for example on offensive interests and defensive concerns in the services negotiations 69ma/9g$f:Process questionsefrequency of consultations resources allocated numbers of citizens involved participant satisfaction De6_5Other process indicators&Quality of statistics General ϲʹ regulatory transparency Publication of laws and regulations Notification of new measures to trading partners Independent administration and adjudication Availability of negotiating proposals, dispute settlement submissions Opportunities to participate/comment @:l:lb7Risks of more in TPRM?rImagines governance relationships (between citizens and the state) typical in Canada but not necessarily elsewherePW  ` 3333ff3` 3333f33ff3` "3333̙ff3` Kf3̙` &e̙3g3f` f333̙po7` ___f3̙;/f9` ff3Lm` ff3LmNLm>?" dd@$3?nAd@q< 4nAqF 4LK#M n?" dd@   @@``PV3    M`,p>> x (    Ht0? ?" `} 0 T Click to edit Master title style! !<  H0? ?" ` 0 RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     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