°ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ ANALYTICAL INDEX: INDEX
Index
The following index covers the body text of this book but not the text of the °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ Agreements. Disputes have been indexed under the name of the °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ Member respondent in the dispute and under the subject matter.
E
EC and certain member States — Large Civil Aircraft dispute
relationships within and between agreements, AIR 6/SCM AIR 24
SCM and AIR 24
EC and certain member States — Large Civil Aircraft (AB), WT/DS316/AB/R
AB procedures (DSU 17.9 and ABWP)
oral hearings (ABWP 27), multiple sessions/hearings DSU 1455–6
transmittal of records (ABWP 25), request to delay DSU 1455
written reponses (ABWP 28), requests for additional memoranda/submissions DSU 1466
adverse effects (SCM 5)
existence of “benefit”, need for
non-retroactivity (VCLT 28) and SCM 256
passing the benefit through (SCM 1.1(b)) and SCM 258
business confidential information (BCI), additional procedures, AB (ABWP 16(1)) DSU 920, 1380
competence of panels and AB (DSU 3.2/DSU 11/DSU 17), compétence de la compétence/obligation to address jurisdictional issues [on own motion] DSU 365
export subsidy, prohibited (SCM, Part II)
“contingent in fact …” (SCM 3.1(a))
“anticipated” (SCM 3.1(a) footnote 4) SCM 139
objective test SCM 140
identification of specific measures (DSU 6.2), availability of public information regarding measure, relevance DSU 234
international law / “relevant rules of international law” (VCLT 31(3)(c)) with particular reference to the interpretation of covered agreements (DSU 3(2))
constituent elements (“rules” / “r±ð±ô±ð±¹²¹²Ô³Ù” / “applicable between the parties”) DSU 1604
rules applicable between °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ Members as “parties” DSU 1604
as supplementary means / “taken into account” DSU 1604
treaties concluded prior to treaty being interpreted DSU 1604
as a whole/holistic/harmonious exercise SCM 260, DSU 1604
interpretation of covered agreements, rules relating to including VCLT provisions
effectiveness principle (ut res magis valeat quam pereat/effet utile), meaning to be attributed to every word and phrase SCM 309
parties’ common intentions (VCLT 31(1)) DSU 1604
same or closely related phrases in same agreement, SCM 6.3(a)-(d) SCM 279
“measures at issue” (DSU 6.2), any act or omission attributable to a Member DSU 271
non-retroactivity of treaties (VCLT 28)
continuing measures SCM 256–7, DSU 1526–8
as general principle of international law DSU 1527, 1601
notice of appeal, requirements (ABWP 20(2)(d)), amendment (WBWP 23 bis)/clarification, authorization of requested amendment DSU 1441
ordinary meaning of terms used in covered agreements, “provides” (SCM 1.1(a)(1)(iii)) SCM 42
public observation of oral hearing / “passive participation” (ABWP 27(3))
AB authority to agree to DSU 1450
methodology DSU 1451
request for establishment of panel, requirements (DSU 6.2), compliance, importance of, subsequent cure of defect, exclusion DSU 204, 271
Rules of Conduct (RoC)
material violations (RoC VIII) DSU 1496–7
“shall in no way modify the rights and obligations” (RoC II), confidentiality (RoC VII) and DSU 1484
“serious prejudice” (SCM 5(c))
aggregated analysis SCM 306
“significant price undercutting/suppression” (SCM 6.3(c)) as, genuine causal link requirement SCM 279
“serious prejudice” (SCM 6)
genuine causal link requirement, displacement or impediment to imports (SCM 6.3(a)) and SCM 309
genuine causal link requirement, applicability to all SCM 6.3 elements SCM 279, 282, 306
“significant price undercutting/suppression” (SCM 6.3(c))
aggregated analysis SCM 306
counterfactual analysis SCM 296
“effect of the subsidy”, period of review SCM 302
“in the same market” SCM 319, 325
displacement or impediment (SMC 6.3(a) and (b))
compared SCM 319
two-step analysis SCM 320
unitary vs two-step approach SCM 292
standard/powers of review (AB) (issues of law and legal interpretations) (DSU 17.6)
completion of the legal analysis in case of, contentiousness/omission/insufficiency of facts DSU 883
law vs fact, panel as trier of facts DSU 594
standard/powers of review (panel) (DSU 11)
error of law
error not rising to a breach of DSU 11 DSU 597
failure to make objective assessment of facts distinguished DSU 595
“objective assessment of the facts” /alleged disregard or distortion of the evidence, discretion in assessment of evidence SCM 296
summary of requirements DSU 594
subsidy, calculation in terms of benefit to recipient (SCM 14)
loans (SCM 14(b))
actual performance vs conditions at time loan made SCM 413
unsecured loan SCM 413
“usual investment practice” (SCM 14(a)) SCM 409
subsidy, definition (SCM 1.1(a)(1)) (financial contribution), provision of goods or services (SCM 1.1(a)(1)(iii)), “provides” SCM 42
subsidy, definition (SCM 1.1(b)) (conferral of benefit)
passing the benefit through
adverse effects (SCM 5) and SCM 258
changes in ownership/privatizations SCM 84
subsidy, specificity (SCM 2)
“certain enterprises” (SCM 2 chapeau) SCM 104
“explicitly limits” (SCM 2.1(a)) SCM 107
terms of reference of panels (DSU 7), request for establishment of panel as basis DSU 204
transmittal of records (ABWP 25), request to delay DSU 1445
withdrawal of appeal (ABWP 30), withdrawal of conditional appeal DSU 1469
EC and certain member States — Large Civil Aircraft (Panel), WT/DS316/R
adverse effects (SCM 5), relevant period SCM 259
adverse inferences from party’s refusal to provide information, panel’s right to draw (SCM Annex V) SCM 677–8
arguendo assumptions, estoppel and DSU 663
bilateral agreements, status, EC–US Agreement (1992) DSU 8
competence of panels and AB (DSU 3.2/DSU 11/DSU 17), compétence de la compétence/obligation to address jurisdictional issues [on own motion] DSU 365
composition of panel (DSU 8), determination by Director-General
(DSU 8.7), Deputy Director-General in place of DSU 441
consultations (DSU 4)
notification of request for (DSU 4.4)
identification of measure at issue DSU 157
“identification of specific ³¾±ð²¹²õ³Ü°ù±ð” (DSU 6.2) distinguished DSU 157
customary international law rules of interpretation [as codified in the VCLT] as applicable law (DSU 3.2), non-retroactivity (VCLT 28) as DSU 59
DSU, applicability
bilateral agreements, EC–US Agreement (1992) DSU 420–1
international agreements other than covered agreements DSU 421
DSU dispute settlement, obligation to have recourse to (DSU 23.1), waiver of rights, possibility of DSU 1304
estoppel
arguendo assumptions and DSU 663
as general principle of international law DSU 112
good faith (DSU 3.10) and DSU 112, 1707
evidence, acceptability as for “objective assessment” (DSU 11) purposes, public statements by company executives/government officials DSU 636
good faith engagement in dispute settlement procedures (DSU 3.10), estoppel and DSU 112, 1707
identification of specific measures (DSU 6.2)
case-by-case approach DSU 240
identification of “measures” (DSU 4.4) distinguished DSU 157
“s±è±ð³¦¾±´Ú¾±³¦”, “attendant circumstances”, relevance DSU 240
interim review (DSU 15)
new evidence DSU 795
reconsideration of evidence, arguments and findings DSU 797
third party rights DSU 775
international law / “relevant rules of international law” (VCLT 31 (3)(c)) with particular reference to the interpretation of covered agreements (DSU 3(2)) DSU 1601–3
non-retroactivity of treaties (VCLT 28) and DSU 1601–3
rules applicable between °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ Members as “parties” DSU 1602–3
treaties concluded prior to treaty being interpreted DSU 1601–3
interpretation of covered agreements, rules relating to including VCLT provisions, same or closely related phrases in same agreement, DSU 4.4/DSU 4.6 (“measures” / “specific measures”) DSU 157
loan guarantees, as direct transfer of funds (SCM 1.1(a)(1)) SCM 30
“measures at issue” (DSU 6.2)
measure in existence at time of establishment of panel, limitation to, dispute as to existence of measure DSU 406
“practice” as, practice “as a whole” DSU 271
non-retroactivity of treaties (VCLT 28)
“any relevant rules of international law …” (VCLT 31(3)(c)) and DSU 1601
as general principle of international law DSU 59
ordinary meaning of terms used in covered agreements
“general infrastructure” (SCM 1.1(a)(1)(iii)) SCM 45
“proportion” (SCM 2.1(c)) SCM 113
“predominant” (SCM 2.1(c)) SCM 114
provision of goods or services (SCM 1.1(a)(1)(iii)), “general infrastructure”, limitations on access or use, relevance SCM 45–6
regional specificity (SCM 2.2), definition problems SCM 115
relationships within and between agreements, DSU 19.1/SCM 4.7 and 4.8 DSU 993
request for establishment of panel, requirements (DSU 6.2), compliance, importance of, scrutiny by panel DSU 240
“serious prejudice”, procedures for developing information concerning (SCM Annex 5), adverse inferences from non-cooperation SCM 677–8
“serious prejudice” (SCM 5(c)), aggregated analysis SCM 305
“serious prejudice” (SCM 6)
“significant price undercutting/suppression” (SCM 6.3(c)) aggregated analysis SCM 305
“s¾±²µ²Ô¾±´Ú¾±³¦²¹²Ô³Ù” SCM 313, 319
standard/powers of review (panel) (DSU 11)
“objective assessment of the facts” /alleged disregard or distortion of the evidence, public statements by company executives/government officials DSU 636
“objective assessment of matter before it”
adverse effects (SCM 5), doubt about relevant period and SCM 259
independent assessment, determination of “subsidized product” DSU 525
subsidy, definition (SCM 1.1(a)(1)) (financial contribution)
“direct transfer of funds” (SCM 1.1(a)(1))
debt forgiveness/debt-for-equity swaps SCM 26
share transfers SCM 25
potential direct transfer of funds (SCM 1.1(a)(1)), loan guarantees as SCM 30
provision of goods or services (SCM 1.1(a)(1)(iii))
“general infrastructure” SCM 45–7
case-by-case approach SCM 46
limitations on access or use, relevance SCM 45–6
ordinary meaning SCM 45
subsidy, specificity (SCM 2)
de facto specificity (SCM 2.1(c))
“account be taken of” SCM 112
“disproportionately large” SCM 113
“predominant use” SCM 114
regional specificity (SCM 2.2), definition problems SCM 115
successive treaties relating to the same subject matter (VCLT 30) DSU 1534
terms of reference of panels (DSU 7), as definition of jurisdiction/legal claims at issue DSU 362
third party enhanced rights/rights beyond those indicated in DSU 10.2, DSU 10.3 and Appendix 3, para. 6, participation in interim review process (DSU 15) DSU 775
unilateral action by Member, prohibition (DSU 23.1), balance of rights and obligations and DSU 1304
EC — Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products (Panel), WT/DS291/R, WT/DS292/R, WT/DS293/R, Add.1 to Add.9, and Corr.1
ALOPs (SPS 5.4–5.6 and Annex A(5))
consistency in application (SPS 5.5), “implementation ³¾±ð²¹²õ³Ü°ù±ð” for purposes of SPS 5.5 SPS 215–16, 256
measures “not more trade restrictive than required to achieve their appropriate level of … protection” (SPS 5.6), SPS measures, limitation to SPS 256
burden of proof (general rules)
allocation (general rule/exception relationship)
characterization of SPS 5.7 as autonomous right, effect SPS 324, 335
SPS 2.2 and 5.7 SPS 36
SPS 2.2 and 5.7 (including consolidation) SPS 36, 326, 327
Codex Alimentarius Commission, cooperation with, definitions, relevance to SPS measures (SPS Annex A(1)) SPS 479
consultation and dispute settlement (TBT 14), technical expert group, panel’s right to establish (TBT 14.2), individual advice, right to seek TBT 148
customary international law rules of interpretation [as codified in the VCLT] as applicable law (DSU 3.2), persistent objector rule DSU 1595 n. 2468, 1740 n. 2732
environment, SPS measures (Annex A(1)) and SPS 462–4
expert evidence (DSU 13.2/SPS 11.2)
international organizations and SPS 406–7
need for experts, determination by panel against the wishes SPS 397
good faith (including pacta sunt servanda principle (VCLT 26)), as general principle of international law DSU 1594
identification of specific measures (DSU 6.2), “s±è±ð³¦¾±´Ú¾±³¦”, provided information in conjunction with introductory paragraph DSU 239
implementation of panel or AB recommendations (DSU 19.1), measure terminated in course of proceedings/no longer in existence DSU 935, 940 n. 1479
interim review (DSU 15)
confidentiality of reports DSU 816
new evidence DSU 791
international law / “relevant rules of international law” (VCLT 31 (3)(c)) with particular reference to the interpretation of covered agreements (DSU 3(2))
determination of “ordinary meaning” (VCLT 31(1)) and DSU 1594–6
general principles of law/international law as DSU 1594
good faith as DSU 1594
precautionary principle as SPS 7, DSU 1594
rules applicable between °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ Members as “parties” DSU 1595, 1602 n. 2483, 1740
rule applicable only to some °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ Members, whether DSU 1595, 1740
as supplementary means / “taken into account” DSU 1596
treaties concluded by other parties as DSU 1596, 1602 n. 2483
interpretation of covered agreements, rules relating to including VCLT provisions
footnotes to treaty as aid/integral part of treaty SPS 470
same or closely related phrases in same agreement
SPS 3.1/SPS 5.1 (“based on”) SPS 135
VCLT 31(2)(a)/31(2)(c)/66 (“parties”) DSU 1595
“shall be taken into account” (VCLT 31(3)) DSU 1574
“special meaning” (VCLT 31(4)) DSU 1609
legal basis of claim / “claim” / “matter referred” (DSU 6.2/7.1)
arguments distinguished DSU 331
identification of treaty provisions DSU 316–17
reference to mutually exclusive articles DSU 317
identification of treaty provisions clauses/subclauses, relevance DSU 316
which measures violate which provisions requirement DSU 320
“like product” (GATT III:2 and III:4), GATT III:2 and III:4 interrelationship, “less favourable treatment” requirement and GATT 346–7, 415
“measures at issue” (DSU 6.2), any act or omission attributable to a Member DSU 245
“measures at issue” de facto vs de jure measures DSU 272
MFN treatment (TBT 2.1) TBT 15
multiple complainants (DSU 9), separate panel reports (DSU 9.2), structure DSU 455
national treatment, general principle (GATT III:1), “no less favourable manner” (SPS Annex C(1)(a)) SPS 575–6
ordinary meaning of terms used in covered agreements, terms used in SPS Annex A(1)(b) SPS 476
precautionary principle (SPS Agreement)
control, inspection and approval procedures (SPS 8 and Annex C) and SPS 570
as customary international environmental law DSU 1731
customary international law, whether SPS 7
as “rule of international law” (VCLT 31(3)(c)) DSU 1594
scientific basis of measures, panel assessment SPS 181
prejudice to party, relevance DSU 320
provisional adoption of SPS measures in case of insufficiency of scientific evidence (SPS 5.7)
assessment period SPS 306
burden of proof, consolidation of SPS 2.2 and SPS 7 requirements SPS 327
cumulative requirements SPS 294
“i²Ô²õ³Ü´Ú´Ú¾±³¦¾±±ð²Ô³Ù” SPS 297
precautionary principle and SPS 329
provisional measure falling outwith scope of SPS 7 SPS 291
as qualified exemption/autonomous right SPS 36, 288–9, 332–5
burden of proof and SPS 324–5, 335
review within “a reasonable period of time” SPS 317
availability of objectively sufficient evidence and SPS 320
evolution of scientific evidence subsequent to adoption of provisional measure and SPS 321
“seek to obtain additional information” for more objective assessment of risk, SPS 5.1/Annex A(4) and SPS 311–12
publication or communication of processing period (Annex C(1)(b)) SPS 579
relationships within and between agreements
GATT III/SPS GATT 414
SPS 2.2/SPS 5.1 SPS 46
SPS 3/Annex A(1)(d) SPS 205
SPS 3.1 and 3.3/SPS 2.2 and 5.7 SPS 339–40
SPS 5.3/Annex A(1)(d) SPS 205, 490, 491
SPS 5.5/Annex A(1)(a) SPS 215–16
SPS 5.6/Annex A(1)(a) SPS 256
SPS 8/Annex C(1) SPS 373, 375, 587
SPS 10.1/TBT 12.3 SPS 389, TBT 137
SPS 11/TBT 14 SPS 425
SPS/TBT 1.5 TBT 13
TBT 12.2/TBT 12.3 TBT 135
request for establishment of panel, requirements (DSU 6.2), due process/ability to defend itself considerations DSU 239, 320 n. 513
risk assessment, need for (SPS 5.1–5.3)
delay in completing control, inspection and approval procedures (SPS 8 and Annex C) and SPS 574
factors to be taken into account (economic) (SPS 5.3), “other damage” (Annex A(1)(d)) and SPS 205, 490
measures “appropriate to the circumstances” (SPS 5.1)
circumstances changing over time SPS 170
duty to base measures on risk assessment and SPS 172
methodology, single assessment for different SPS measures SPS 160
“sufficient scientific evidence” requirement (SPS 2.2) and
divergence of expert views, relevance SPS 136
precautionary principle and SPS 181
“taking into account risk assessment techniques” (SPS 5.1), “whether” vs “how” SPS 176
timing of assessment SPS 155
risk assessment (SPS Annex A(4)(4))
provisional adoption of SPS measures in case of insufficiency of scientific evidence (SPS 5.7) and SPS 311–12
types of risk (“likelihood” vs Ëð´Ç³Ù±ð²Ô³Ù¾±²¹±ô”) SPS 146
“likelihood”, failure to evaluate, effect SPS 510
scientific evidence, sufficiency (SPS 5.7), burden of proof SPS 36
sovereignty, interpretation of covered agreement by reference to rules not accepted by Member as breach DSU 1595, 1740
special and differential treatment (SPS 10)
obligation to “take account of” special needs of developing countries (SPS 10.1)
burden of proof SPS 388
“take account of” SPS 387
TBT 12.3 compared SPS 389, TBT 137
special and differential treatment (TBT 12)
special account requirement
implementation of TBT (TBT 12.2) TBT 135
preparation of technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures (TBT 12.3) TBT 135
SPS 10.1 compared SPS 389, TBT 137
SPS Agreement
applicability (SPS 1.1)
measures “developed and applied in accordance with [SPS] provisions”, purpose of measure and SPS 15
“measures which may directly or indirectly affect trade” SPS 12, 256
basic rights and obligations (SPS 2), SPS 2.2 requirements SPS 21
object and purpose (preamble), prompt compliance with obligations SPS 558
TBT Agreement, applicability to (TBT 1.5) TBT 13
SPS control, inspection and approval procedures (SPS 8 and Annex C)
“any procedure to check and ensure”, applicability (Annex C(1) (b)) SPS 577
failure to observe Annex C requirements as breach of SPS 8 SPS 373, 375, 587
individual specimens, requirements relating to (Annex C(1)(e)) SPS 585
“no less favourable manner” (Annex C(1)(a)) SPS 575–6
obligations (Annex C(1)(c))
completeness of documentation SPS 580
explanation of delay SPS 583
processing of deficient applications SPS 582
publication or communication of processing period SPS 579
summary SPS 578
transmission of results SPS 581
“undertake and complete” (Annex C(1)(a)) SPS 559
“without undue delay” (Annex C(1)(a))
delay as means of avoiding risk assessment SPS 574
delay and refusal to take SPS action distinguished SPS 571–2
as good faith obligation SPS 557
legislative delays SPS 573
precautionary principle and SPS 570
prompt compliance with SPS obligations (SPS preamble) and SPS 558
prudence and precaution SPS 568–9
SPS measure, definition/classification as (Annex A(1))
“directly related to food safety” SPS 500
“diseases, disease carrying organisms or disease-causing organisms” SPS 475
environmental protection measures and SPS 462–4
travaux préparatoires SPS 463–4
“labelling requirements”
applicability to matters other than food safety SPS 497
consistency of requirement with SPS as separate issue SPS 498
purpose SPS 499
“laws, decrees, regulations, requirements and procedures”
applicability to non-SPS measures SPS 465–7
“include all relevant” SPS 494
“requirements and procedures” SPS 495–6
legal form, flexibility SPS 494
legal form and nature, relevance/distinguishability SPS 452
measure to protect animal or plant life or health (Annex A(1)(a)) SPS 470
“entry, establishment or spread” SPS 472
genetically modified organisms and SPS 468
“risks arising from” SPS 471
measure to protect from “other damage” (Annex A(1)(d)) SPS 490
measure to protect human or animal life (Annex A(1)(b))
“additive”, genes as SPS 478
“c´Ç²Ô³Ù²¹³¾¾±²Ô²¹²Ô³Ù²õ” SPS 480
“foods, beverages or feedstuffs” SPS 477
ordinary meaning SPS 476
“t´Ç³æ¾±²Ô²õ”
poisonous effect, relevance SPS 483
“unintentional addition to food” SPS 481
“measure to protect human life or health … from diseases carried by animals, plants or products of…” (Annex A(1)(c))
presence of allergens in the environment SPS 488
increased herbicide use associated with GMOs SPS 489
“living organism”, relevance SPS 474
purpose as test SPS 452
applicability to both adoption and maintenance/application SPS 461
TBT Agreement, definitions (TBT 1.1 and Annex 1), international standards definitions and (TBT 1.1) TBT 8
technical regulations (TBT 2)
MFN treatment (TBT 2.1) TBT 15
“technical regulation” (Annex 1.1), measures not qualifying as SPS measures TBT 22, 25
transparency of SPS regulations (SPS 7 and Annex B)
notification procedures, obligation to “notify changes” SPS 356–7, 357, 361
notification procedures (Annex B(5)-(10)), obligation to “provide information” SPS 359
publication of regulations (Annex (B)(1)-(2)), “SPS regulations” for purpose of SPS 358
publication requirements (Annex (B)(1)-(2))
“SPS regulations” for purpose of SPS 550–1
generally applicable measure concerning an SPS measure SPS 542
relationship between SPS 7 and Annex B SPS 550–1
treaties
as aid to interpretation of treaty between other parties DSU 1596
options for opting out of treaty regime DSU 1595 n. 2468
EC — Asbestos (AB), WT/DS135/AB/R, DSR 2001:VII and DSR 2001:VIII
burden of proof (general rules), onus probandi actori incumbit GATT 968–9
directly competitive or substitutable products (GATT III:2), as dynamic relationship (including possibility of latent demand) GATT 335
General Exceptions (GATT XX) (general)
evaluation of scientific evidence GATT 900–3
divergence of expert views GATT 901
General Exceptions (GATT XX(b)), measures necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health
GATT III:4 (regulatory discrimination) and GATT 385
justification
evidence of health risks, relevance GATT 385
good faith reliance on GATT 901
“n±ð³¦±ð²õ²õ²¹°ù²â”
Member’s right to determine level of desired protection GATT 903
scientific data/risk assessment and GATT 900–3
“preponderant” evidence GATT 901
“reasonably available” alternative °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ-consistent measure GATT 904–6, 928
General Exceptions (GATT XX(d)), measures necessary to secure compliance with GATT-consistent measure, constituent elements, alternative °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ-consistent measure, availability and GATT 905
good faith (including pacta sunt servanda principle (VCLT 26)), scientific evidence, reliance on GATT 901
interpretation of covered agreements, rules relating to including VCLT provisions
consistency with article/agreement as a whole GATT 342, 345
object and purpose, preamble as evidence of TBT 3
as a whole/holistic/harmonious exercise GATT 330
“like product” (GATT III:2 and III:4)
determination of “likeness”
in case of conflicting evidence GATT 336
need to take account of all the evidence GATT 331
as a relative concept (“accordion”)/case-by-case approach GATT 342–3
directly competitive or substitutable products distinguished GATT 328–30
GATT III:1 compared/as context GATT 227, 257, 328–30
GATT III:2 and III:4 interrelationship GATT 342–3
consistency of interpretation GATT 342, 345
“less favourable treatment” requirement and GATT 345
relevant factors
Border Tax Adjustment, Working Party Report GATT 343
competitive relationship GATT 332–5, 342, 343
evidence of health risks, relevance GATT 334
consumer preferences GATT 331, 333–6, 343
health risks and GATT 334
nature of product GATT 343
physical properties GATT 332, 334
tariff classifications GATT 343
national treatment, general principle (GATT III:1)
as context for interpretation of GATT III:2–5 GATT 227, 328, 342
interpretation of GATT III as a whole and, consistency of interpretation GATT 342
national treatment, regulatory discrimination (GATT III:4)
GATT XX and GATT 385
“less favourable treatment”
grouping approach GATT 372
as requirement for violation finding GATT 345
national treatment, tax discrimination (GATT III:2)
first and second sentences distinguished GATT 329–30
general principle (GATT III:1) and GATT 218
non-violation claims (GATT XXIII:1(b))
“any ³¾±ð²¹²õ³Ü°ù±ð” GATT 959
non-commercial measure GATT 964
“benefit” /legitimate expectation of improved market access as, non-commercial measure and GATT 964
as exceptional remedy GATT 959, 960
GATT XXIII:1(a) distinguished GATT 959
GATT XXIII:1(b) distinguished GATT 959
measure in “c´Ç²Ô´Ú±ô¾±³¦³Ù” with GATT provisions, applicability to GATT 959
concurrent application to measures falling under other provisions of GATT GATT 963
non-violation claims (GATT XXIII:1(b)) (DSU 26.1), remedies (DSU 26.1(b)) DSU 1353
ordinary meaning of terms used in covered agreements, “product characteristics” (TBT Annex 1.1) TBT 157
prompt and satisfactory settlement (DSU 3.3) DSU 64
relationships within and between agreements
GATT III:1/GATT III as a whole GATT 218
GATT III:4/GATT XX GATT 385
risk assessment, need for (SPS 5.1–5.3), ascertainable and theoretical risk distinguished (SPS 5.1), quantitative threshold, relevance GATT 902
special or additional procedures (AB) (ABWP 16(1)), amicus curiae briefs DSU 1382
standard/powers of review (AB) (issues of law and legal interpretations) (DSU 17.6)
completion of the legal analysis in case of
contentiousness/omission/insufficiency of facts DSU 867
disagreement with the panel DSU 867
insufficient argument of novel issue DSU 867
standard/powers of review (panel) (DSU 11), “objective assessment of the facts” /alleged disregard or distortion of the evidence, discretion in assessment of evidence GATT 900
TBT Agreement
object and purpose (preamble)
as aid to interpreting TBT Agreement TBT 3
GATT objectives and TBT 3
technical regulations (TBT 2/Annex 1.1)
“technical regulation” (Annex 1.1)
“identifiable product or group of products” TBT 156
express identification, relevance TBT 156
mandatory compliance TBT 161
measure as a whole, need to consider TBT 165
“product characteristics” TBT 157
negative form TBT 159
ordinary meaning TBT 157
three-tier test/order of analysis (TBT 2.4) TBT 155
EC — Asbestos (Panel), WT/DS135/R and Add.1, DSR 2001:VII and DSR 2001:VIII
burden of proof (general rules)
exception/affirmative defence GATT 853
non-violation claims (GATT XXIII:1(b)) DSU 1350
onus probandi actori incumbit GATT 853
prima facie case requirement GATT 853
consultation and dispute settlement (TBT 14)
technical expert group, panel’s right to establish (TBT 14.2) TBT 147, DSU 25
DSU 13.2 compared TBT 147, DSU 25
individual advice, right to seek TBT 147
special or additional rules and procedures (DSU 1.2 and Appendix 2) and DSU 25
GATT 1947/°ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ continuity, decisions, procedures and customary practices under GATT 1947 (°ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ XVI:1) (GATT acquis) GATT 407
General Exceptions (GATT XX)
burden of proof
chapeau and paras. a-j distinguished GATT 853
SPS distinguished GATT 854
General Exceptions (GATT XX(b)), measures necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health
burden of proof GATT 853
justification, three-tier test GATT 889
“n±ð³¦±ð²õ²õ²¹°ù²â”, scientific data/risk assessment and GATT 900
good faith engagement in dispute settlement procedures (DSU 3.10), correction of factual errors and DSU 125
interim review (DSU 15), failure to inform panel of errors DSU 786
interpretation of covered agreements, rules relating to including VCLT provisions, object and purpose, preamble as evidence of TBT 1–2
multiple authentic languages, English, French and Spanish versions compared GATT 406–7
multiple authentic languages, interpretation (VCLT 33)
“and” / “comme” GATT 406–7, DSU 1659
effectiveness principle (ut res magis valeat quam pereat/effet utile) and DSU 1659 n. 2594
national treatment, general principle (GATT III:1)
applicability
measures imposed at the time or point of importation (“internal measures”) (Ad Article)
imposition on like domestic product requirement GATT 407
QRs (GATT XI) distinguished GATT 406–7
national treatment, regulatory discrimination (GATT III:4)
“laws, regulations or requirements”
English, French, Spanish versions of Ad Article III compared GATT 406–7
identity of measure, relevance GATT 407
“restrictions made effective through state-trading organizations” (Ad Articles XI, XI, XIII, XIV and XVIII) GATT 406
non-violation claims (GATT XXIII:1(b))
“benefit” /legitimate expectation of improved market access as
reasonable anticipation and GATT 981–3, 988
resulting from negotiations GATT 977
burden of proof DSU 1350
constituent elements GATT 966
as exceptional remedy DSU 1350
GATT XXIII:1(a) distinguished GATT 959
nullification or impairment, need for GATT 988
non-violation claims (GATT XXIII:1(b)) (DSU 26.1)
burden of proof / “detailed justification” (DSU 26.1(a)) DSU 1350–1
remedies (DSU 26.1(b)) DSU 1353
quantitative restrictions, elimination (GATT XI)
national treatment (GATT III) and GATT 406–7
relationships within and between agreements
DSU 13.2/TBT 14.2 TBT 147, DSU 25
GATT III:4/GATT XI
scientific evidence, need for sufficient (SPS 2.2), burden of proof, GATT XX requirements distinguished GATT 854
special or additional rules and procedures (DSU1.2 and Appendix 2), “shall prevail” in case of a difference with DSU DSU 25
State trading enterprises (STEs) (GATT XVII), national treatment, regulatory discrimination (GATT III:4) and GATT 406
TBT Agreement
object and purpose (preamble)
as aid to interpreting TBT Agreement TBT 1–2
technical regulations (TBT 2/Annex 1.1), “technical regulation” (Annex 1.1), measure as a whole, need to consider TBT 165
EC — Bananas III (AB), WT/DS27/AB/R, DSR 1997:II
AB procedures (DSU 17.9 and ABWP)
appellant’s submission (ABWP 21), grounds for allegation of specific errors (ABWP 21:2) DSU 1432
timetable (ABWP 26), modification in exceptional circumstances (ABWP 16(2)), modification of date of oral hearing (ABWP 16(2)) DSU 1393
Agriculture Agreement (AG)
non-discrimination (GATT XIII) and GATT 689, AG 1, 190
object and purpose (preamble), on-going reform AG 1, 190
relationship with other °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ agreements (AG 21.1), GATT XIII (non-discrimination), market access concessions and commitments (AG 4.1) GATT 168–9, AG 1, 36, 190
composition of delegation
legal representation/private counsel DSU 723–4
Member’s right to determine DSU 723, 1732
consultations (DSU 4), joinder of third parties having “substantial trade interest” (DSU 4.11) DSU 175–6, 468
directly competitive or substitutable products (GATT III:2), nullification or impairment, evidence of DSU 90
dispute settlement and enforcement (GATS XXIII), nullification and impairment (DSU 3.8) distinguished GATS 203, DSU 99
due process (dispute settlement proceedings)
panel working procedures, need for DSU 236, 346, 622 n. 1015, 670
prejudice to party, relevance DSU 236, 346, 670
GATS Agreement, GATT 1994 overlap GATT 428, TRIMs 8 n. 12, GATS 28
GATT 1994, object and purpose (GATT I:1), non-discrimination GATT 25
identification of specific measures (DSU 6.2)
“s±è±ð³¦¾±´Ú¾±³¦”, preliminary ruling on DSU 236
specificity, preliminary ruling on DSU 236, 670
import licensing procedures
neutrality in application and administration in a fair and equitable manner, need for (LA 1.3), administration in a uniform, impartial and reasonable manner (GATT X:3 (a)), equivalence GATT 594
rules and procedures distinguished LIC 4
tariff quota procedures, applicability to LIC 2, 13
use of “restriction” in LIC 3.2 and 3.3, relevance LIC 2
interpretation of covered agreements, rules relating to including VCLT provisions
object and purpose, GATT XIII:2 GATT 659
same or closely related phrases in different agreements, GATT X:3(a)/LIC 1.3 GATT 594
legal basis of claim / “claim” / “matter referred” (DSU 6.2/7.1)
arguments distinguished DSU 323, 334, 345 n. 557, 411
clarification of claim during proceedings DSU 309, 329 n. 529, 334, 345 n. 557
rectification at subsequent stages, arguments in written or other submission or statement DSU 323
lex specialis/presumption against treaty conflicts, possibilities of conflict considered by panel/AB, GATT X:3(a)/LIC 1.3 DSU 1718
licensing procedures, national treatment, regulatory discrimination (GATT III:4) and GATT 359
“like product” (GATT I), “any product originating in or destined for another country”, administrative distinctions, relevance GATT 45
Lomé waiver °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ 209, GATT 114, DSU 534
market access, concessions and commitments (AG 4.1)
consistency with GATT XIII GATT 689, DSU 875
MFN treatment (GATS II)
determination of violoation, elements, aims and effects test GATT 217, GATS 38
national treatment (GATS XVII) distinguished GATS 34
“treatment no less favourable” (GATS II:1), de facto discrimination GATT 25, GATS 34
MFN treatment (GATT I:1)
“advantage”, allocation of tariff quotas GATT 35
de facto discrimination GATT 25
modification of schedules (GATT XXVIII), applicability of GATT I and XIII GATT 116, 139
national treatment, general principle (GATT III:1), “so as to afford protection”, GATS II and XVII distinguished GATS 34
national treatment, regulatory discrimination (GATT III:4)
“a´Ú´Ú±ð³¦³Ù¾±²Ô²µ”
hurricane licences GATT 378
purpose of measure, relevance GATT 359
general principle (GATT III:1) and GATT 323
“less favourable treatment”
discriminatory system for allocation of import licences GATT 165, 210, 398
formal differentiation in treatment, relevance GATT 378
“so as to afford protection” (GATT III:1), relevance GATT 323
national treatment, services and service suppliers (GATS XVII), determination of violoation, elements, aims and effects test GATT 217, GATS 132
non-discriminatory administration of QRs (GATT XIII)
administrative distinctions, relevance GATT 655, 659
AG 4.1 (market access) and GATT 689
allocation of quotas (GATT XIII:2(d)), GATT I:1 (“advantage”) and GATT 35
allocation to Members not having a substantial interest (GATT XIII:1) GATT 660
distribution of trade as close as possible to expected shares in absence of restrictions (GATT XIII:2 chapeau) GATT 665
finding as factual matter DSU 842
“importation … is similarly restricted” (GATT XIII:1) GATT 659–60
legal basis for distinction, relevance GATT 659
object and purpose (GATT XIII:2) GATT 659
non-retroactivity of treaties (VCLT 28), in absence of different intention DSU 1522
notice of appeal, requirements (ABWP 20(2)(d))
claims and arguments distinguished DSU 1429 n. 2228
failure to meet, consequences DSU 1415
statement of allegation of error on issues of law/legal interpretations (ABWP 20(2)(d)), statement of grounds (ABWP 21:2) DSU 1432
nullification or impairment (DSU 3.8)
adverse impact/prejudice, relevance DSU 90
GATS XXIII, (dispute settlement and enforcement), distinguished GATS 203, DSU 99–100
presumption in case of inconsistency with covered agreement DSU 90–1
order of analysis, specific/general provision AD 467 n. 622
ordinary meaning of terms used in covered agreements, “concessions” GATT 138
preliminary rulings on, specificity of request for panel (DSU 6.2) DSU 236, 670
preliminary rulings (procedural aspects)
timing DSU 670
working procedures, need for DSU 346
publication and administration of trade regulations (GATT X)
AG 4.1 and 21.1/GATT XIII GATT 689, DSU 875
GATS II/GATT I:1 GATT 25
GATS/GATT GATT 428, TRIMs 8 n. 12
GATT I/GATT III:4 GATT 359, 362, 395
GATT I/GATT XIII GATT 114, 138, 164
GATT II:7/GATT XIII GATT 164, 168
GATT III:4 and XVII/GATT II:1(a) and XI GATT 398
GATT X:3(a)/LIC 1.3 GATT 594, DSU 1718, 1726
relationship with other GATT provisions GATT 551, 589
SCM 3.1(b)/TRIMs TRIMs 8
specific/general provision GATT 418
uniform, impartial and reasonable administration (GATT X:3(a)), “shall administer” /applicability to substantive rule GATT 551
request for establishment of panel, requirements (DSU 6.2)
compliance, importance of
scrutiny by panel DSU 184, 186, 201, 206 n. 227
subsequent cure of defect, exclusion DSU 323, 411, 1145 n. 1789
fruitfulness of action (DSU 3.7), determination by Member DSU 76, 84, 176
“sufficient to present the problem clearly” DSU 186
Schedules of Concessions (GATT II)
diminishment of obligations, exclusion GATT 138, 164
interpretation and clarification, Marrakesh Protocol as aid GATT 139
standard/powers of review (AB) (issues of law and legal interpretations) (DSU 17.6), non-discriminatory administration of QRs (GATT XIII), determination DSU 842
standard/powers of review (panel) (DSU 11), “objective assessment of matter before it”, independent assessment, international agreements other than the covered agreements DSU 534
standing/right to bring claim (DSU 3.7), legal interest, relevance DSU 75, 83–4, 468, 1744–5
terms of reference of panels (DSU 7), request for establishment of panel as basis DSU 186, 201, 411
third party enhanced rights/rights beyond those indicated in DSU 10.2, DSU 10.3 and Appendix 3, para. 6, “substantial interest” (DSU 10.2) DSU 468
third party rights (consultations (DSU 4.11)) DSU 175–6, 468
TRIMs Agreement, as integral part of °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ Agreement TRIMs 8
waivers (°ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ IX:3 and IX:4), exceptional nature °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ 209
EC — Bananas III (Panel), WT/DS27/R, DSR 1997:II
Agriculture Agreement (AG)
non-discrimination (GATT XIII) and GATT 689
relationship with other °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ agreements (AG 21.1), GATT XIII (non-discrimination), market access commitments (AG 4.1) and AG 190
consultations (DSU 4), adequacy of consultations (DSU 4.5), Panel responsibilities in relation to DSU 160
developing countries’ economic development purposes/financial and trade needs (LIC 1.2), legal significance LIC 7–8
disclosure of confidential information (GATS III bis) GATS 48
GATS Agreement, disclosure of confidential information (GATS III bis) GATS 48
identification of specific measures (DSU 6.2) TRIMs 23
“identify”, sufficiency of, reference to instruments implementing challenged measures DSU 214
import licensing procedures
conformity with GATT principles and obligations requirement (LIC Preamble and 1.2), single undertaking principle, effect LIC 7
national treatment (GATT III:4) and GATT 359, TRIMs 6
interim review (DSU 15), third party rights DSU 480
interpretation of covered agreements, rules relating to including VCLT provisions
effectiveness principle (ut res magis valeat quam pereat/effet utile) LIC 7
object and purpose, GATT XIII:2 GATT 655
judicial economy, prior decision on another point rendering discussion otiose TRIMs 6
legal basis of claim / “claim” / “matter referred” (DSU 6.2/7.1)
identification of treaty provisions DSU 308–9
listing of articles without explanation, sufficiency DSU 309
lex specialis/presumption against treaty conflicts GATT 666 n. 937
“c´Ç²Ô´Ú±ô¾±³¦³Ù” DSU 1717
General Interpretative Note (°ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ Annex 1A) TRIMs 5, DSU 1717
possibilities of conflict considered by panel/AB
GATT/LIC and TRIMs 2 TRIMs 41–2, DSU 1717
LIC/TRIMs DSU 1717
right of Panel to consider DSU 534
“measures affecting trade in services” (GATS I:1) GATS 9–10
“a´Ú´Ú±ð³¦³Ù¾±²Ô²µ” GATS 10
“measures at issue” (DSU 6.2), prospective measure, “of the same essence” DSU 383 n. 620
MFN treatment (GATS II), “like service and service supplier” (GATS II:1), wholesale transactions GATS 36
MFN treatment (GATT I:1)
“advantage”, creation of more favourable import duties GATT 33
“all rules and formalities” GATT 28
multiple complainants (DSU 9)
separate panel reports (DSU 9.2) DSU 446
structure DSU 451
national treatment (GATS XVII), “like service and service supplier” (GATS XVII:1), wholesale transactions GATS 128
national treatment, regulatory discrimination (GATT III:4)
“a´Ú´Ú±ð³¦³Ù¾±²Ô²µ”, licensing procedures GATT 359
“affecting their internal sale, offering for sale, purchase …”, purpose of measure, relevance GATT 359
general principle (GATT III:1) and GATT 359
TRIMs and TRIMs 6
non-discriminatory administration of QRs (GATT XIII)
adjustment of quota allocation (GATT XIII:4), new Member rights and GATT 676
administrative distinctions, relevance GATT 655, 658
allocation of quotas (GATT XIII:2(d))
GATT XIII:1/GATT XIII:2 chapeau and GATT 672
“may seek agreement” GATT 670
to Members having a substantial interest GATT 666 n. 637
“importation … is similarly restricted” (GATT XIII:1) GATT 658
legal basis for distinction, relevance GATT 658
inclusion of inconsistent allocations in Schedule of Concessions, relevance GATT 169
object and purpose (GATT XIII:2) GATT 672
ordinary meaning of terms used in covered agreements
“a´Ú´Ú±ð³¦³Ù¾±²Ô²µ” (GATS I:1) GATS 10, 73
“no less favourable treatment” (SG II:1 and XVII:1) GATS 34
panel procedures (DSU 12 and Appendix 3 (WP)), departure from after consultation with/agreement of parties (DSU 12.1) DSU 479
publication and administration of trade regulations (GATT X), uniform, impartial and reasonable administration (GATT X:3(a)), applicability to licensing regulations GATT 549
relationships within and between agreements
GATT I, III and X/LIC 1.2 LIC 7
GATT I/GATT XIII GATT 114
GATT III:4/TRIMs 2 TRIMs 6
GATT X:1/GATT X:3 GATT 549
GATT XIII:2(d)/GATT XIII:1 and GATT XIII:2 chapeau GATT 672
GATT XIII:2(d)/GATT XIII 4 GATT 672, 676
GATT/LIC/TRIMs 2 TRIMs 5
legal basis of claim / “claim” / “matter referred” (DSU 6.2/7.1), arguments distinguished DSU 309, 411
specific provisions allegedly breached, reference to (DSU 6.2) DSU 308
request for establishment of panel, requirements (DSU 6.2), compliance, importance of, subsequent cure of defect, exclusion DSU 411
Schedules of Concessions (GATT II), interpretation and clarification, VCLT as applicable law GATT 169
standard/powers of review (panel) (DSU 11)
“objective assessment of matter before it”
independent assessment, international agreements other than the covered agreements DSU 534
non-disclosure of confidential information (GATS III bis) GATS 48
standing/right to bring claim (DSU 3.7), legal interest, relevance DSU 1744
terms of reference of panels (DSU 7)
as definition of jurisdiction/legal claims at issue
elaboration/addition in first submission, relevance DSU 411, 446
elaboration/addition later than first submission DSU 446
third party enhanced rights/rights beyond those indicated in DSU 10.2, DSU 10.3 and Appendix 3, para. 6
agreement between the parties, relevance DSU 478
GATT practice DSU 478
opportunity to be heard at second substantive meeting DSU 479
opportunity to be heard (DSU 10.2) DSU 478
opportunity to comment on summary of own arguments DSU 485 n. 801
panel’s discretion and DSU 478
participation in interim review process (DSU 15) DSU 480, 774
presence at second substantive meeting DSU 479
submission of additional written material, exclusion DSU 479
“sufficient to present their views” (Appendix 3, para. 6) DSU 479
written submissions (DSU 10.2) DSU 478
waivers (°ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ IX:3 and IX:4)
exceptional nature °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ 209
GATT I/GATT XIII waivers, relationship GATT 682
EC — Bananas III (Article 21.5 — Ecuador) (Panel), WT/DS27/RW/ECU, DSR 1999:II
Agriculture Agreement (AG), non-discrimination (GATT XIII) and GATT 656
non-discriminatory administration of QRs (GATT XIII)
allocation of quotas (GATT XIII:2(d)), to Members not having a substantial interest GATT 673
concessions on agricultural products and (AG 4.1 and 21.1) GATT 656
distribution of trade as close as possible to expected shares in absence of restrictions (GATT XIII:2 chapeau) GATT 667
tariff quotas, applicability of, GATT XIII:5 GATT 678
security and predictability of °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ obligations (DSU 3.2) °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ 11
EC — Bananas III (Article 21.3(c)), WT/DS27/15, DSR 1998:I
“reasonable period” for implementation of recommendations and rulings (Article 21.3(c) arbitrations)
15-month guideline DSU 1040
statutory enforcement periods DSU 1075
EC — Bananas III (Article 21.5 — Ecuador) (Panel), WT/DS27/15, DSR 1998:I/EC — Bananas III (Article 21.5 — US), WT/DS27/AB/RW/USA and Corr.1 (AB)
implementation of panel or AB recommendations (DSU 19.1), panel’s discretionary suggestions DSU 953
non-discriminatory administration of QRs (GATT XIII), tariff quotas, applicability of, GATT XIII:5 GATT 680
review of implementation of DSB rulings (DSU 21.5), waiver of right to DSU 1154
EC — Bananas III (Article 21.5 — Ecuador II)/EC — Bananas III (Article 21.5 — US) (AB) (WT/DS27/AB/RW2/ECU Corr.1/WT/DS27/AB/RW/USA and Corr.1)
DSB
statements by Members at DSB meetings, legal effect DSU 26–7, 28
“mutually agreed solution” (DSU 3.6), whether DSU 27
DSU dispute settlement, time-frame (DSU 12.8, 12.9, 17.5 and 20), indicative nature, DSU 21.5 distinguished DSU 711
GATT, object and purpose (GATT I:1), expansion of trade in goods and services GATT 21
implementation of panel or AB recommendations (DSU 19.1), panel’s discretionary suggestions, legal effect DSU 987
interpretation of covered agreements, rules relating to including VCLT provisions
“any subsequent agreement … regarding its interpretation or application” (VCLT 31(3)(a)), waiver as °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ 211
supplementary means (VCLT 32), in case of ambiguity DSU 82
text/plain language (VCLT 31(2)) DSU 82
multiple panels/same parties/same dispute (DSU 9.3)
harmonization of timetables DSU 464–5
panel’s discretion DSU 465
mutually agreed/acceptable solution to matters raised formally (DSU 3.6)
Article 21.5 compliance proceedings and DSU 80–1
interpretation, parties’ statements as supplementary means in case of ambiguity (VCLT 32) DSU 82
“s´Ç±ô³Ü³Ù¾±´Ç²Ô” DSU 80
statements made at DSB meetings, whether DSU 27
“would be fruitful” (DSU 3.7) DSU 78
notice of appeal, requirements (ABWP 20(2)(d))
failure to meet
consequences DSU 1417
formal deficiencies/absence of prejudice DSU 1424
order of analysis, measures taken to comply (DSU 21.5) DSU 1120
panel reports, high quality/flexibility of panel procedures balance (DSU 12.2) DSU 465
relationships within and between agreements, DSU 3.6/DSU 22.8 DSU 81
review of implementation of DSB rulings (DSU 21.5)
“measures taken to comply”
measures close to measure taken to comply DSU 1120
order of analysis DSU 1120
waiver of right to DSU 1154
security and predictability of °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ obligations (DSU 3.2), as °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ objective °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ 11
suspension of concessions for non-implementation of DSB recommendations and rulings (DSU 22), termination as final solution DSU 28
third party enhanced rights/rights beyond those indicated in DSU 10.2, DSU 10.3 and Appendix 3, para. 6 DSU 481
waivers (°ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ IX:3 and IX:4)
limited duration °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ 212
modification or addition to obligations, exclusion °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ 210–11
EC — Bananas III (Article 21.5 — Ecuador II) (AB), WT/DS27/15, DSR 1998:I/EC — Bananas III (Article 21.5 — US), WT/DS27/AB/RW/USA and Corr.1 (AB)
implementation of DSB recommendations and rulings (DSU 21)
impracticality of immediate compliance/reasonable period of time (DSU 21.3, chapeau)
burden of proof DSU 579
multilateral interpretation (°ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ IX:2) as °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ 202
interpretation of covered agreements, rules relating to including VCLT provisions, “any subsequent agreement … regarding its interpretation or application” (VCLT 31(3) (a)), waiver as DSU 1578–9
“measures at issue” (DSU 6.2), terminated measures, termination following agreement on terms of reference DSU 394
mutually agreed/acceptable solution to matters raised formally (DSU 3.6)
suspension of concessions (DSU 22.8) and DSU 81
“would be fruitful” (DSU 3.7) DSU 79
non-discriminatory administration of QRs (GATT XIII), tariff quotas, applicability of, GATT XIII:5 GATT 681
“reasonable period” for implementation of recommendations and rulings (Article 21.3(c) arbitrations)
15-month guideline (DSU 21.3(c)) DSU 1040
burden of proof DSU 579
entry into force of legislative instrument, relevance DSU 1075
relationships within and between agreements
GATT I/GATT XIII GATT 682–3, 683
waivers (°ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ IX:3 and IX:4)
GATT I/GATT XIII waivers, relationship GATT 682–3, 683
°ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ Agreement, amendments (°ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ X), multilateral interpretation, effect °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ 202
EC — Bananas III (Article 21.5 — US) (AB), WT/DS27/AB/RW/USA
mutually agreed/acceptable solution to matters raised formally (DSU 3.6), “would be fruitful” (DSU 3.7) DSU 87
nullification or impairment (DSU 3.8)
legal interest requirement (DSU 3.7) distinguished DSU 87
presumption in case of inconsistency with covered agreement DSU 97
evidence of level of nullification or impairment distinguished DSU 98
relationships within and between agreements, DSU 3.7/DSU 3.8 DSU 87
standing/right to bring claim (DSU 3.7), nullification or impairment requirement (DSU 3.8) distinguished DSU 87
EC — Bananas III (Article 21.5 — US) (Panel), WT/DS27/RW/USA and Corr.1
burden of proof (general rules), good faith (including pacta sunt servanda principle (VCLT 26)) DSU 1509
DSB, statements by Members at DSB meetings, legal effect, “taking note” of, legal effect DSU 30
DSU dispute settlement, “contentious act” distinguished (DSU 3.10) DSU 102
evidence (panel) (DSU 12), time–limits for submission, panel’s right to admit “late” /new evidence, evidence submitted during interim review (DSU 15) DSU 792
good faith (including pacta sunt servanda principle (VCLT 26)), as fundamental rule of treaty interpretation DSU 1509
information or technical advice, panel’s right to seek (DSU 13.1/SPS 11.2), “from any individual or body”, parties DSU 750
interim review (DSU 15), new evidence DSU 792
standing/right to bring claim (DSU 3.7), legal interest, relevance DSU 86
EC — Bananas III (Ecuador) (Article 22.6 — EC), WT/DS27/ARB, DSR 1999:II
arbitration (DSU 22.6)
due process and DSU 1183, 1210
scope of review/arbitrators’ mandate/task (DSU 22.7)
agreement/sector for which authorization is sought (DSU 22.3), limitation to DSU 1186
determination of “e±ç³Ü¾±±¹²¹±ô±ð²Ô³¦±ð” (DSU 22.3) DSU 1217
methodology paper, request for DSU 1245
rejection of proposed level of suspension and DSU 1258
“s±è±ð³¦¾±´Ú¾±³¦”
agreement and sectors (DSU 22.3) DSU 1186
arbitrators’ margin of discretion DSU 1203
DSU 6.2 requirements, applicability DSU 1210, 1183
specific level of suspension (DSU 22.4) DSU 1265–6, 1185
countermeasures in case of failure to comply with panel or AB report within specified time-period (SCM 4.10), inducement of compliance as objective DSU 1178
due process (dispute settlement proceedings), arbitration (DSU 22.6) and DSU 1183, 1210
intellectual property conventions (TRIPS 2), continuing obligations under (TRIPS 2.2) TRIPS 33
relationships within and between agreements, DSU 22.3(b)/DSU 22.3(c) DSU 1204
request for establishment of panel, requirements (DSU 6.2)
due process/ability to defend itself considerations DSU 1183, 1210
suspension of concessions (DSU 22.2), applicability to DSU 1183, 1210
suspension of concessions for non-implementation of DSB recommendations and rulings (DSU 22)
level equivalent to nullification or impairment (DSU 22.4), Article 22.6 Arbitrator’s right to review DSU 1217
nature and purpose of countermeasures DSU 78
“or other obligations”, authorization to suspend (DSU 22.2) DSU 1190
suspension in other sectors (DSU 22.3(b))/under other agreements (DSU 22.3(c)), relationship between DSU 1204
suspension in same sector as violation as preferred option (DSU 22.3(a)) DSU 1200
“if that party considers that it is not practical or effective” (DSU 22.3(b) and (c)) DSU 1202–3
EC — Bananas III (US) (Article 22.6 — EC), WT/DS27/ARB, DSR 1999:II
arbitration (DSU 22.6)
scope of review/arbitrators’ mandate/task (DSU 22.7)
determination of “e±ç³Ü¾±±¹²¹±ô±ð²Ô³¦±ð” (DSU 22.3) DSU 1246, 1253–4
°ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ-consistency as prior consideration DSU 1253–4
DSU 22.6 and DSU 22.7 compared DSU 1216
“s±è±ð³¦¾±´Ú¾±³¦”, agreement and sectors (DSU 22.3) DSU 1198
third party rights DSU 507, 510 n. 833
business confidential information (BCI)
additional procedures, refusal to accept on grounds of breach of confidentiality requirement DSU 905
ex parte communications with panel or AB (DSU 18.1) and DSU 905
countermeasures in case of failure to take measures to remove adverse effects of or withdraw subsidy (SCM 7.9), inducement of compliance as objective SCM 232, 335, DSU 1181–2
countermeasures (general principles), proportionality and DSU 1695
ex parte communications with panel or AB (DSU 18.1), party’s refusal to accept BCI procedures allegedly contravening rule, effect DSU 905
good faith engagement in dispute settlement procedures (DSU 3.10), continuity of obligation throughout dispute settlement process DSU 131
interpretation of covered agreements, rules relating to including VCLT provisions, as a whole/holistic/harmonious exercise DSU 1216
nullification or impairment (DSU 3.8)
agreement to DSU 1262
aggregate effects on suppliers as a whole DSU 1232
“appropriate” (GATT 1947: XXIII:2) distinguished DSU 1255, 1260
double-counting DSU 1237
“equivalent”, quantitative test DSU 1246, 1256
lost opportunities, relevance DSU 1223
national treatment provisions (GATT III) distinguished DSU 1223
nullification or impairment (DSU 3.8) distinguished DSU 1223
direct or indirect benefits (DSU 3.3) DSU 1223
lost opportunities, relevance DSU 1223
nature and purpose of countermeasures DSU 1177
presumption in case of inconsistency with covered agreement DSU 98 n. 115, 1223
evidence of level of nullification or impairment distinguished DSU 98, 1231
suspension in same sector as violation as preferred option (DSU 22.3(a)), “sectors” DSU 1201
as temporary measure (DSU 22.8) DSU 1177
ordinary meaning of terms used in covered agreements, “equivalent” (DSU 22.4) DSU 1246
suspension of concessions for non-implementation of DSB recommendations and rulings (DSU 22)
level equivalent to nullification or impairment (DSU 22.4), comparability of bases, need for DSU 1243
as temporary measure (DSU 22.8) DSU 1177
third party rights (Article 22.6 arbitrations) DSU 507, 510 n. 833
unilateral action by Member, prohibition (DSU 23.1) DSU 1295
EC — Bed Linen dispute (WT/DS141)
implementation of DSB recommendations and rulings (DSU 21), ad hoc procedural agreements DSU 1166
“sequencing” (interrelationship between Article 21.5 and Article 22.6 arbitration, ad hoc procedural agreements), non-application of 30-day Article 22.6 deadline DSU 1166
EC — Bed Linen (AB), WT/DS141/AB/R, DSR 2001:V
AB procedures (DSU 17.9 and ABWP), timetable, modification in exceptional circumstances (ABWP 16(2)) DSU 1387, 1388
determination of dumping (AD 2)
calculation of SG&A costs (AD 2.2.2), sales not in the normal course of trade, exclusion AD 69–70
fair comparison of export price and normal value (AD 2.4), margins of dumping (AD 2.4.2) AD 113
“normal value … in the ordinary course of trade” (AD 2.1)
calculation of dumping margins (AD 2.4)
comparison of weighted average normal value with weighted average of all comparable export transactions (AD 2.4.2) AD 116
“c´Ç³¾±è²¹°ù²¹²ú±ô±ð” AD 118–19
imposition and collection of anti-dumping duties (AD 9), relevance AD 142 n. 204
non-comparable types AD 124
targeted dumping AD 142
calculation of SG&A costs (AD 2.2.2)
“weighted average” (AD 2.2.2(ii))
of “actual amounts incurred and realized” AD 69–70
single exporter or producer, sufficiency AD 68, 704
sales transaction not “in the ordinary course of trade” (AD 2.2), weighted average (AD 2.2.2(ii)) and AD 69–70
“dumping” / “margin of dumping” (AD 2.1)
product specific requirement AD 17
sampling technique and AD 201
interpretation of covered agreements, rules relating to including VCLT provisions, multiple permissible interpretations AD 928 n. 1269
relationships within and between agreements
AD 2.2.2(i)/AD 9.4(i) AD 68, 704
AD 2.4.2/AD 2.4 AD 119
standard/powers of review (panel) (AD 17.6), interpretation of relevant provisions of AD (AD 17.6(ii)), “admits of more than one permissible interpretation” AD 928 n. 1269
“zeroing” (AD 9.3/GATT VI:2), comparison of weighted average normal value with weighted average of all comparable export transactions (AD 2.4.2) AD 116, 124
EC — Bed Linen (Panel), WT/DS141/R, DSR 2001:VI
anti-dumping duties, imposition and collection (AD 9)
calculation of “all other” anti-dumping duty rate (AD 9.4)
determination of injury (AD 3), relevance to AD 202
single exporter or producer (AD 9.4(i)), sufficiency AD 703
consultations (DSU 4)
confidentiality (DSU 4.6)
disclosure of information obtained in different proceedings DSU 165
disclosure of information obtained in same proceedings DSU 154, 165
good faith and (DSU 4.3), confidential information as evidence of bad faith DSU 154, 165
determination of dumping (AD 2)
“normal value … in the ordinary course of trade” (AD 2.1)
calculation of dumping margins (AD 2.4), “m²¹°ù²µ¾±²Ô²õ” of dumping AD 113
calculation of SG&A costs (AD 2.2.2)
freedom to choose method AD 63
reasonability test, relevance AD 73
determination of injury (AD 3)
evaluation of injury factors (AD 3.4)
all relevant economic factors and indices having a bearing on checklist approach AD 265
grammar, relevance AD 247
“i²Ô³¦±ô³Ü»å¾±²Ô²µ” AD 247
“o°ù” AD 247
consideration of each factor to be “apparent” in final determination AD 261
“domestic industry”
companies outside domestic industry, relevance AD 245, 328
domestic producers outside selected example, relevance AD 244, 328
“positive evidence” / “objective examination” requirement (AD 3.1), “dumped imports” and AD 200–1, 241, 277
developing countries (AD 15)
“anti-dumping duties” AD 862
provisional duty or security (AD 10.3) distinguished AD 862
“constructive remedy”
decision not to impose anti-dumping duties AD 857
lesser duty or price undertaking AD 858
“domestic industry” (AD 4), “domestic producers” (AD 4.1), single domestic producer, applicability to AD 327
due process (dispute settlement proceedings), prejudice to party, relevance
“dumping” / “margin of dumping” (AD 2.1), product specific requirement, sampling technique and AD 201
evidence (panel) (DSU 12), domestic law procedure distinguished DSU 632
good faith (including pacta sunt servanda principle (VCLT 26)), “constructive remedy”, “shall be explored” (AD 15) AD 859
information or technical advice, panel’s right to seek (DSU 13.1/SPS 11.2), “from any individual or body”, parties DSU 632
interpretation of covered agreements, rules relating to including VCLT provisions
dictionaries AD 857
grammar, respect for
“o°ù” AD 247
semi-colons AD 247
use of plural form, relevance AD 327, 625 n. 859, 703
ordinary meaning, “shall include” AD 247
text/plain language (VCLT 31(2)) AD 73
investigation of dumping (AD 5)/subsidy (SCM 11), sufficiency of evidence (AD 5.2), determination of sufficiency (AD 5.3), “examine” AD 372
preparatory work (VCLT 32), AD 3.4 AD 247
public notice of preliminary or final determination (AD 12.2)
explanations for initiation of investigations (AD 12.2.2), relevance AD 435
explanations for initiation of investigations (AD 12.2.2), relevance/sufficiency AD 833–4, SCM 504
relationships within and between agreements
AD 2.2.2(i)/AD 9.4(i) AD 703
AD 3.4/AD 12.2 AD 842
AD 9.1/AD 15 AD 857
request for establishment of panel, requirements (DSU 6.2), as two-stage test
retroactivity (provisional measures and anti-dumping duties) (AD 10), definitive duty higher than provisional duty, payment/recalculation (AD 10.3) AD 862
standard/powers of review (panel) (AD 17.6)
“facts made available” (AD 17.5(ii))
documents created for purposes of dispute AD 908
evidence before authority at time of determination, limitation to AD 916
standard/powers of review (panel) (DSU 11), “objective assessment of the facts” /alleged disregard or distortion of the evidence, obligation to examine and evaluate all the evidence available to it DSU 632
“zeroing” (AD 9.3/GATT VI:2), comparison of weighted average normal value with weighted average of all comparable export transactions (AD 2.4.2), non-comparable types AD 124
EC — Bed Linen (Article 21.5 — India) (AB), WT/DS141/AB/RW, DSR 2003:III and DSR 2003:IV
anti-dumping duties, imposition and collection (AD 9), calculation of “all other” anti-dumping duty rate (AD 9.4), determination of injury (AD 3), relevance to AD 202
determination of injury (AD 3), “positive evidence” / “objective examination” requirement (AD 3.1), sampling (AD 6.10) and AD 203–4, 212
evidence (dumping investigation) (AD 6), timely disclosure to interested parties of information relevant for presentation of case (AD 6.4), “r±ð±ô±ð±¹²¹²Ô³Ù”, panel’s obligation to assure itself of validity of “information”
legal status of adopted AB reports (DSU 17.14), as final resolution of dispute DSU 901
legal status of panel reports
as final resolution of dispute DSU 826, 901, 1130, 1138
unappealed finding in adopted report DSU 826, 901, 1130, 1138–9
“measures at issue” (DSU 6.2), “measures taken to comply” (DSU 21.5) and DSU 1127
multiple authentic languages, interpretation (VCLT 33)
“ordinary meaning” (VCLT 31(1)) and DSU 1661
presumption of identity of meaning (VCLT 33) DSU 1661
precedent, distinguishability of cases and AD 779
prompt and satisfactory settlement (DSU 3.3), impairment of benefits by measures taken by another Member (DSU 3.3), arbitration (DSU 21.5) and DSU 1136
relationships within and between agreements
AD 3/AD 6.10 AD 204
AD 3/AD 9.4 AD 202
AD 6.10/AD 9.4 AD 204
DSU 6.2/DSU 21.5 DSU 1127
DSU 16.4, 19.1, 21.1, 21.3, 21.5 and 22.1 DSU 990
review of implementation of DSB rulings (DSU 21.5)
competence of DSU 21.5 (compliance) panel
determination of consistency of measure with °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ obligations DSU 1102
deviation from original panel report DSU 1105 n. 1709
DSU 6.2 procedures, applicability
“measures at issue” (DSU 6.2) DSU 1127
similarity DSU 1107
“m²¹³Ù³Ù±ð°ù” DSU 1107
“measures taken to comply” DSU 1111
examination on basis of facts proved during panel proceedings, limitation to DSU 1144
measure taken “to comply” DSU 1111–12
measure subject of original dispute distinguished DSU 1102, 1107, 1111–12
measures that could have been raised in original proceedings DSU 1144–5
parties’ assessment, relevance DSU 1122
unappealed finding and DSU 826, 1115, 1130, 1138–9
prompt and satisfactory settlement (DSU 3.3) and DSU 1136
relitigation of original dispute, exclusion DSU 1133–5
sampling (AD 6.10), “objective examination” obligation (AD 3.1) and AD 203–4, 212
standard/powers of review (AB) (issues of law and legal interpretations) (DSU 17.6), law vs fact, panel as trier of facts DSU 608
standard/powers of review (panel) (AD 17.6), assessment of the facts (AD 17.6(i)), de novo review, exclusion AD 915 standard/powers of review (panel) (DSU 11)
error of law, application of burden of proof rules DSU 617
“objective assessment of the facts” /alleged disregard or distortion of the evidence
discretion in assessment of evidence DSU 608, 617
egregious error, need for DSU 608, 617
sunset review (AD 11.3) (including “likelihood” test), determination of likelihood, volume analysis, analysis from previous review as part “measure taken to comply” AD 779
EC — Bed Linen (Article 21.5 — India) (Panel), WT/DS141/RW, DSR 2003:III and DSR 2003:IV
determination of dumping (AD 2), “normal value … in the ordinary course of trade” (AD 2.1), calculation of administrative, selling and general costs and profits (AD 2.2.2), “weighted average” (AD 2.2.2(ii)), by value or volume AD 71–2
determination of injury (AD 3)
evaluation of injury factors (AD 3.4)
adequacy of evaluation AD 264
all relevant economic factors and indices, need to examine, eventual relevance of factor, relevance AD 252
consideration as a whole AD 252
legal basis of claim / “claim” / “matter referred” (DSU 6.2/7.1), arguments distinguished DSU 330
relationships within and between agreements, AD 3/AD 9.4 AD 202
review of implementation of DSB rulings (DSU 21.5)
due process and DSU 1143
“measures taken to comply”
examination on basis of facts proved during panel proceedings, limitation to DSU 1143
measures that could have been raised in original proceedings DSU 1143
unappealed finding and DSU 1115
EC — Chicken Cuts (AB), WT/DS269/AB/R, WT/DS286/AB/R and Corr.1, DSR 2005:XIX
“agricultural products” (AG 2/Annex 1), Harmonized System, applicability to Annex 1 AG 25, DSU 1115
arguendo assumptions, “even assuming” DSU 1573
domestic law, interpretation of covered agreements, relevance to, as supplementary means (VCLT 32) DSU 1655 n. 2588, 1655 n. 2589
Harmonized System of Customs Classification (HS)
as aid to interpretation of covered agreements/as context for purposes of GATT 124, 125–6
as basis for AG Annex 1 AG 25
Explanatory and Chapter Notes, status GATT 126
identification of specific measures (DSU 6.2), “identify”, sufficiency of, “among others” DSU 227
international law / “relevant rules of international law” (VCLT 31(3)(c)) with particular reference to the interpretation of covered agreements (DSU 3(2)) DSU 1593
Harmonized System as DSU 1593
interpretation of covered agreements, responsibility for authoritative (°ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ IX:2)
“authoritative” interpretation DSU 1586
“subsequent practice” (VCLT 31(3)(b)) and DSU 1586
interpretation of covered agreements, rules relating to including VCLT provisions
“any subsequent practice … which establishes the agreement of the parties regarding its interpretation” (VCLT 31(3)(b)) DSU 1583–6
“authoritative” interpretation (°ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ IX:2) and DSU 1586
failure to protest a customs classification practice, effect GATT 130
“circumstances of conclusion” (VCLT 32) GATT 131
context (VCLT 31(2))
“any agreement relating to … made in connection with the conclusion…” (VCLT 31(2)(a)) DSU 1563–4
Harmonized System of Customs Classification (HS) as GATT 124, 125–6
dictionaries GATT 124
object and purpose, caution in use of DSU 1568–73, 1572–3
supplementary means (VCLT 32)
“circumstances of its conclusion” DSU 1647–52
attitudes of parties DSU 1647 n. 2568
date of conclusion distinguished DSU 1649
objective test DSU 1648
official publication of act or instrument DSU 1650
prevailing international situation DSU 1652
domestic law DSU 1655 n. 2588, 1655 n. 2589
non-exhaustive nature of VCLT 32 list DSU 1636–7
direct link with treaty, relevance DSU 1647–8
“recourse may be had” DSU 1631
as a whole/holistic/harmonious exercise DSU 1539
“measures at issue” (DSU 6.2)
amended measures, amendment after establishment of panel DSU 401
measure in existence at time of establishment of panel, limitation to DSU 255, 257, 379–81
prompt and satisfactory settlement (DSU 3.3), “satisfactory settlement” (DSU 3.4 and 3.7) DSU 73
Schedules of Concessions (GATT II)
interpretation and clarification
“circumstances of conclusion” (VCLT 32) GATT 131
ordinary meaning in context GATT 124
subsequent practice (VCLT 31(3)(b)) GATT 130
tariff classification for purposes of GATT 122
EC — Chicken Cuts (Panel), WT/DS269/R
competence of panels and AB (DSU 3.2/DSU 11/DSU 17), obligation to exercise jurisdiction/should make an objective assessment DSU 536
DSU dispute settlement
obligation to have recourse to (DSU 23.1)
“recourse to, and abide by” DSU 1311
referral to the WCO DSU 1311
Harmonized System of Customs Classification (HS), “instrument in connection … with the conclusion of the treaty” (VCLT 31(2)(b)), whether DSU 1566
interpretation of covered agreements, rules relating to including VCLT provisions
context (VCLT 31(2))
“any agreement relating to … made in connection with the conclusion…” (VCLT 31(2)(a)) DSU 1557
“any instrument … made by one or more of the parties in connection with the conclusion of the treaty” (VCLT 31(2)(b)), Harmonized System, whether DSU 1566
object and purpose GATT 119
parties’ common intentions (VCLT 31(1)) GATT 119, DSU 1573
“special meaning” (VCLT 31(4)) DSU 1608
multiple complainants (DSU 9)
separate panel reports (DSU 9.2)
in absence of objection DSU 447
structure DSU 454
relationships within and between agreements, GATT II:1(a)/GATT II:1(b) GATT 133
Schedules of Concessions (GATT II)
consistency of measure with GATT II:1(a) and (b) GATT 118–19
test GATT 118
interpretation and clarification, GATT II:1(a) and (b), interrelationship GATT 133
parties’ common intentions (VCLT 31(1)) GATT 119
tariff classification for purposes of GATT 122
security and predictability of °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ obligations (DSU 3.2) GATT 119
World Customs Organization (WCO), right to refer dispute to (DSU 23.1) DSU 1311
EC — Chicken Cuts (Article 21.3(c)), WT/DS269/13, WT/DS286/15
developing countries (DSU 21.2) (implementation of DSB recommendations and rulings), “reasonable period” (DSU 21.3(c)) DSU 1070
“reasonable period” for implementation of recommendations and rulings (Article 21.3(c) arbitrations)
administrative measures as means of implementation, relevance DSU 1050
arbitrator’s limited mandate
determination of reasonable period DSU 1023
limitation on Member’s choice of methods DSU 1027–8
burden of proof DSU 1088
developing countries and (DSU 21.2) DSU 1070
obligation to commence implementation in good time DSU 1046
pending decision of international organization and DSU 1083
EC — Citrus Products (Panel), L/5776
MFN treatment (GATT I:1), as non-violation claim “benefit” (GATT XXIII:1(b)) GATT 974 n. 1381
non-violation claims (GATT XXIII:1(b)), “benefit”, MFN treatment GATT 974 n. 1381
EC — Commercial Vessels (Panel), WT/DS301/R, DSR 2005:XV
bilateral agreements, status, EC–Korea Agreed Minutes DSU 7
customary international law rules of interpretation [as codified in the VCLT] as applicable law (DSU 3.2) DSU 1306
international law concepts not relevant to DSU dispute settlement DSU 1320, 1675
DSU, applicability, bilateral agreements, EC — Korea Agreed Minutes DSU 7
DSU dispute settlement
obligation to have recourse to (DSU 23.1)
as “exclusive jurisdiction” clause DSU 1306
“recourse to, and abide by” DSU 1306
in “seeking redress of °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ violation” DSU 1306–7
implementation of panel or AB recommendations (DSU 19.1), measure terminated in course of proceedings/no longer in existence DSU 934
international law / “relevant rules of international law” (VCLT 31(3)(c)) with particular reference to the interpretation of covered agreements (DSU 3(2)), relevance when unsupported by the text DSU 1320, 1674, 1675
interpretation of covered agreements, rules relating to including VCLT provisions
context (VCLT 31(2)), other articles in same agreement, DSU 23.1 as context for DSU 23.2 DSU 1307
dictionaries GATT 32
MFN treatment (GATT I:1), “all matters referred to GATT III:2 and III:4” GATT 32
national treatment, payment of subsidies exclusively to domestic producers as exception (GATT III:8(b)), targeted aid scheme, applicability to GATT 391–2
ordinary meaning of terms used in covered agreements, “have recourse to” / “seek redress” (DSU 23.1) DSU 1306
preliminary rulings on, terms of reference DSU 418
relationships within and between agreements
DSU 23.1/DSU 23.2 DSU 1307
DSU 23.1/VCLT 60 DSU 1320, 1674
GATT /GATT III:8(b) GATT 396
remedies as means of restoring balance of °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ rights and obligations DSU 1306
specific action against dumping (AD 18.1) or subsidy (SCM 32.1) in accordance with GATT VI as interpreted by AD/SCM Agreement
“a²µ²¹¾±²Ô²õ³Ù” SCM 587
“s±è±ð³¦¾±´Ú¾±³¦” SCM 587
terms of reference of panels (DSU 7), preliminary ruling on DSU 418
unilateral action by Member, prohibition (DSU 23.1)
balance of rights and obligations and DSU 1306
examples of excluded actions (DSU 23.2) DSU 1307
EC — Computer Equipment (AB), WT/DS62/AB/R, WT/DS67/AB/R WT/DS68/AB/R, DSR 1998:V
due process (dispute settlement proceedings), prejudice to party, relevance DSU 226, 377, 674
identification of specific measures (DSU 6.2)
identification of product, need for DSU 226, 229
“practice” as measure DSU 273
interpretation of covered agreements, preparatory work (VCLT 32), unilateral customs classification practice DSU 1646
interpretation of covered agreements, rules relating to including VCLT provisions
context (VCLT 31(2))
customs classification practice DSU 1645–6
prior practice, need for consistency DSU 1646
legitimate expectations (including GATT II:5 provisions) GATT 132
tariff concessions in Member’s schedule and GATT 121–3, 162, DSU 1542
parties’ common intentions (VCLT 31(1)) GATT 121, DSU 1356, 1542
supplementary means (VCLT 32)
“circumstances of its conclusion” DSU 1644–6
unilateral classification practice DSU 1645–6, 1649 n. 2574
“measures at issue” (DSU 6.2), application of tariffs as DSU 273
non-violation claims (GATT XXIII:1(b)), “benefit” /legitimate expectation of improved market access as, reasonable anticipation and GATT 984
preparatory work (VCLT 32) DSU 1644
request for establishment of panel, requirements (DSU 6.2), due process/ability to defend itself considerations DSU 209, 377
Schedules of Concessions (GATT II)
as integral part of GATT 1994 (GATT II:7) GATT 163
interpretation and clarification
applicable rules, VCLT GATT 121
legitimate expectations (including GATT II:5 provisions) GATT 121, 132, 162
“treatment contemplated” (GATT II:5) and GATT 162, DSU 1542
parties’ common intentions (VCLT 31(1)) GATT 121
security and predictability of °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ obligations (DSU 3.2), as °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ objective °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ 9, DSU 43
EC — Computer Equipment (Panel), WT/DS62/R, WT/DS67/R, WT/DS68/R, DSR 1998:V
good faith interpretation of treaty (VCLT 31(1)), legitimate expectations, relevance DSU 1542
interpretation of covered agreements, rules relating to including VCLT provisions
legitimate expectations (including GATT II:5 provisions) GATT 132
supplementary means (VCLT 32), “circumstances of its conclusion”, unilateral classification practice DSU 1649 n. 2574
EC — Countervailing Measures on DRAM Chips (Panel), WT/DS299/R, DSR 2005:XVIII
arguendo assumptions, judicial economy and DSU 646–7
composition of panel (DSU 8), replacement of panellist DSU 442
data collection period (SCM 15.1/15.2) SCM 438
determination of injury (AD 3)
merged companies and SCM 432
significant increase in dumped imports (AD 3.2), merged companies and SCM 432
determination of injury (SCM 15)
“all relevant economic factors” (SCM 15.4) SCM 440–1
causal relationship between subsidized imports and injury to domestic injury (SCM 15.5 and footnote 47), non-attribution of other factors SCM 447–8
data collection period (SCM 15.1/15.2) SCM 438
price effect determination (SCM 15.2)
obligation to examine other factors, whether SCM 437
price undercutting, methodology for determining SCM 436
significant increase in subsidized imports (SCM 15.2) SCM 431
evidence (countervailing duty investigation) (SCM 12)
resort to “facts available” (SCM 12.7)
purpose of provision SCM 400
secondary source information SCM 389
judicial economy, arguendo assumptions and DSU 646–7
subsidy, calculation in terms of benefit to recipient (SCM 14), “usual investment practice” (SCM 14(a)) SCM 408
subsidy, definition (SCM 1.1(a)(1)) (financial contribution), “direct transfer of funds” (SCM 1.1(a)(1)) debt forgiveness/debt-for-equity swaps SCM 27 n. 43
subsidy, specificity (SCM 2), de facto specificity (SCM 2.1(c)), relevant factors SCM 110
EC — Export Subsidies on Sugar dispute (WT/DS283/17), review of implementation of DSB rulings (DSU 21.5), ad hoc procedural agreements, non-prejudice to parties’ other rights DSU 1175
EC — Export Subsidies on Sugar (AB), WT/DS265/AB/R, WT/DS266/AB/R, WT/DS283/AB/R, DSR 2005:XIII
agricultural concessions and commitments (AG 3)
export subsidies, prohibition (AG 3.3)
“budgetary outlay and quantity commitment levels”, obligation to include both types in Schedule AG 33
AG 9.2(b)(iii)/9.2(b)(iv) and AG 109
as integral part of GATT 1994 (AG 3.1) AG 26
Schedules of Commitments and AG 3, interrelationship AG 27–8
Agriculture Agreement (AG), relationship with other °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ agreements (AG 21.1), conflict, priority in case of AG 191
arguendo assumptions
estoppel and DSU 663
customary international law rules of interpretation [as codified in the VCLT] as applicable law, Schedules of Commitments (AG) AG 26
estoppel
arguendo assumptions and DSU 663
good faith (DSU 3.10) and DSU 110–11, 1705–6
export competition commitments (AG 8), compliance with AG and scheduled commitments AG 191
good faith engagement in dispute settlement procedures (DSU 3.10)
continuity of obligation throughout dispute settlement process DSU 130
estoppel and DSU 110–11, 1705–6
as limitation on right to bring action under DSU DSU 109
identification of specific measures (DSU 6.2), “identify”, sufficiency of, reference to an EC Regulation or to the “EC regime” DSU 218
interpretation of covered agreements, rules relating to including
VCLT provisions
footnotes to treaty as aid/integral part of treaty AG 191
same or closely related phrases in different agreements, AG 9.1/AG 9.2(b)(iii)/AG 9.2(b)(iv) AG 109
judicial economy, “positive solution to dispute” requirement (DSU 3.7)/false judicial economy and DSU 654
lex specialis/presumption against treaty conflicts, possibilities of conflict considered by panel/AB, AG/GATT AG 191, DSU 125, 1725
mutually agreed/acceptable solution to matters raised formally (DSU 3.6), “would be fruitful” (DSU 3.7) DSU 1705
nullification or impairment (DSU 3.8), presumption in case of inconsistency with covered agreement DSU 96
panel reports, adoption of report/notice of appeal (DSU 16.4), extension of deadline procedural agreement on, parties’ procedural agreement on DSU 830
payments on export of agricultural product financed by virtue of governmental action (AG 9.1(c)), “payments”, cross-subsidization as/as cross-subsidization AG 91
relationships within and between agreements
AG /Schedules of Commitments AG 27–8
as integral part of GATT 1994, AG 3.1 AG 26
Schedules of Concessions (GATT II), interpretation and clarification, customary international law rules of interpretation [as codified in the VCLT] as applicable law AG 26
standard/powers of review (AB) (issues of law and legal interpretations) (DSU 17.6)
completion of the legal analysis in case of, contentiousness/omission/insufficiency of facts DSU 874–5
new arguments DSU 857
EC — Export Subsidies on Sugar (Australia) (Panel)
margin of discretion [in accordance with due process] (panel) (DSU 12.1 and Appendix 3), unregulated situations and DSU 471, 472
preliminary rulings on, third party rights DSU 471
third party rights (DSU 10 and Appendix 3)
notification of intention to participate in (DSU 10.2), timeliness DSU 471–4
preliminary ruling on DSU 471
EC — Export Subsidies on Sugar (Thailand/Australia/Brazil) (Panel), WT/DS265/R, WT/DS266/R, WT/DS283/R
amicus curiae briefs, confidential information obligations (DSU 18.2) DSU 917
burden of proof, on °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ law DSU 576
confidentiality of proceedings (DSU 14/DSU 17.10/DSU 18.2/WP 3/ABWP 27), amicus curiae briefs and DSU 917
good faith engagement in dispute settlement procedures (DSU 3.10), confidentiality and DSU 127
implementation of panel or AB recommendations (DSU 19.1), panel’s decision not to make suggestions DSU 964
preliminary rulings on, confidentiality issues DSU 917
third party enhanced rights/rights beyond those indicated in DSU 10.2, DSU 10.3 and Appendix 3, para. 6 DSU 484
EC — Export Subsidies on Sugar (Article 21.3(c)), WT/DS265/33, WT/DS266/33, WT/DS283/14, 28 October 2005, DSR 2005:XXIII
developing countries (DSU 21.2) (implementation of DSB recommendations and rulings) DSU 1013
“reasonable period” (DSU 21.3(c)) DSU 1069
“reasonable period” for implementation of recommendations and rulings (Article 21.3(c) arbitrations)
arbitrator’s limited mandate, limitation on Member’s choice of methods DSU 1026
contentiousness/political sensitivity, relevance DSU 1061
developing countries and (DSU 21.2) DSU 1013
previous decisions, relevance DSU 1090
shortest period possible within Member’s normal legislative process DSU 1033
EC — Fasteners (China) (AB), WT/DS397/AB/R
Anti-Dumping Agreement (AD), preparatory work (VCLT 32), AD 6 AD 624
anti-dumping duties, imposition and collection (AD 9)
lesser duty, possibility of (AD 9.1) AD 658
“such mandatory duty shall be collected …” (AD 9.2)
“all sources” AD 667
“appropriate” amounts AD 666
sampling (AD 6.10) and AD 666
NMEs and AD 660
exception in case of impracticality AD 670
competence of panels and AB (DSU 3.2/DSU 11/DSU 17), compétence de la compétence/obligation to address jurisdictional issues [on own motion] DSU 369
confidential information (AD 6.5)
“by nature confidential” / “provided on a confidential basis”, distinguishability AD 500
“by nature confidential” / “provided on a confidential basis” distinction, relevance AD 500
“s³ó´Ç·É²Ô” AD 506
non-confidential summaries (AD 6.5.1), as balance between protection of confidentiality and need to ensure opportunity to defend interests AD 514
“parties to an investigation” AD 501
determination of dumping (AD 2)
fair comparison of export price and normal value (AD 2.4)
“fair comparison”, “shall indicate … what information is necessary” AD 106
NMEs and (Note 2 Ad Article VI:1) GATT 456–7, AD 155–6, 166
non-market economies (NMEs) and (Note 2 Ad Article VI:1) AD 166
“like product” (AD 2.1) AD 22
“like product” (AD 2.6) AD 22, 153
determination of injury (AD 3), “positive evidence” / “objective examination” requirement (AD 3.1), sampling (AD 6.10) and AD 199
“domestic industry” (AD 4)
“a major proportion of the total domestic production” (AD 4.1) AD 331–4
“domestic producers” (AD 4.1), exclusion of producers not making themselves known before deadline AD 334
due process (anti-dumping measures) (AD 6), balance of interests considerations AD 514
evidence (dumping investigation) (AD 6)
due process as underlying principle, balance of interests considerations AD 514
opportunity for defence of interests (AD 6.2), late provision of information and AD 466, 487
questionnaires (AD 6.1.1)
request for substantial amount of information as essential feature AD 439–40
time–limits for reply AD 439–40
time–limits, right to set (AD 6.1.1), reply to questionnaires AD 439–40
timely disclosure to interested parties of information relevant for presentation of case (AD 6.4)
“information used by the authorities” AD 475
price comparison (AD 2.4) and AD 476–7
interested parties’ perspective as determinant AD 474
investigation of dumping (AD 5)/subsidy (SCM 11)
methodology, authorities’ discretion AD 334
support for (AD 5.4/SCM 11.4), “a major proportion” (AD 4.1) distinguished AD 382
judicial economy
definition DSU 643
limitation of concept to panel’s handling of claims DSU 643
MFN treatment (GATT I:1), anti-dumping and countervailing duties (GATT VI) and GATT 97
multiple appeals (notice of other appeal (ABWP 23)), “statement of the nature of the other appeal” (ABWP 23(2)(c)(ii)) DSU 1438
non-market economies (NMEs)
collection of mandatory duties (AD 9.2) AD 660
disclosure (AD 6.10) and AD 477, 624
Note 2 Ad Article VI:1 and GATT 456–7, AD 155–6, 166
sampling (AD 6.10) and AD 624
separate legal entities, treatment of AD 628–31
notice of appeal, requirements (ABWP 20(2)(d)), failure to meet, consequences DSU 1418
relationships within and between agreements
AD 3.1/AD 4 AD 309
AD 4.1/AD 5.4 AD 382
GATT I/GATT VI GATT 97, 111–12
sampling (AD 6.10)
“appropriate amount” (AD 9, 2) and AD 666
as deviation from general rule AD 624
injury investigations (AD 3.2), use in AD 198
NMEs and AD 624
“objective examination” obligation (AD 3.1) and AD 198
separate legal entities, treatment of AD 628–31
terms of reference of panels (DSU 7), timeliness of objections DSU 369
EC — Fasteners (China) (Panel), WT/DS397/R and Corr.1
anti-dumping duties, imposition and collection (AD 9), “such mandatory duty shall be collected …” (AD 9.2), “all sources”, AD 9.2 and SCM 18 distinguished AD 668
burden of proof, prima facie case requirement AD 96
confidential information (AD 6.5)
“by nature confidential” / “provided on a confidential basis”, distinguishability AD 498–9
disclosure “without specific permission” AD 508
“good cause shown”
“by nature confidential” / “provided on a confidential basis” distinction, relevance AD 499
publicly available information AD 499
consultations (DSU 4), notification of request for (DSU 4.4), legal basis of the complaint, DSU 6.2 compared DSU 159
determination of dumping (AD 2)
fair comparison of export price and normal value (AD 2.4)
“due allowance”, “differences which affect price comparability” AD 96–7
“fair comparison”, “shall indicate … what information is necessary” AD 105
determination of injury (AD 3)
“positive evidence” / “objective examination” requirement (AD 3.1)
“dumped imports” and, margin of dumping not greater than de minimis AD 206
sampling (AD 6.10) and AD 199, 207
significant increase in dumped imports analysis (AD 3.2) AD 233
significant increase in dumped imports (AD 3.2)
margin of dumping greater than de minimis, limitation to AD 206
“positive evidence” / “objective examination” requirement (AD 3.1) AD 233
price undercutting/suppression analysis AD 233
“domestic industry” (AD 4)
“a major proportion of the total domestic production” (AD 4.1) AD 335
“domestic producers” (AD 4.1), authorities’ discretion in choosing AD 335
evidence (dumping investigation) (AD 6)
opportunity for defence of interests (AD 6.2), late provision of information and AD 465–6
time–limits, right to set (AD 6.1.1), “ample opportunity” (chapeau) and AD 430
timely disclosure to interested parties of information relevant for presentation of case (AD 6.4)
analysis of constituent elements AD 486
information already available to parties distinguished AD 479
opportunity for defence (AD 6.2) and AD 465–6, 487
good faith engagement in dispute settlement procedures (DSU 3.10)
prompt presentation of clear claim DSU 123
prompt settlement of disputes (DSU 3) and DSU 115
tactics and manoeuvres to avoid, exclusion DSU 115
interpretation of covered agreements, rules relating to including VCLT provisions, same or closely related phrases in same agreement, DSU 4.4/DSU 6.2 (“legal basis of the complaint”) DSU 159
investigation of dumping (AD 5)/subsidy (SCM11), support for (AD 5.4/SCM 11.4), determination of standing and AD 381
legal basis of claim / “claim” / “matter referred” (DSU 6.2/7.1), request for consultations (DSU 4.4) compared DSU 159
“measures at issue” (DSU 6.2), amended measures, amendment after establishment of panel DSU 260
price undertakings (AD 8)/undertakings (SCM 18), AD 8 and SCM 18 distinguished AD 655, SCM 458
prompt and satisfactory settlement (DSU 3.3), good faith (DSU 3.10) and DSU 115
public notice of preliminary or final determination (AD 12.2), explanations for initiation of investigations (AD 12.2.2), relevance/sufficiency AD 837
relationships within and between agreements
AD 2.1/AD 2.6 AD 153
AD 6.2/AD 6.4/AD 6.5 AD 495
AD 9.2/SCM 18 AD 668
sampling (AD 6.10), injury investigations (AD 3.2), use in AD 199, 207
standard/powers of review (panel) (DSU 11), “objective assessment of the facts”, de novo review, exclusion AD 206
Working Procedures, fair, prompt and effective settlement as objective DSU 113, 123
EC — Hormones (AB), WT/DS26/AB/R, WT/DS48/AB/R, DSR 1998:I
ALOPs (SPS 5.4–5.6 and Annex A(5))
consistency in application (SPS 5.5)
arbitrary or unjustifiable inconsistencies, exclusion SPS 230
comparability of different situations SPS 224–5, 230
cumulative nature of obligations SPS 212
discrimination or disguised restriction of trade resulting from inconsistency SPS 212
elements required for SPS 211–13
legal obligation, whether SPS 218
“arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination”, use in GATT XX, SPS 2.3 and SPS 5.5 compared SPS 240–1
arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination, exclusion (SPS 2.3)
ALOPs (SPS 5.5) and SPS 61–2, 240
comparison of ALOPs as basis for panel review SPS 230
arbitrary or unjustifiable distinctions resulting in discrimination or disguised restriction on international trade (SPS 5.5), disguised restriction on international trade/warning signals SPS 238
balance of payments difficulties, developing countries’ right to take import measures (GATT XVIII:B), P, burden of proof GATT 769
burden of proof (general rules)
allocation (general rule/exception relationship), SPS 3.1 and 3.3
onus probandi actori incumbit SPS 33, DSU 541
order of analysis DSU 554
prima facie case requirement GATT 598, 769, SPS 76
explicit finding, relevance DSU 546
“prima facie” DSU 546
competence of panels and AB (DSU 3.2/DSU 11/DSU 17), right to develop own legal reasoning including arguments not adduced by parties (jura novit curia) DSU 324, 326, 416
conformity of laws, regulations and administrative procedures with °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ obligations, obligation to ensure (°ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ XVI:4), “existing legislation” exceptions, exclusion SPS 448–9, 588
consistency in application (SPS 5.5), arbitrary or unjustifiable inconsistencies, exclusion SPS 230
customary international law rules of interpretation [as codified in the VCLT] as applicable law, DSU 3.2 SPS 8
domestic law, incorporation of international SPS standard SPS 78
due process (dispute settlement proceedings)
good faith evaluation of evidence and DSU 613
panel’s discretion on matters of procedure (DSU 12.1 and Appendix 3) DSU 490–1, 684
prejudice to party, relevance DSU 488, 508 n. 828, 665
expert evidence, multiple complainants and (DSU 9.3) DSU 488–90
expert evidence (DSU 13.2/SPS 11.2)
ad hoc rules DSU 765
“from any individual or body” SPS 403–4, 426, DSU 765
group of experts, panel’s right to establish DSU 765
selection process, consultation with parties SPS 427
expert review groups, rules and procedures (DSU Appendix 4), panel’s right to establish ad hoc rules DSU 1363
good faith engagement in dispute settlement procedures (DSU 3.10), objective assessment obligation (DSU 11) SCM 696
harmonization of SPS measures (SPS 3)
measures based on international standards (SPS 3.1)
“based on”, “conform to” distinguished SPS 71–2, 92
presumption of consistency with SPS/GATT (burden of proof) SPS 76, 78
measures which conform to international standards (SPS 3.2)
incorporation into domestic law SPS 78
presumption of consistency with SPS/GATT (burden of proof) (SPS 3.2) SPS 78
measures which result in a higher level of protection (SPS 3.3)
as autonomous right SPS 8, 77–8, 89–90, 97
limitations on SPS 90
“or as a consequence …” SPS 95
precautionary principle and SPS 91
risk assessment obligation (SPS 5) and SPS 95, 100
precautionary principle and DSU 1730
as SPS object and purpose (SPS 3.1/preamble) SPS 4, 68, 71
information or technical advice, panel’s right to seek (DSU 13.1/SPS 11.2), discretion not to seek DSU 754 n. 1216, 756, 757 n. 1220
international law / “relevant rules of international law” (VCLT 31(3)(c)) with particular reference to the interpretation of covered agreements (DSU 3(2)), in dubio mitius principle DSU 1713 n. 2689, 1734
interpretation of covered agreements, rules relating to including VCLT provisions
footnotes to treaty SPS 95
in dubio mitius principle, as supplementary means of interpretation DSU 1713 n. 2689, 1734
same or closely related phrases in same agreement, SPS 3.1 (“based on”)/SPS 3.2 (“conform to”) SPS 81, 92
text/plain language (VCLT 31(2)) GATT 79 n. 105, SPS 130–1, DSU 1550
legal basis of claim / “claim” / “matter referred” (DSU 6.2/7.1), arguments distinguished DSU 324, 326
margin of discretion [in accordance with due process] (panel) (DSU 12.1 and Appendix 3) DSU 490–1, 665–6
evaluation of evidence (DSU 11) and DSU 610 n. 991
expert evidence (DSU 13.2) and DSU 601, 613
unregulated situations and DSU 508 n. 828, 510
multiple complainants (DSU 9)
harmonization of panels and timetables (DSU 9.3), joint meeting with experts DSU 488
prompt and satisfactory resolution of disputes, Members’ right to (DSU 3) and, multiple complainants (DSU 9) and, joint meeting with experts DSU 488
third party participation in panel proceedings initiated by another complainant DSU 488–90, 684
non-retroactivity of treaties (VCLT 28)
in absence of different intention DSU 1523
continuing measures DSU 1523
harmonization of measures (SPS 3.3) and SPS 91
precautionary principle (SPS Agreement) SPS 8, DSU 1730
ordinary meaning of terms used in covered agreements
Ëð´Ç³Ù±ð²Ô³Ù¾±²¹±ô” SPS 519
precautionary principle (SPS Agreement)
as customary international environmental law SPS 6, DSU 1730
non-retroactivity of treaties (VCLT 28) and SPS 8, DSU 1730
sufficient scientific evidence (SPS 5.7) and SPS 8, 23, 37, 328–9, DSU 1730
prompt and satisfactory settlement (DSU 3.3), multiple complainants (DSU 9.3) and DSU 488
provisional adoption of SPS measures in case of insufficiency of scientific evidence (SPS 5.7), precautionary principle and SPS 328–9
relationships within and between agreements
SPS 1.1/SPS 5.1 and 5.5 SPS 14
SPS 2.2/SPS 5.1 SPS 44
SPS 3 as a whole SPS 78
SPS 3.1/SPS 3.3 SPS 54
SPS 3.3/SPS 5.1 SPS 100
SPS/°ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ XVI:4 SPS 448–9, 588
risk assessment, need for (SPS 5.1–5.3)
ascertainable and theoretical risk distinguished (SPS 5.1), quantitative threshold, relevance SPS 161
assessment prepared other than by Member concerned, acceptability (SPS 5.1 and Annex A(4)) SPS 151
balance of SPS interests and (SPS 5.1) SPS 141
explanation for measure allegedly in breach of SPS 5, burden of proof, relevance SPS 341
factors to be taken into account including “available scientific evidence” (SPS 2) SPS 143
non-scientific/non-quantifiable factors SPS 143, 193
open vs closed list SPS 192, 193, 195, 196–7
potential abuse of controlled substance SPS 196–7
risks arising from difficulties of control, inspection and approval/assessment (SPS 8 and Annex C) SPS 195, 376
measures “appropriate to the circumstances” (SPS 5.1)
direct causality between substance and possible adverse health effects SPS 134
flexibility SPS 166
measures based on, need for (SPS 5.1) SPS 177
rational relationship between measure and risk, need for SPS 137
case-by-case approach SPS 139
methodology
assessment for each substance, need for SPS 158
as scientific process SPS 193
risk management distinguished (SPS 5.1 and Annex A(4)) SPS 131–2, 521
“scientific justification” (SPS 3.3) and SPS 95, 141
“sufficient scientific evidence” requirement (SPS 2.2) and SPS 137
as complementary obligations SPS 44
divergence of expert views, relevance SPS 137
“taking into account risk assessment techniques” (SPS 5.1) SPS 134
failure to refer to scientific studies in domestic legislation/regulations, relevance SPS 134, 177
risk assessment (SPS Annex A(4)(4))
quantification, relevance (including SPS 5.2 requirements) SPS 193
specificity of assessment, need for SPS 156, 507, 514
types of risk (“likelihood” vs Ëð´Ç³Ù±ð²Ô³Ù¾±²¹±ô”)
Ëð´Ç³Ù±ð²Ô³Ù¾±²¹±ô” SPS 519
Ëð°ù´Ç²ú²¹²ú±ô±ð” SPS 148, 519
scientific evidence, need for sufficient (SPS 2.2)
as part of trade/protection of human life and health balance SPS 24
precautionary principle and SPS 8, 23, 328–9, DSU 1730
rational and objective relationship between SPS measure and scientific evidence, need for SPS 137
ad hoc determination SPS 137
standard of review, prudence/precautionary principle SPS 37
sovereignty, in dubio mitius principle and DSU 1713 n. 2689, 1734
special or additional procedures (panel) (DSU 12.1)
expert evidence (DSU 13.2/SPS 11.2) DSU 765
margin of discretion DSU 684
SPS Agreement
applicability (SPS 1.1), measures in existence before entry into force of SPS agreement (SPS 14) SPS 14, 448–9, TBT 50, DSU 1523
as balance between promotion of international trade and protection of human, animal or plant life or health SPS 24, 141
object and purpose (preamble), precautionary principle and SPS 8, DSU 1730
SPS control, inspection and approval procedures (SPS 8 and Annex C), risk assessment (SPS 5.2) and SPS 195, 376
SPS measures, international standards, guidelines and recommendations, possibility of non-compliance or nonexistence (SPS 5.8), burden of proof SPS 78
standard/powers of Review (AB) (issues of law and legal interpretations) (DSU 17.6)
applicability to covered agreements other than AD Agreement AD 1015
completion of the legal analysis in case of, contentiousness/omission/insufficiency of facts DSU 860
issues of law/legal interpretations, alleged failure of panel to make objective assessment (DSU 11) DSU 613
law vs fact
compliance/consistency with treaty obligations DSU 843
panel as trier of facts DSU 601, 846
standard/powers of review (panel) (DSU 11)
completion of the legal analysis DSU 324
error of law, equation of “based on” and “conform to” SPS 92, 134
“objective assessment of the facts” /alleged disregard or distortion of the evidence
de novo review, exclusion
discretion in selection of evidence to refer to explicitly DSU 598, 601
egregious error, need for DSU 598, 613
obligation to examine and evaluate all the evidence available to it DSU 598
discretion in assessment of evidence DSU 601
“objective assessment of matter before it”, good faith obligation SCM 421 n. 696
terms of reference of panels (DSU 7)
as definition of jurisdiction/legal claims at issue, specific legal claim included in terms of reference, limitation of jurisdiction to DSU 324
objections, requirements, opportunity to cure procedural defect and DSU 488
third party enhanced rights/rights beyond those indicated in DSU 10.2, DSU 10.3 and Appendix 3, para. 6
multiple complainants (DSU 9) and DSU 684
panel’s discretion and DSU 684
participation in proceedings initiated by another complainant (DSU 9) DSU 488–90
EC — Hormones (Panels) (Canada/US), WT/DS26/R, WT/DS48/R, DSR 1998:I
ALOPs (SPS 5.4–5.6 and Annex A(5))
consistency in application (SPS 5.5)
comparability of different situations SPS 225
comparable situations SPS 226
discrimination or disguised restriction of trade resulting from inconsistency SPS 212
minimization of negative trade effects obligation (SPS 5.4) and SPS 206
“arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination”, use in GATT XX, SPS 2.3 and SPS 5.5 compared SPS 240
arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination, exclusion (SPS 2.3), ALOPs and (SPS 5.4–6) SPS 210
arbitrary or unjustifiable distinctions resulting in discrimination or disguised restriction on international trade (SPS 5.5), arbitrary or unjustifiable distinctions SPS 50
expert review groups, rules and procedures (DSU Appendix 4), appointment procedures DSU 1363
General Exceptions (GATT XX(b)), measures necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health, SPS provisions distinguished SPS 5
harmonization of SPS measures (SPS 3)
measures based on international standards (SPS 3.1)
“based on” SPS 71
“where they exist”, standard/powers of review (panel) SPS 73
as SPS object and purpose (SPS 3.1/preamble) SPS 5
judicial economy, prior decision on another point rendering discussion otiose SPS 592
lex specialis/presumption against treaty conflicts
“c´Ç²Ô´Ú±ô¾±³¦³Ù” DSU 1719
General Interpretative Note (°ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ Annex 1A) DSU 1719
possibilities of conflict considered by panel/AB, GATT/SPS DSU 1719
precautionary principle (SPS Agreement), customary international law, whether SPS 6
relationships within and between agreements
GATT III/SPS GATT 414, SPS 592
relationships within and between agreements, GATT XI/SPS SPS 592
SPS 2.2 and 2.3/SPS 5.4–5.6 SPS 50, 210, 285
SPS 2.2/SPS 5.1 SPS 44
SPS 3 as a whole SPS 77
SPS/TBT 1.5 TBT 12
risk assessment, need for (SPS 5.1–5.3)
methodology, assessment for each substance, need for SPS 158
“sufficient scientific evidence” requirement (SPS 2.2) and, divergence of expert views, relevance SPS 404
“taking into account risk assessment techniques” (SPS 5.1), failure to refer to scientific studies in domestic legislation/regulations, relevance SPS 134
timing of assessment (SPS 5.1) SPS 152
risk assessment (SPS Annex A(4)(4)), types of risk (“likelihood” vs Ëð´Ç³Ù±ð²Ô³Ù¾±²¹±ô”), Ëð°ù´Ç²ú²¹²ú±ô±ð” SPS 516, 519
SPS Agreement
applicability (SPS 1.1)
GATT XX(b), relevance SPS 594
measures in existence before entry into force of SPS agreement (SPS 14) SPS 448
“measures which may directly or indirectly affect trade” SPS 11
phytosanitary measure affecting international trade SPS 9, 594
as balance between promotion of international trade and protection of human, animal or plant life or health, “only to the extent necessary”, trade-restrictive measures, exclusion (SPS 5.4–6) and SPS 50
GATT XX(b), relationship SPS 5
measure to protect human or animal life (Annex A(1)(b)) SPS 10
TBT Agreement, applicability to (TBT 1.5) TBT 12
SPS measures, international standards, guidelines and recommendations, possibility of non-compliance or non-existence (SPS 5.8), burden of proof SPS 341
standard/powers of review (panel) (DSU 11), risk assessment (SPS Agreement), exclusion SPS 122
third party enhanced rights/rights beyond those indicated in DSU 10.2, DSU 10.3 and Appendix 3, para. 6
multiple complainants (DSU 9) and DSU 684
panel’s discretion and DSU 684
presence at second substantive meeting DSU 684
EC — Hormones (Article 21.3(c)), WT/DS26/15, WT/DS48/13, DSR 1998:V
interpretation of covered agreements, rules relating to including VCLT provisions, dictionaries DSU 1029
prompt and satisfactory resolution of disputes, Members’ right to (DSU 3), prompt compliance with DSB recommendations and rulings (DSU 21) and DSU 1029
“reasonable period” for implementation of recommendations and rulings (Article 21.3(c) arbitrations)
15-month guideline DSU 1038
15-month guideline (DSU 21.3(c)) DSU 1029
arbitrator’s limited mandate, determination of reasonable period DSU 1020
shortest period possible within Member’s normal legislative process DSU 1029
time to conduct studies/risk assessment, exclusion DSU 1079
EC — Hormones (Canada) (Article 22.6 — EC), WT/DS48/ARB, DSR 1999:III
arbitration (DSU 22.6)
scope of review/arbitrators’ mandate/task (DSU 22.7)
determination of “e±ç³Ü¾±±¹²¹±ô±ð²Ô³¦±ð” (DSU 22.3)
methodology paper, request for DSU 1244
“nature of concession”, exclusion (DSU 22.7) DSU 1187, 1247, 1256
“s±è±ð³¦¾±´Ú¾±³¦”
agreement and sectors (DSU 22.3) DSU 1187
product list DSU 1187
specific level of suspension (DSU 22.4) DSU 1247, 1187
third party rights DSU 508, 510 n. 833
burden of proof (general rules), suspension of concessions (DSU 22.4) DSU 583
due process (dispute settlement proceedings), prejudice to party, relevance DSU 508
suspension of concessions for non-implementation of DSB recommendations and rulings (DSU 22)
level equivalent to nullification or impairment (DSU 22.4) DSU 1264
burden of proof DSU 583
“equivalent” (DSU 22.3), quantitative test DSU 1247–8, 1256
reasoned estimates, need for DSU 1227
third party rights (Article 22.6 arbitrations) DSU 508, 510 n. 833
EC — Hormones (US) (Article 22.6 — EC), WT/DS26/ARB, DSR 1999:III
arbitration (DSU 22.6)
scope of review/arbitrators’ mandate/task (DSU 22.7)
determination of “e±ç³Ü¾±±¹²¹±ô±ð²Ô³¦±ð” (DSU 22.3)
methodology paper, request for DSU 1244
“nature of concession”, exclusion (DSU 22.7) DSU 1187, 1247, 1256
rejection of proposed level of suspension and DSU 1257
“s±è±ð³¦¾±´Ú¾±³¦”
agreement and sectors (DSU 22.3) DSU 1184, 1187
DSU 3 provisions and DSU 1209
specific level of suspension (DSU 22.4) DSU 1247, 1184, 1187
third party rights DSU 508
bilateral agreements, status DSU 419
burden of proof (general rules), suspension of concessions (DSU 22.4) DSU 583
DSU, applicability, bilateral agreements DSU 419
due process (dispute settlement proceedings), prejudice to party, relevance DSU 508
sovereignty, Members as sovereign entities DSU 583
successive treaties relating to the same subject matter (VCLT 30), Schedules DSU 1532
suspension of concessions for non-implementation of DSB recommendations and rulings (DSU 22)
agreement to DSU 1263
level equivalent to nullification or impairment (DSU 22.4) DSU 1184
burden of proof DSU 583
“carousel” type suspension DSU 1189
“equivalent” (DSU 22.3), quantitative test DSU 1247
responsibility of Member to ensure DSU 1189
“or other obligations”, authorization to suspend (DSU 22.2), “s±è±ð³¦¾±´Ú¾±³¦” DSU 1184
third party rights (Article 22.6 arbitrations) DSU 508
EC — IT Products (Panel), WT/DS375/R, WT/DS376/R, WT/DS377/R
conformity of laws, regulations and administrative procedures with °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ obligations, obligation to ensure (°ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ XVI:4), Schedule of concessions and °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ 287
“effecting an advance …” (GATT X:2), “e´Ú´Ú±ð³¦³Ù¾±²Ô²µ” GATT 544
evidence (panel) (DSU 12), time–limits for submission, panel’s right to admit “late” /new evidence, evidence submitted during interim review (DSU 15) DSU 794
Harmonized System of Customs Classification (HS), interpretation of covered agreements (VCLT) and, as supplementary means (VCLT 32) DSU 1638
identification of specific measures (DSU 6.2), identification of product, need for DSU 231, 232 n. 324
implementation of panel or AB recommendations (DSU 19.1), measure terminated in course of proceedings/no longer in existence DSU 936
Information Technology Agreement (Singapore)
“instrument … in connection with the conclusion of the threat” (VCLT 31(2)(b)), whether DSU 1567
“products” /product coverage GATT 199
interim review (DSU 15), new evidence DSU 794
interpretation and clarification, GATT II:1(a) and (b), interrelationship GATT 133
interpretation of covered agreements, rules relating to including VCLT provisions
context (VCLT 31(2))
“any instrument … made by one or more of the parties in connection with the conclusion of the treaty” (VCLT 31(2)(b)), Information Technology Agreement, whether DSU 1567
Harmonized System of Customs Classification (HS) as GATT 127
evolutionary approach/intertemporal law DSU 1621–2
supplementary means (VCLT 32), non-exhaustive nature of VCLT 32 list DSU 1638
legislation as such, right to challenge (°ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ XVI:4)
claims “as such” vs claims “as applied”, relevance of distinction DSU 338
GATT II:1 and GATT 120
normative value as determining factor DSU 284
“measures at issue” (DSU 6.2)
amended measures, amendment after establishment of panel DSU 381
prospective measure DSU 262
multiple complainants (DSU 9)
separate panel reports (DSU 9.2), structure DSU 456
single panel “whenever feasible” (DSU 9.1), third party rights DSU 515
ordinary meaning of terms used in covered agreements, “instrument” (VCLT 31(2)(b)) DSU 1567 n. 2413
publication and administration of trade regulations (GATT X)
“effecting an advance …” (GATT X:2) GATT 544–6
“e´Ú´Ú±ð³¦³Ù¾±²Ô²µ” GATT 545
enforcement prior to publication as violation of GATT X:2 GATT 547
“uniform practice” GATT 545
“laws, regulations, judicial decisions and administrative rulings” (GATT X:1) GATT 513
“pertaining to the classification” GATT 529
measure of general application (GATT X:2) GATT 543
measures of general application (GATT X:1) GATT 523
“shall be published” (GATT X:1) GATT 531
“in such a manner as to enable …” GATT 535
relationships within and between agreements, GATT II:1(a)/GATT II:1(b) GATT 133
Schedules of Concessions (GATT II)
conformity of laws, regulations and administrative procedures, obligation to ensure (°ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ XVI:4) °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ 287
consistency of measure with GATT II:1(a) and (b), legislation as such, right to challenge (°ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ XVI:4) GATT 120
ordinary customs duties in excess of those provided for in Schedule (GATT II:1(b)), “in excess of” GATT 147
terms of reference of panels (DSU 7), “measures at issue” (DSU 6.2), amended measures, amendment following establishment of panel DSU 403
third party rights (DSU 10 and Appendix 3)
notification of intention to participate in (DSU 10.2), timeliness DSU 473
single panel proceedings (DSU 9.1) DSU 515
treaties, “treaty” (VCLT 31(1)) DSU 1541
EC — Poultry (AB), WT/DS69/AB/R, DSR 1998:V
AB procedures (DSU 17.9 and ABWP), written reponses (ABWP 28) DSU 1460
bilateral agreements, status, Oilseeds Agreement (EC–Brazil) DSU 6
developing countries’ economic development purposes/financial and trade needs (LIC 1.2), legal significance LIC 9
DSU, applicability, bilateral agreements, Oilseeds Agreement (EC–Brazil) DSU 6
GATT 1947/°ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ continuity
decisions, procedures and customary practices under GATT 1947 (°ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ XVI:1) (GATT acquis), joint decisions, limitation to °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ 276
“decisions” (°ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ XVI:1/GATT 1(b)(iv)), classification as, bilateral agreements °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ 276
import licensing procedures
conformity with GATT principles and obligations requirement (LIC Preamble and 1.2) LIC 1
non-automatic import licensing (LIC 3), transparency and predictability requirement (LIC 3.5(a)) LIC 25
over-quota trade, applicability LIC 1, 3
trade-restrictive or trade-distortive effects, avoidance (LIC 1.2 and 3.2) LIC 3, 9
transparency and predictability requirement (LIC Preamble) LIC 1
non-automatic import licensing (LIC 3) and LIC 25
interpretation of covered agreements, phrases, “c.i.f. import price” (AG 5.1(b)) AG 68–72
interpretation of covered agreements, rules relating to including VCLT provisions
customary international trade usage as applicable law AG 69
effectiveness principle (ut res magis valeat quam pereat/effet utile) AG 71
“ordinary meaning … in their context … in light of object and purpose” (VCLT 31(1)) AG 70
preamble of agreement under consideration LIC 1
supplementary means (VCLT 32)
Oilseeds Agreement as DSU 1635
other agreements between parties DSU 1635
text/plain language (VCLT 31(2)) AG 69–70
modification of schedules (GATT XXVIII), applicability of GATT I and XIII GATT 116, 139, 687
non-discriminatory administration of QRs (GATT XIII)
allocation of quotas (GATT XIII:2(d))
inclusion of non-Member imports GATT 666, 674
“may seek agreement” GATT 671
compensation negotiations (GATT XVIII) and GATT 687, 1074
distribution of trade as close as possible to expected shares in absence of restrictions (GATT XIII:2 chapeau), inclusion of non-Member imports in calculation of tariff quota shares GATT 666
Oilseeds Agreement (EC–Brazil), status as covered agreement °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ 276, GATT 10, 671, DSU 6
Schedule LXXX and DSU 1671
as supplementary means for interpreting a covered agreement (VCLT 32) DSU 1635
ordinary meaning of terms used in covered agreements, “c.i.f. import price” (AG 5.1(b)) AG 70
preparatory work (VCLT 32), Oilseeds Agreement as DSU 1635
publication and administration of trade regulations (GATT X)
administration in a uniform, impartial and reasonable manner (GATT X:3(a)), equivalence, as procedural requirement GATT 510
“laws, regulations, judicial decisions and administrative rulings” (GATT X:1), “of general application” GATT 554
measures of general application (GATT X:1) GATT 510, 520
quantitative restrictions, elimination (GATT XI), “prohibition or restriction” (GATT XI:1), causal link, need for GATT 604 n. 859
relationships within and between agreements, GATT I and XIII/GATT XXVIII GATT 116, 687
Schedules of Concessions (GATT II)
interpretation and clarification, Marrakesh Protocol and GATT 139
non-discrimination under GATT I and GATT 116, 139
special safeguards (AG 5)
calculation method (AG 5.5), right to choose AG 69–70, 73
c.i.f. import price (AG 5(1)(b)) AG 68–72
customary international trade usage AG 69
effectiveness principle AG 71
possibility of alternative method (AG 5.5) AG 73
standard/powers of review (AB) (issues of law and legal interpretations) (DSU 17.6)
completion of the legal analysis in case of, disagreement with panel DSU 861
findings or developed legal interpretations, limitation to (DSU 13) DSU 897
legal findings or developed interpretations, limitation to (DSU 17.13) DSU 897
standard/powers of review (panel) (DSU 11), “objective assessment of matter before it”, all arguments DSU 643
successive treaties relating to the same subject matter (VCLT 30), Schedules DSU 1531
treaties, termination by subsequent treaty (VCLT 59) DSU 1671
EC — Poultry (Panel), WT/DS69/R, DSR 1998:V
developing countries’ economic development purposes/financial and trade needs (LIC 1.2), legal significance LIC 9
import licensing procedures
conformity with GATT principles and obligations requirement (LIC Preamble and 1.2) LIC 3
export performance, relevance (LIC 3.5(j)) AG 47, LIC 12–13, 30–1
neutrality in application and administration in a fair and equitable manner (LIC 1.3) LIC 12–13
non-automatic import licensing (LIC 3)
newcomer provision (LIC 3.5(i)) LIC 29
small quantities, allocation in respect of (LIC 3.5(i)) LIC 29
rules and procedures distinguished LIC 13
speculation in licences (LIC 3.5(h) and (j)) LIC 27
trade-restrictive or trade-distortive effects, avoidance (LIC 1.2 and 3.2) LIC 9
transparency and predictability requirement (LIC Preamble)
frequent changes to rules and LIC 15
non-automatic import licensing (LIC 3) and LIC 23
“measures at issue” (DSU 6.2)
terminated measures
termination before agreement on terms of reference DSU 247
continuing relevance DSU 389
modification of schedules (GATT XXVIII), applicability of GATT I and XIII GATT 1073–4
non-discriminatory administration of QRs (GATT XIII)
allocation of quotas (GATT XIII:2(d)), inclusion of non-Member imports GATT 666, 674
distribution of trade as close as possible to expected shares in absence of restrictions (GATT XIII:2 chapeau) GATT 666
inclusion of non-Member imports in calculation of tariff quota shares GATT 666
notification obligations (LIC 1.4) LIC 14
notification obligations and procedures, LIC 1.4(a) LIC 14
relationships within and between agreements, GATT I and XIII/GATT XXVIII GATT 116, 687
EC — Salmon (Norway) (Panel), WT/DS337/R and Corr.1, DSR 2008:I
anti-dumping duties, imposition and collection (AD 9)
“appropriate” amounts (AD 9.2) AD 664–5
sampling (AD 6.10) and AD 664
calculation of “all other” anti-dumping duty rate (AD 9.4)
avoidance of prejudice to non-investigated exporters AD 699
“m²¹°ù²µ¾±²Ô²õ” AD 702
margins established under circumstances referred to in AD 6.8, exclusion AD 702
non-cooperating companies and AD 705
prospective normal value ceiling (AD 9.4(ii)) AD 721–2
determination of dumping (AD 2)
allocation of costs, need for explanation, allocation of costs, need for explanation AD 55
calculation of normal value, factors to be taken into account (AD 2.1), AD 3.6 and AD 40
calculation of SG&A costs (AD 2.2.2)
actual data “pertaining to”, low-volume sales data AD 60
“any other reasonable method” (AD 2.2.2(iii)) AD 76
cost data (AD 2.2.1.1)
non-recurring costs (NRCs) AD 52–5
“reasonable period of time” AD 46
“like product” (AD 2.1) TBT 22, AD 20–1
“like product” (AD 2.6) AD 21, 152
sales not “in the ordinary course of trade” (AD 2.2)
sales below cost, method for determining whether (AD 2.2.1) AD 43–5
determination of injury (AD 3)
country by country analysis/cumulative assessment of volume and prices (AD 3.3), “positive evidence” / “objective examination” requirement (AD 3.1) AD 212–13
evaluation of injury factors (AD 3.4), examination of other known factors (AD 3.5), “known” to investigating authority AD 281
“positive evidence” / “objective examination” requirement (AD 3.1)
significant increase in dumped imports analysis (AD 3.2) AD 232
volume and price effects AD 212–13
significant increase in dumped imports (AD 3.2)
“positive evidence” / “objective examination” requirement (AD 3.1) AD 232
price undercutting/suppression analysis AD 232
“domestic industry” (AD 4)
“a major proportion of the total domestic production” (AD 4.1) AD 330
AD 5.4 and AD 380
“dumping” / “margin of dumping” (AD 2.1), “for purposes of this agreement” /identity of meaning throughout AD Agreement AD 242
evidence (dumping investigation) (AD 6)
notification to all interested parties of essential facts under consideration (AD 6.9), change of legal basis, relevance AD 619
resort to “facts available” (AD 6.8/Annex II)
Annex II, obligations under AD 538–9
“information appropriately submitted …” (Annex II para. 3) AD 562
unjustified resort to available facts AD 554–5
timely disclosure to interested parties of information relevant for presentation of case (AD 6.4)
“t¾±³¾±ð±ô²â” AD 473
investigation of dumping (AD 5)/subsidy (SCM 11), support for (AD 5.4/SCM 11.4), major proportion of the domestic industry AD 380
judicial economy
avoidance of de novo review and AD 330
prior decision on another point rendering discussion otiose AD 831
legal status of panel reports, “distinguishing” previous cases and DSU 825
precedent, “distinguishing” previous cases and DSU 825
public notice of preliminary or final determination (AD 12.2)
change of legal basis, obligation to inform interested parties (AD 12.2) AD 619
judicial economy in case of substantive inconsistency with AD Agreement AD 831
relationships within and between agreements
AD 2.1/AD 3.6 AD 40
AD 2.1/AD 9.3 AD 696
AD 6.8/AD 9.4 AD 702
AD 6.10/AD 9.2 AD 664
AD 17.6/DSU 11 AD 937
sampling (AD 6.10)
“appropriate amount” (AD 9, 2) and AD 664
“dumped imports” finding, applicability, choice of sample AD 633–4
“objective examination” obligation (AD 3.1) and AD 212–13
volume and price effects determination AD 212–13
standard/powers of review (panel) (AD 17.6), interpretation of relevant provisions of AD (AD 17.6(ii)), DSU 11 compared AD 937
standard/powers of review (panel) (DSU 11), “objective assessment of the facts”, de novo review, exclusion AD 330
EC — Sardines (AB), WT/DS231/AB/R, DSR 2002:VIII
abuse of rights/abus de droit, withdrawal of notice of appeal (WP 30) as DSU 833
amicus curiae briefs
AB and
right to accept (DSU 17.9) DSU 473
discretionary nature/case-by-case approach DSU 743
prompt and satisfactory settlement of dispute (DSU 3.3) and, prompt and satisfactory settlement (DSU 3.3) DSU 743
burden of proof (general rules)
allocation (general rule/exception relationship)
SPS 3.1 and 3.3 TBT 52
TBT 2.4 TBT 52
difficulty in collecting information and DSU 571
onus probandi actori incumbit TBT 52–3
TBT 2.4
Codex Alimentarius Commission, cooperation with, panel’s decision not to seek information from (DSU 13.1) DSU 754
conformity of laws, regulations and administrative procedures with °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ obligations, obligation to ensure (°ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ XVI:4), technical regulations (TBT 2.4) and TBT 50
due process (dispute settlement proceedings), opportunity to respond to evidence/presentations of other parties, timing of submission of evidence (DS 12) and DSU 626
evidence (panel) (DSU 12), time–limits for submission, panel’s right to admit “late” /new evidence, evidence submitted during interim review (DSU 15) DSU 626, 789, 793
good faith engagement in dispute settlement procedures (DSU 3.10) DSU 833
as limitation on right to bring action under DSU, withdrawal of appeal DSU 107
good faith (including pacta sunt servanda principle (VCLT 26))
burden of proof/presumption of DSU 1506
as fundamental rule of treaty interpretation DSU 1506
IGOs, panel’s right to seek information from DSU 754
information or technical advice, panel’s right to seek (DSU 13.1/SPS 11.2), discretion not to seek DSU 754, 757
interim review (DSU 15)
new evidence DSU 626, 789, 793
“precise aspects of the interim report”, limitation to (DSU 15.2) DSU 626
“international standards … as a basis for technical regulation” (TBT 2.4/Annex 1), ISO/IEC Guide/Annex 1, relationship TBT 152–3
“international standards … as a basis for technical regulation” (TBT 2.4/Annex)
applicability to pre-existing measures TBT 5, 49–51
burden of proof, onus probandi actori incumbit TBT 52–3
explanation of justification on request (TBT 2.5)
“a±è±è±ô²â¾±²Ô²µ” TBT 73
as mandatory obligation TBT 73
“fulfilment of legitimate objective” (TBT 2.2)
“ineffective or inappropriate means” (including distinction between) TBT 67–8
“legitimate objective”, qualification as (including TBT 2.2 provisions) TBT 70
“international standard”, consensus, relevance TBT 56–8
practice of international standard-setting bodies distinguished TBT 58
“relevant parts of them” TBT 65
“shall use them” TBT 61
TBT objectives (TBT preamble) and TBT 5
interpretation of covered agreements, rules relating to including VCLT provisions
object and purpose, preamble as evidence of TBT 5
same or closely related phrases in different agreements, omission of term (TBT Annex 1) TBT 58, 153
“measures at issue” (DSU 6.2), measure in existence at time of establishment of panel, limitation to, evidence of measure and measure distinguished DSU 256 n. 378
non-retroactivity of treaties (VCLT 28) DSU 1525
notice of appeal, requirements (ABWP 20(2)(d))
amendment (WBWP 23 bis)/clarification, demonstration of need for DSU 1439, 1474
failure to meet, preliminary ruling on DSU 1421
ordinary meaning of terms used in covered agreements, “r±ð±ô±ð±¹²¹²Ô³Ù” (TBT 2.4) TBT 59
panel reports, adoption of report/notice of appeal (DSU 16.4), circumvention of deadline DSU 833
preliminary rulings on, compliance with ABWP 20(2)(d) DSU 1421
prompt and satisfactory settlement (DSU 3.3)
ABWP and DSU 1367
amicus curiae briefs and DSU 743
public observation of oral hearing / “passive participation” (ABWP 27(3)) DSU 743
relationships within and between agreements
TBT 2.2/TBT 2.4 TBT 70
TBT 2.4/TBT 2.8 TBT 78 n. 115
TBT 2.4/°ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ XVI:4 TBT 50
TBT Agreement, object and purpose (preamble), as aid to interpreting TBT Agreement TBT 5
technical regulations (TBT 2/Annex 1.1)
functional approach to (TBT 2.8), “wherever appropriate”, burden of proof TBT 78
“technical regulation” (Annex 1.1)
mandatory compliance TBT 162
“product characteristics” TBT 158
negative form TBT 160
third party participants (AB proceedings) (ABWP 24/ABWP 27), as legal right DSU 743
third party rights (DSU 10 and Appendix 3), notification of intention to participate in (DSU 10.2), right to submit amicus curiae in absence of DSU 474
withdrawal of appeal (ABWP 30)
good faith (DSU 3.10) and DSU 107
as means of amending an appeal (ABWP 23 bis changes) DSU 1439, 1474
Working Procedures, fair, prompt and effective settlement as objective DSU 743, 1367, 1474
EC — Sardines (Panel), WT/DS231/R, DSR 2002:VIII
implementation of panel or AB recommendations (DSU 19.1), panel’s decision not to make suggestions DSU 976
“international standards … as a basis for technical regulation” (TBT 2.4)
applicability to pre-existing measures
participation in preparation of international standards (TBT 2.6) and TBT 74
unilateral measures under MFA (TBT 2.5) and TBT 72
explanation of justification on request (TBT 2.5), “a±è±è±ô²â¾±²Ô²µ” TBT 73
obligation to participate in preparation of (TBT 2.6) TBT 74
interpretation of covered agreements, rules relating to including VCLT provisions, object and purpose, preamble as evidence of TBT 4
ordinary meaning of terms used in covered agreements, “r±ð±ô±ð±¹²¹²Ô³Ù” (TBT 2.4) TBT 59
relationships within and between agreements
GATT III:4/TBT GATT 418
TBT 2.2/TBT 2.4 TBT 70
TBT 2.4/TBT 2.5 TBT 72
TBT Agreement
GATT III:4 and GATT 418
object and purpose (preamble)
as aid to interpreting TBT Agreement TBT 4
avoidance of unnecessary obstacles to trade/regulatory autonomy TBT 4, 23
technical regulations (TBT 2/Annex 1.1)
changing circumstances and (TBT 2.3) TBT 47
“technical regulation” (Annex 1.1), mandatory compliance TBT 162
EC — Selected Customs Matters (AB), WT/DS315/AB/R, DSR 2006:IX
consultations (DSU 4), evidence obtained during, admissibility in panel proceedings DSU 630
evidence, acceptability as for “objective assessment” (DSU 11) purposes, evidence obtained during consultations DSU 630
evidence (panel) (DSU 12), time–limits for submission, panel’s right to admit “late” /new evidence, evidence submitted during interim review (DSU 15) DSU 790
identification of specific measures (DSU 6.2)
recommendations of panel/DSB (DSU 19.2), effect DSU 353
“s±è±ð³¦¾±´Ú¾±³¦” DSU 235
implementation of panel or AB recommendations (DSU 19.1), identification of specific measures (DSU 6.2), (DSU 6.2) and DSU 353
interim review (DSU 15), new evidence DSU 790, 793
legal basis of claim / “claim” / “matter referred” (DSU 6.2/7.1)
arguments distinguished DSU 322
identification of specific measure distinguished DSU 196–7, 198
summary “sufficient to present the problem clearly” DSU 196, 332
“measures at issue” (DSU 6.2)
amended measures, amendment after establishment of panel DSU 380–1
any act or omission attributable to a Member DSU 244
“cumulatively claim” /system as a whole DSU 265, 335
“cumulatively claim” /system as a whole DSU 335
measure in existence at time of establishment of panel, limitation to DSU 255–6
evidence of measure and measure distinguished DSU 256
publication and administration of trade regulations (GATT X), independent tribunals (GATT X:3(b)) GATT 585
relationships within and between agreements
DSU 6.2/DSU 7.1 DSU 352
request for establishment of panel, requirements (DSU 6.2), due process/ability to defend itself/ considerations DSU 196
standard/powers of review (AB) (issues of law and legal interpretations) (DSU 17.6), new evidence DSU 876
standard/powers of review (panel) (DSU 11), standard/powers of review (panel) (DSU 11), “objective assessment of the facts” /alleged disregard or distortion of the evidence, evidence obtained during consultations, admissibility DSU 630
terms of reference of panels (DSU 7)
“matter referred to the DSB” (DSU 7.1) DSU 352
legal basis of claim distinguished DSU 197, 198, 210
EC — Selected Customs Matters (Panel), WT/DS315/R GATT 1038
evidence, acceptability as for “objective assessment” (DSU 11) purposes, timing of acts of administration (GATT X:3(a)), relevance GATT 561
evidence (panel) (DSU 12), time–limits for submission, panel’s right to admit “late” /new evidence, evidence submitted during interim review (DSU 15) DSU 790
GATT, responsibility of Member for compliance by regional and local governments and authorities (GATT XXIV:12) GATT 1038
identification of specific measures (DSU 6.2)
inclusion of reference to °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ obligation DSU 185, 219
substance of °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ obligation being violated, relevance DSU 185, 219
implementation of panel or AB recommendations (DSU 19.1), “bring the measure into conformity with”, “³¾±ð²¹²õ³Ü°ù±ð” for purposes of DSU 966
interim review (DSU 15), new evidence DSU 790
publication and administration of trade regulations (GATT X)
due process basis GATT 580
independent tribunals (GATT X:3(b)) GATT 584
measures of general application (GATT X:1) GATT 522
due process and GATT 511
“prompt review and correction” (GATT X:3(b)) GATT 580
due process considerations GATT 580
uniform, impartial and reasonable administration (GATT X:3 (a))
burden of proof GATT 557
timing of acts of administration, relevance to admissibility as evidence GATT 561
Ò¡²Ô¾±´Ú´Ç°ù³¾” GATT 566
request for establishment of panel, requirements (DSU 6.2), compliance, importance of, scrutiny by panel DSU 185
terms of reference of panels (DSU 7)
request for establishment of panel as basis DSU 192
title of case, relevance DSU 192
EC — Sugar Exports (Australia) (GATT Panel), L/4833, BISD 26S/290, “serious prejudice” (SCM 6), adverse effects on trade interests, as “serious prejudice” SCM 277
EC — Sugar Exports (Brazil) (GATT Panel), L/5011, BISD 27S/69, “serious prejudice” (SCM 6), adverse effects on trade interests, as “serious prejudice” SCM 277
EC — Tariff Preferences (AB), WT/DS246/AB/R, DSR 2004:III
burden of proof (general rules)
allocation, classification for purposes of, relevance to interpretation of agreement GATT 80
defences and exceptions, Enabling Clause, inconsistency with GATT I:1, sufficiency as basis of complaint GATT 83
on °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ law GATT 82–3, DSU 574–5
competence of panels and AB (DSU 3.2/DSU 11/DSU 17), right to develop own legal reasoning including arguments not adduced by parties (jura novit curia) DSU 574, 1710–11
customary international law rules of interpretation [as codified in the VCLT] as applicable law (DSU 3.2), DSU 3.2 GATT 80
developing countries (°ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ Preamble)
“commensurate with” °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ 7
“positive efforts” °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ 6
Enabling Clause (EC)
burden of proof and GATT 82–3, DSU 574–5
conformity with GSP (generalized, non-reciprocal and non-discriminatory treatment) (EC 2(a)) GATT 85–9
“developing countries” GATT 90
“discriminate” / “non-discriminatory” GATT 85–9
absence of clear qualifying criteria or standards GATT 88
“generalized” (EC 2(a) footnote 3) GATT 84
“in accordance” GATT 81
as exception to GATT I:1, “notwithstanding” (EC 1) GATT 80
as integral part of GATT 1994 GATT 12
least developed countries (EC 2(d)), EC 2(a) and GATT 91
as “positive effort” (°ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ Preamble) °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ 6
preparatory work (VCLT 32), 1971 Waiver Decision GATT 84
treatment designed and … modified to respond to needs of developing countries (EC 3(c)) GATT 89, 90, 94–5
development, financial and trade needs, limitation to GATT 89
differential treatment, scope for GATT 94–5
objective standard, need for GATT 89
“positive” response GATT 89, 94–5
“treatment designed to facilitate and promote the trade of developing countries …” (EC 3(a)) GATT 92–3
identity of tariff preferences, relevance GATT 88, 92
undue burden GATT 93
GATT 1994, constituent elements (GATT 1994, Art. 1), “other decisions of the Contracting Parties to GATT 1947” (Art. 1(b)(iv)), Enabling Clause, whether GATT 12
GATT, object and purpose (GATT I:1), raising standards of living, 2.20a, GATT, object and purpose (GATT I:1), raising standards of living GATT 20
good faith engagement in dispute settlement procedures (DSU 3.10), development of arguments at earliest possible stage DSU 121
interpretation of covered agreements, rules relating to including VCLT provisions
classification as exception, relevance GATT 81
classification for purpose of allocating burden of proof, relevance GATT 80
dictionaries GATT 84
object and purpose, preamble as evidence of GATT 86
preamble of agreement under consideration, as evidence of object and purpose GATT 86
multiple authentic languages, interpretation (VCLT 33), presumption of identity of meaning (VCLT 33(3)) DSU 1663
order of analysis
non-discrimination (GATT I:1)/Enabling Clause GATT 81
specific/general provision GATT 81
ordinary meaning of terms used in covered agreements
“generalized” (EC 2(a) footnote 3) GATT 84
“non-discriminatory” (EC 2(a) footnote 3) GATT 85–9
panel procedures (DSU 12 and Appendix 3 (WP)) DSU 409
preparatory work (VCLT 32), Enabling Clause GATT 84
relationships within and between agreements
GATT I:1/Enabling Clause GATT 81
SPS 3.1/SPS 3.3 SPS 54
EC — Tariff Preferences (Panel), WT/DS246/R, DSR 2004:III
arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination, GATT XX measure as (GATT XX chapeau), objective criteria, need for GATT 869
confidentiality of proceedings (DSU 14/DSU 17.10/DSU 18.2/WP 3/ABWP 27)
obligation to respect/ensure respect for DSU 928
private counsel/advisers not part of delegation and, joint representation DSU 928, 1490
third party rights and, joint representation DSU 928, 1490
due process (application of trade measures), objective criteria, need for GATT 869
General Exceptions (GATT XX(b)), measures necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health
justification
objective criteria, need for GATT 869
three-tier test GATT 890
“n±ð³¦±ð²õ²õ²¹°ù²â”, for achievement of legitimate objective GATT 895–6
three-tier test GATT 890
implementation of panel or AB recommendations (DSU 19.1), panel’s decision not to make suggestions DSU 978
interpretation of covered agreements, rules relating to including VCLT provisions
context (VCLT 31(2)), “any agreement relating to … made in connection with the conclusion…” (VCLT 31(2)(a)) DSU 1562
dictionaries GATT 52
MFN treatment (GATT I:1), “accorded immediately and unconditionally to the like product”, “unconditionally” GATT 52
panel procedures (DSU 12 and Appendix 3 (WP)) DSU 668
private counsel, inclusion in delegation, Rules of Conduct (RoC), non-applicability DSU 1489–90
relationships within and between agreements, GATT I:1/Enabling Clause GATT 80
third party enhanced rights/rights beyond those indicated in DSU 10.2, DSU 10.3 and Appendix 3, para. 6, extension to all parties DSU 482
EC — Tariff Preferences (Article 21.3(c)), WT/DS246/14, DSR 2004:IX
developing countries (DSU 21.2) (implementation of DSB recommendations and rulings), developing countries (DSU 21.2) (implementation of DSB recommendations and rulings), “reasonable period” (DSU 21.3(c)) DSU 1011
“reasonable period” for implementation of recommendations and rulings (Article 21.3(c) arbitrations)
burden of proof DSU 1087
contentiousness/political sensitivity, relevance DSU 1060
coordination with other changes, relevance DSU 1081
developing countries and (DSU 21.2) DSU 1011
institutional changes and DSU 1076
EC — Trademarks and Geographical Indications (Australia) (Panel), WT/DS290/R, DSR 2005:X
geographical indications (TRIPS Part II Section 3) (GIs)
conflicts with later trademarks (TRIPS 22.3/23.2) TRIPS 158
“date of entry into force of the °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ Agreement” (TRIPS 24(3)) TRIPS 173
“geographical indications” (TRIPS 22.1) TRIPS 151–2
generic terms, exclusion TRIPS 152
“in implementing this section” (TRIPS 24.3) TRIPS 171
“in respect of” (TRIPS 22.1) TRIPS 150
protected rights (TRIPS 16), potential for conflict TRIPS 159
registration of trademark (eligibility/validity)/right to use (TRIPS 24.5)
as exception to GI protection TRIPS 174
“in this section” TRIPS 175
relationship TRIPS 174
intellectual property rights, acquisition and maintenance including inter partes procedures, inter partes proceedings (TRIPS Part IV) and enforcement (TRIPS Part III) distinguished TRIPS 278
intellectual property rights, enforcement (TRIPS Part III)
“intellectual property rights” (TRIPS 41/TRIPS 1.2) TRIPS 216
inter partes proceedings (TRIPS Part IV) distinguished TRIPS 278
“international standards … as a basis for technical regulation” (TBT 2.4/Annex 1)
object and purpose, preamble as evidence of TBT 6
technical regulations distinguished TBT 6
as a whole/holistic/harmonious exercise TRIPS 64
interpretation of covered agreements, rules relating to including VCLT provisions, same or closely related phrases in same agreement, TRIPS 17/TRIPS 30 (“exception”) TRIPS 136
legal basis of claim / “claim” / “matter referred” (DSU 6.2/7.1), identification of treaty provisions DSU 315
legitimate interests, TRIPS 17 TRIPS 139–43
marks of origin, absence from TBT Agreement TBT 11, 166
marks of origin (GATT IX), TBT 2.1 (MFN treatment) and TBT 11, 166
MFN treatment (TBT 2.1), marks of origin and TBT 11, 166
national treatment (TRIPS 3)
“treatment no less favourable” (TRIPS 3.1)
difference of treatment between EU and non-EU members TRIPS 46–7, 49, 51
GATT III:4 compared TRIPS 50, 62–4
relationships within and between agreements
GATT III:4/TBT 2.1 TBT 18
GATT IX/TBT TBT 11
TRIPS 16.1/TRIPS 22.2 TRIPS 159
TBT Agreement, object and purpose (preamble), as aid to interpreting TBT Agreement TBT 6
technical regulations and standards, conformity with (TBT 5–9), assessment procedures and technical regulation distinguished TBT 168
technical regulations (TBT 2/Annex 1.1)
conformity assessment procedures distinguished TBT 168
measures not qualifying as SPS measures TBT 24
rights conferred (TRIPS 16)
“exclusive right”, as negative right TRIPS 131–3, 136–7
“likelihood of confusion” TRIPS 134
“technical regulation” (Annex 1.1)
“fair use of descriptive terms” TRIPS 138
mandatory compliance TBT 163
trademarks, limitation to TRIPS 136
trademarks (TRIPS Part II Section 2)
“limited exceptions” (TRIPS 17) DSU 136–7
autonomy of provision/limited correlation with other TRIPS articles TRIPS 145
burden of proof TRIPS 144
“legitimate interests”
legal rights distinguished TRIPS 139
“of third parties” TRIPS 142–3
TRIPS Agreement, principles (TRIPS 8), “anything not prohibited” /negative right approach TRIPS 81, 131–3
wines and spirits, additional protection for GIs (TRIPS 23)
protected rights (TRIPS 16), potential for conflict TRIPS 164
protected rights (TRIPS 16), resolution of conflict (TRIPS 23.2) TRIPS 165
°ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ Agreement, as single undertaking (°ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ II:2), coexistence °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ 26
EC — Trademarks and Geographical Indications (US) (Panel), WT/DS174/R, DSR 2005:VIII
European Union, “separate customs territory” (TRIPS 1.3 footnote 1), whether TRIPS 17
explanatory notes (“country”, “countries” and “national”), interpretation and application °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ 306
General Exceptions (GATT XX(d)), measures necessary to secure compliance with GATT-consistent measure, constituent elements, “reasonably available” alternative °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ-consistent measure GATT 929
geographical indications (TRIPS Part II Section 3) (GIs)
burden/standard of proof TRIPS 154
conflicts with later trademarks (TRIPS 22.3/23.2) TRIPS 158
“date of entry into force of the °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ Agreement” (TRIPS 24(3)) TRIPS 173
“geographical indications” (TRIPS 22.1) TRIPS 151
“in implementing this section” (TRIPS 24.3) TRIPS 171
“interested parties” (TRIPS 22.2) TRIPS 4, 155–6
national treatment (TRIPS 1.3) and TRIPS 4, 155
“legal means” (TRIPS 22.2), freedom to choose method of implementation (TRIPS 1.1 and) TRIPS 9–10
“Members” (TRIPS 22.2) TRIPS 153–4
protected rights (TRIPS 16), potential for conflict TRIPS 159
“protection of GIs that existed in that Member” (TRIPS 24.3) TRIPS 172
registration of trademark (eligibility/validity)/right to use (TRIPS 24.5)
as exception to GI protection TRIPS 174
“in this section” TRIPS 175
relationship TRIPS 174
identification of specific measures (DSU 6.2)
“identify”, sufficiency of, reference to an EC Regulation or to the “EC regime” DSU 237–8
ordinary meaning DSU 237
“s±è±ð³¦¾±´Ú¾±³¦”, preliminary ruling on DSU 237–8
implementation of panel or AB recommendations (DSU 19.1), panel’s decision not to make suggestions DSU 965
intellectual property conventions (TRIPS 2), national treatment (PC 2(1))/TRIPS 3.1 TRIPS 21–2
intellectual property rights, availability, scope and use (TRIPS Part II)
“intellectual property” (TRIPS 1.2) TRIPS 13–14
as private rights (preamble) TRIPS 4
intellectual property rights, enforcement (TRIPS Part III), “intellectual property rights” (TRIPS 41/TRIPS 1.2) TRIPS 216
interpretation of covered agreements, rules relating to including VCLT provisions
footnotes to treaty as aid/integral part of treaty TRIPS 17, 58, 68, 74
object and purpose, preamble as evidence of TRIPS 1
preamble of agreement under consideration as aid TRIPS 2–3
same or closely related phrases in different agreements
GATT XXVI:5/TRIPS 1.3 footnote 1 (“separate customs territory”) TRIPS 17
GATT XXXIII/TRIPS 1.3 footnote 1 (“separate customs territory”) TRIPS 17
same or closely related phrases in same agreement, TRIPS 17/TRIPS 30 (“exception”) TRIPS 136
text/plain language (VCLT 31(2)) TRIPS 3
as a whole/holistic/harmonious exercise TRIPS 62, 64, 159
legal basis of claim / “claim” / “matter referred” (DSU 6.2/7.1), identification of treaty provisions, linked multiple obligations DSU 315
“measures at issue” (DSU 6.2), measure in existence at time of establishment of panel, limitation to, measures not in existence as evidence DSU 405
MFN treatment (GATT I:1), “all matters referred to GATT III:2 and III:4” GATT 31
MFN treatment (TRIPS 4)
“any advantage, favour, privilege or immunity” (chapeau) TRIPS 69
applicability to intellectual property rights addressed in TRIPS (TRIPS 3.1 footnote 3) TRIPS 68
“immediately and unconditionally” (chapeau) TRIPS 70–1
“nationals of any other country” (chapeau), burden/standard of proof TRIPS 72
multiple authentic languages, interpretation (VCLT 33), English, French and Spanish texts compared (TBT 2.9.2) TRIPS 17
national treatment (TRIPS 3)
applicability to intellectual property rights addressed in TRIPS (TRIPS 3.1 footnote 3) TRIPS 58, 74
“each member” /delegation of responsibility (TRIPS 3.1) TRIPS 34
“interested parties” (TRIPS 22.2) and TRIPS 4, 155
“nationals of other members” (TRIPS 1.3/3.1) TRIPS 35
“own nationals” (TRIPS 3.1), determination in accordance with international law TRIPS 52–3
“treatment no less favourable” (TRIPS 3.1)
difference of treatment between EU and non-EU members TRIPS 44–5, 47, 49, 51, 54
“enjoy the advantages” (PC 2(1)) distinguished TRIPS 21–2
GATT III:4 compared TRIPS 50
“nationals”, determination in accordance with international law TRIPS 15, 52–3
ordinary meaning of terms used in covered agreements
“identify the specific measure at issue” (DSU 6.2) DSU 237
terms used in, TRIPS 24.5 TRIPS 174
Paris Convention (PC)/TRIPS
assimilation to nationals “of the Union” (PC 3) TRIPS 24
“criteria for eligibility for protection” TRIPS 16
“interested party” (PC 10(2)) TRIPS 32
“nationals of other Members” (TRIPS 1.3) TRIPS 15–16, 18
relationships within and between agreements
GATT III:4/TRIPS 3.1 GATT 417
TRIPS 16.1/TRIPS 22.2 TRIPS 159
TRIPS 31.3/TRIPS 22.2 TRIPS 4, 155
separate customs territory, explanatory notes (“country”, “countries” and “national”) and °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ 305–6
technical regulations (TBT 2/Annex 1.1), “technical regulation” (Annex 1.1), “fair use of descriptive terms” TRIPS 138
third party rights (DSU 10 and Appendix 3), panel’s right to draw on third party submissions DSU 497
trademarks (TRIPS Part II Section 2)
“limited exceptions” (TRIPS 17) DSU 136–7
autonomy of provision/limited correlation with other TRIPS articles TRIPS 145
burden of proof TRIPS 144
“legitimate interests”
legal rights distinguished TRIPS 139
“of third parties” TRIPS 142–3
trademarks, limitation to TRIPS 136
rights conferred (TRIPS 16), “exclusive right”, as negative right TRIPS 131–2, 131–3, 136–7
TRIPS Agreement
applicability to “nationals of other Members” (TRIPS 1.3)
“domiciled” / “real and effective … establishment” (PC 3) TRIPS 18, 23
GIs (TRIPS 22.2) and TRIPS 4, 155
international law criteria TRIPS 15, 52–3
national treatment (TRIPS 3.1) TRIPS 35
PC criteria for eligibility TRIPS 15–16, 18
“separate customs territory Member” (Footnote 1 to TRIPS 1.3) TRIPS 16
English, French and Spanish texts compared TRIPS 17
implementation obligation (TRIPS 1.1)
freedom to choose method TRIPS 9–10, 153–4
implementation of more extensive protection, relevance TRIPS 6
more extensive protection option (TRIPS 1.1) TRIPS 6
object and purpose (preamble)
effective and adequate protection of intellectual property rights TRIPS 1, 3
new rules and principles TRIPS 2
principles (TRIPS 8), “anything not prohibited” /negative right approach TRIPS 81, 131–2
“protection” (TRIPS 3 and 4), applicability to intellectual property rights addressed by TRIPS (TRIPs 3 footnote 3) TRIPS 68
unilateral statements, legal effect DSU 1687
wines and spirits, additional protection for GIs (TRIPS 23), protected rights (TRIPS 16), potential for conflict TRIPS 164
EC — Tube or Pipe Fittings (AB), WT/DS219/AB/R, DSR 2003:VI and DSR:VIII
anti-dumping and countervailing duties (GATT VI) including interrelationship with AD Agreement, detemination of dumping (AD 2/GATT VI:2), method, right to choose GATT 463
anti-dumping duties, imposition and collection (AD 9), calculation of “all other” anti-dumping duty rate (AD 9.4), method, absence of provision AD 471
determination of dumping (AD 2)
calculation of SG&A costs (AD 2.2.2), actual data “pertaining to”, low-volume sales data AD 57–8
causal relationship, manner of evaluating (AD 3.5)
causal relationship, manner of evaluating (AD 3.5), non-attribution to dumped imports of injury caused by other factors (AD 3.5) AD 286
non-attribution to dumped imports of injury caused by other factors (AD 3.5) SCM 446
cumulative assessment (AD 3.3)
applicability to volume and prices analysis (AD 3.2) AD 236
conditions for cumulation, AD 3.3 conditions as sole requirement AD 237
examination of other known factors (AD 3.5), “known” to investigating authority AD 280
rationale AD 238
“normal value … in the ordinary course of trade” (AD 2.1), calculation of dumping margins (AD 2.4), method, right to choose, GATT VI:2 and GATT 463
period of investigation (POI)
changes during, relevance AD 14–15
developments during period of investigation, relevance AD 14–15
significant increase in dumped imports (AD 3.2), cumulative analysis (AD 3.3), applicability AD 236, 237
determination of injury (AD 3), evaluation of injury factors (AD 3.4), consideration of each factor, need to be “apparent” in final determination AD 263
evidence (dumping investigation) (AD 6)
opportunity for defence of interests (AD 6.2), late provision of information and AD 494
timely disclosure to interested parties of information relevant for presentation of case (AD 6.4)
opportunity for defence (AD 6.2) and AD 494
“r±ð±ô±ð±¹²¹²Ô³Ù”, interested parties’ perspective as determinant AD 470
relationships within and between agreements
AD 2.4.2/GATT VI:2 AD 164
AD 3.2/AD 3.3 AD 236
AD 6.2/AD 6.4 AD 494
standard/powers of review (AB) (issues of law and legal interpretations) (DSU 17.6), issues not identified during Panel proceedings DSU 851
standard/powers of review (panel) (AD 17.6), assessment of the facts (AD 17.6(i)), de novo review, exclusion AD 915
EC — Tube or Pipe Fittings (Panel), WT/DS219/R, DSR 2003:VI and DSR:VIII
Anti-Dumping Agreement (AD), principles (AD 1), “initiated and conducted in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement”, developments during period of investigation, relevance AD 7
anti-dumping duties, duration and review (AD 11)
AD 11.1 as general principle underlying AD 11.2 and 3 AD 740
review mechanism, AD 11.2 as AD 752
“warranted” (AD 11.2) AD 752
arguendo assumptions, “even assuming” DSU 313
confidentiality of proceedings (DSU 14/DSU 17.10/DSU 18.2/WP 3), “submissions” and statements of own position distinguished DSU 734
determination of dumping (AD 2)
conditions for cumulation
AD 3.3 conditions as sole requirement AD 237
“conditions of competition” (AD 3.3(b)) and AD 239–40
evaluation of injury factors (AD 3.4)
all relevant economic factors and indices, need to examine, “factors affecting domestic prices” AD 271
“domestic industry”, companies outside domestic industry, relevance AD 246
“e±¹²¹±ô³Ü²¹³Ù¾±´Ç²Ô” AD 260
fair comparison of export price and normal value (AD 2.4)
“due allowance”, “in each case, on its merits” AD 90
exchange rates and (AD 2.4.1) AD 111
general “fair comparison” requirement and AD 111
“normal value … in the ordinary course of trade” (AD 2.1), calculation of dumping margins (AD 2.4), comparison of weighted average normal value with weighted average of all comparable export transactions (AD 2.4.2), refund of duties or taxes (AD 2.4.2/GATT VI:4) GATT 478
significant increase in dumped imports (AD 3.2), price undercutting/suppression analysis AD 205 n. 277, 231
determination of injury (AD 3), cumulative assessment (AD 3.3), conditions AD 237
developing countries (AD 15)
“constructive remedy”
lesser duty or price undertaking AD 858 n. 1157
whether “material” for purpose of AD 12.2 AD 846
obligations (first sentence) AD 855
due process (dispute settlement proceedings)
good faith obligation (DSU 3.10) DSU 345
prejudice to party, relevance DSU 314, 734
evidence (dumping investigation) (AD 6)
on-the-spot verification (AD 6.7)
as documentary exercise AD 525 n. 710
as option AD 525
timely disclosure to interested parties of information relevant for presentation of case (AD 6.4), information already available to parties distinguished AD 478
executive summaries (panel working procedures), panel’s request for DSU 734
good faith engagement in dispute settlement procedures (DSU 3.10)
clarity of claims, need for DSU 120
due process obligations and DSU 345
identification of specific measures (DSU 6.2) DSU 120
implementation of panel or AB recommendations (DSU 19.1), panel’s decision not to make suggestions DSU 980
legal basis of claim / “claim” / “matter referred” (DSU 6.2/7.1)
arguments distinguished DSU 120, 314, 345
clarification of claim during proceedings DSU 120, 345
identification of treaty provisions DSU 313–14
“especially, but not exclusively” DSU 313
listing of articles without explanation, sufficiency DSU 313
limitation of jurisdiction to cited provisions (DSU 7.2) DSU 313
“especially, but not exclusively”, effect DSU 313
“like product” (AD 2.6), constructed normal value (AD 2.2.2) and AD 78
preliminary rulings on
claims outside terms of reference DSU 313
specificity of request for panel (DSU 6.2) DSU 345
prompt and satisfactory settlement (DSU 3.3) DSU 345
ABWP and DSU 120
public notice of preliminary or final determination (AD 12.2), explanations for initiation of investigations (AD 12.2.2), relevance/sufficiency AD 836
relationships within and between agreements
AD 2.2.2/AD 2.6 AD 78
AD 2.4.1/AD 2.4 as a whole AD 111
AD 6.5/AD 12 AD 845
AD 11.1/AD 11.2 AD 752
AD 12/AD 15 AD 846
request for establishment of panel, requirements (DSU 6.2), compliance, importance of, subsequent cure of defect, exclusion DSU 345
technical regulations (TBT 2/Annex 1.1), functional approach to (TBT 2.8), “wherever appropriate” TBT 77
Working Procedures, fair, prompt and effective settlement as objective DSU 345
e-commerce (in chronological order of developments)
Global E-Commerce Declaration (Geneva 20 May 1998) °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ 32, 54, 67
General Council Decision on E-Commerce Work Programme and moratorium on customs duties (25 September 1998) °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ 33
E-Commerce Work Programme (Doha 34) (14 November 2001) °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ 34
developing countries and (GATS IV) GATS 49
General Council Decision post-Cancún (1 August 2004) °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ 35
Hong Kong Ministerial Declaration (HK 46) (18 December 2005) °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ 36
Ministerial Decision on E-Commerce Work Programme and moratorium on customs duties (Geneva 2 December 2009) °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ 37, 60
GATS and GATS 8, 44, 58, 63, 66, 68, 76, 96, 126
Labour Markets Integration Agreement (GATS V bis), notification format GATS 57
notification format (GATS V:7) GATS 53
reporting obligations (GATS V:7) GATS 56
RTAs, notification GATT 1016
national treatment (GATS V:1(b))/MFN treatment (GATS II), applicability GATS 52
RTAs, reports on GATS 53
“substantially all discrimination” (GATS V:1(b)) GATS 52
EEC — Animal Feed Proteins (GATT Panel), BISD 25/S/49
interim review (DSU 15), termination of measures following, effect DSU 384 n. 623
“measures at issue” (DSU 6.2), terminated measures, termination following interim review DSU 384 n. 623
EEC — Apples I (Chile) (GATT Panel), BISD 27S/98
non-discriminatory administration of QRs (GATT XIII), allocation of quotas (GATT XIII:2(d)), to Members not having a substantial interest, “representative period” GATT 672 n. 945
non-violation claims (GATT XXIII:1(b)), nullification or impairment, need for, measures in force, limitation to GATT 973
EEC — Cotton Yarn (GATT Panel), BISD 42/17
developing countries (AD 15)
“constructive remedy”, “shall be explored” AD 859 n. 1158
obligations (first sentence), Tokyo Round Anti-Dumping Code (Art. 13) compared AD 854 n. 1152
good faith (including pacta sunt servanda principle (VCLT 26)), “shall be explored” (AD 15) AD 859 n. 1158
EEC — Dessert Apples (GATT Panel), L/6491, BISD 36S/93, judicial economy DSU 637 n. 1040
EEC — Imports from Hong Kong (GATT Panel), BISD30S/129, RTAs (GATT XXIV:5), examination (GATT XXIV:7 and Understanding 7), absence of recommendation, effect GATT 1028
EEC — Oilseed I (GATT Panel), BISD 37S/86
adverse effects (SCM 5), nullification or impairment of benefits (SCM 5(b)), systematic offset as SCM 264
non-violation claims (GATT XXIII:1(b))
“benefit” /legitimate expectation of improved market access as, arising out of successive rounds of negotiation GATT 975
as exceptional remedy GATT 959, 961 n. 1359
measure in “c´Ç²Ô´Ú±ô¾±³¦³Ù” with GATT provisions, applicability to, concurrent application to measures falling under other provisions of GATT GATT 963
nullification or impairment, need for, competitive relationship as key factor GATT 986
nullification or impairment (GATT XXIII), measures in force, limitation to GATT 973
EEC — Parts and Components (GATT Panel), BISD 37S/132
national treatment, regulatory discrimination (GATT III:4), “laws, regulations or requirements”, private action and GATT 355
State responsibility as rule/general principle of international law (ILC Articles), responsibility for act or omission of, private parties DSU 250
Egypt — Steel Rebar (Panel), WT/DS211/R, DSR 2002:VII
Anti-Dumping Agreement (AD), preparatory work (VCLT 32), Annex II
burden of proof (general rules), written record of analysis, relevance AD 267
causation analysis (SG 4.2(b)) (determination of serious injury or threat of), coincidence of trends in imports and in injury factors SG 189
data collection period (AD2 and AD3), absence of provision AD 171
determination of dumping (AD 2)
cost data (AD 2.2.1.1), “reasonably reflect costs” requirement AD 48
export price, construction in absence of [reliable] actual export price, fair comparison (AD 2.4) distinguished AD 72
fair comparison of export price and normal value (AD 2.4)
construction of normal value (AD 2.2) distinguished AD 72
“due allowance”, “in each case, on its merits” AD 89
“fair comparison” AD 80
object and purpose AD 80
“normal value … in the ordinary course of trade” (AD 2.1)
calculation of administrative, selling and general costs and profits (AD 2.2.2)
actual books and records as basis AD 48
reasonable reflection of costs associated with the production and sale of article AD 48
determination of injury (AD 3)
causal relationship, manner of evaluating (AD 3.5), AD 3.2/AD 3.4 and AD 170, 257
evaluation of injury factors (AD 3.4)
all relevant economic factors and indices, need to examine
“factors affecting domestic prices” AD 270
“g°ù´Ç·É³Ù³ó” AD 272
“having a bearing on” AD 257, 269
Ëð°ù´Ç´Ú¾±³Ù²õ” AD 269
“e±¹²¹±ô³Ü²¹³Ù¾±´Ç²Ô” AD 259
written record of analysis, need for AD 267–8
“positive evidence” / “objective examination” requirement (AD 3.1)
“objective examination”, evaluation of injury factors (AD 3.4) AD 270
“positive evidence” AD 184 n. 247
significant increase in dumped imports (AD 3.2), price undercutting/suppression analysis AD 220, 230
threat of material injury (AD 3.7), “facts, not merely allegation, conjecture or remote possibility”, a “clearly foreseen and imminent” change of circumstances, need for AD 291
underlying principles (AD 3.1) and AD 170
due process (anti-dumping measures) (AD 6), as underlying principle AD 80
evidence (dumping investigation) (AD 6)
due process, AD 6 as framework AD 80
“facts available”, right to use (AD 6.8/Annex II), failure to cooperate (AD Annex VII para. 7), cooperation “to the best of its ability” AD 576
on-the-spot verification (AD 6.7)
AD, Annex I and AD 523
on-the-spot request for further details (Annex I para. 7) AD 523
opportunity for defence of interests, right to (AD 6.2), “o±è±è´Ç°ù³Ù³Ü²Ô¾±³Ù²â” AD 463
questionnaires (AD 6.1.1), supplementary requests for information distinguished AD 437
resort to “facts available” (AD 6.8/Annex II)
additional information, right to request (Annex II para. 1) AD 542
Annex II
applicability to AD 6.8 as a whole AD 536, 987
mandatory nature AD 536
preparatory work (VCLT 32) AD 533
reliability of facts, role in ensuring AD 533
conditions for (Annex II) AD 545–6
good faith (including pacta sunt servanda principle (VCLT 26)), cooperation, relevance AD 559
invocation separately from AD 6.8 AD 997
“necessary information” AD 564–5
obligation to submit information “as soon as possible” (Annex II para. 1) AD 541–2
“reasonable period” (Annex II para. 6) AD 993–4
reasons for disregarding information, need for AD 593
secondary source information … with special circumspection (Annex II para. 7) AD 584
“s³ó²¹±ô±ô” AD 536
specification “in detail” (Annex II para. 1) AD 541
good faith (including pacta sunt servanda principle (VCLT 26)), “facts available”, right of resort to (AD 6.8/Annex II) and AD 559
interpretation of covered agreements, rules relating to including VCLT provisions
ordinary meaning
“e±¹²¹±ô³Ü²¹³Ù¾±´Ç²Ô” AD 259
“fair comparison” AD 80
parties’ common intentions (VCLT 31(1)), preamble as reflection of AD 533
text/plain language (VCLT 31(2)) AD 220
precedent, distinguishability of cases and AD 265 n. 379
preparatory work (VCLT 32), AD Annex II AD 533
public notice and explanation of determinations (AD 12)
AD 3.4 factors, written record of analysis and AD 268
due process and AD 268
as due process requirement AD 268
“reasonable period”, AD Annex II para. 6 AD 993–4
relationships within and between agreements
AD 2.2/2.4 AD 70
AD 2.2/AD 2.4 AD 77
AD 3 as a whole AD 170
AD 3.4 as a whole AD 257
AD 3.4/AD 12.2 AD 268
AD 6.1.1/AD, Annex I AD 437
AD 6.2/AD Annex II AD 998
AD 6.7/AD Annex I AD 523
AD 6.8/AD Annex II AD 536
standard/powers of review (panel) (AD 17.6), assessment of the facts (AD 17.6(i)), applicability to investigating authority AD 259
transparency, written record/notification and AD 267–8
electronic commerce: see e-commerce (in chronological order of developments)
electronic transmission of information, technical regulations (TBT 2.9) TBT 87
“as a result of unforeseen developments” (GATT XIX:1(a)) GATT 803–4, 838 n. 1136
“as a result … of the effect of obligations incurred by Member” GATT 826–30
“as a result of” GATT 804 n. 1087, 818–20
condition (SG 2.1) and circumstance distinguished GATT 815
confluence of developments as basis GATT 817
“demonstration”, need for GATT 805–17
“as a pertinent issue of fact and law” /finding (SG 3.1) GATT 806–7, SG 103
prior to application of measure GATT 810
in respect of each measure GATT 812–13
increased imports, “unforeseen” requirement GATT 820
objective/subjective nature of legal standard GATT 816
omission from SG 2.1, relevance GATT 803, 805, 840–1, DSU 1555 n. 2388
publication of findings and reasoned conclusions (SG 3.1) and SG 95, 99
reasoned and adequate explanation requirement (SG 3.1) GATT 800–2, 811, 814
as extraordinary/emergency remedy GATT 796–9
free trade agreements/customs unions and (SG 2.1 footnote 1) GATT 1055–6
GATT practice GATT 837
emergency safeguard measures (GATS X) GATS 69
GATT practice GATT 59
multilateral negotiations GATS 69
Working Party on GATS Rules and GATS 69, 214
adoption (1979) °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ 118, GATT 58, 998
burden of proof and GATT 82–3, DSU 574
conformity with GSP (generalized, non-reciprocal and non-discriminatory treatment) (EC 2(a)) GATT 85–9
“developing countries” (EC 2(a)) GATT 90
“discriminate” / “non-discriminatory”, absence of clear qualifying criteria or standards GATT 88
“generalized” (EC 2(a) footnote 3) GATT 84
“in accordance” GATT 81
as exception to GATT I:1 GATT 80
“notwithstanding” (EC 1) GATT 80
least developed countries (EC 2(d)), EC 2(a) and GATT 91
notifications (EC 4(a)) GATT 60–3
GSP schemes GATT 63
Trade and Development Committee’s role GATT 60, 64
as “other decision” (GATT 1994(1)(b)(iv)) GATT 12
as “positive effort” (°ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ Preamble) °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ 5–6
preparatory work (VCLT 32) GATT 84
1971 Waiver Decision GATT 84
PTAs Transparency Mechanism (2010) °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ 121
regional or global arrangements amongst less-developed countries (EC 2(c))
notification procedures GATT 64
notifications GATT 1016
RTAs and: see RTAs (GATT XXIV:5), notifications (Enabling Clause)
special treatment of least-developed countries (EC 2(d))
notification procedures, Waiver on Preferential Tariff Treatment (1999) GATT 103
notifications GATT 79
text GATT 58
transparency (EC 4): see transparency mechanism (PTAs) (2010)
treatment designed and … modified to respond to needs of developing countries (EC 3(c)) GATT 89, 90, 94–5
development, financial and trade needs, limitation to GATT 89
differential treatment, scope for GATT 94–5
objective standard, need for GATT 89
“positive” response GATT 89, 94–5
“treatment designed to facilitate and promote the trade of developing countries …” (EC 3(a)) GATT 92–3
identity of tariff preferences, relevance GATT 88, 92
undue burden GATT 93
end-use systems (AIR 2.2) AIR 12
GATS III:4/GATS IV:2 GATS 47, 50, 50–1
accountancy services GATS 51
SPS Annex B(3) SPS 545
TRIPS 69 TRIPS 306
see also Trade and Environment Committee (°ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ IV:7); trade and environment (Doha 31–3)
GATS XIV (general exceptions) and, Decision on Trade in Services and the Environment GATS 77
protection as legitimate goal of national and international policy °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ 1, 2
SPS measures (Annex A(1)) and SPS 462–4
°ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ Preamble
Members’ right to determine own policies °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ 1
trade policies and, obligation to coordinate °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ 1
Equivalence, Decision on Implementation of SPS 4 (26 October 2001) SPS 104–21
determination of equivalence
comparison of level of protection SPS 112–13
Guidelines to Further the Practical Implementation of SPS 5.5 as aid SPS 112
resolution of differences SPS 113
developing countries and SPS 118
“e±ç³Ü¾±±¹²¹±ô±ð²Ô³¦±ð” SPS 106
explanation of SPS measures, required elements SPS 107
international cooperation outside the °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ SPS 115–16
interruption or suspension of imports and SPS 110–11
Members’ obligation to determine ALOP SPS 103
notification of the conclusion of equivalence agreements SPS 363
notification of experience relating to implementation of SPS 4 SPS 117
recognition procedure
accelerated/expedited procedure SPS 109
notification procedure and format (2002) SPS 104
summary of requirements SPS 108
revisions/clarifications SPS 104
status as non-binding instrument SPS 105
technical assistance to facilitate implementation of SPS 4 SPS 114
timetable and agenda for discussion (2002) SPS 118
erga omnes obligations DSU 1699–700
error as to fact or situation, effect on validity of treaty (VCLT 48(1))
acquiescence distinguished DSU 1703
AD 5.5 violations and AD 391, 456
arguendo assumptions and DSU 663
definition AD 391
as general principle of international law DSU 112, 1703–7
good faith (DSU 3.10) and DSU 110–12, 195, 1705–7
panel competence, related proceedings in another forum and DSU 1704
Enabling Clause notifications
GSP schemes GATT 63
special treatment of least-developed countries GATT 79
“separate customs territory” (TRIPS 1.3 footnote 1), whether TRIPS 17
European Union, Working Party on Enlargement, establishment GATT 1020
evidence, acceptability as for “objective assessment” (DSU 11) purposes
circumstantial evidence DSU 633–5
evidence obtained during consultations DSU 630
factual findings in previous disputes DSU 631
practice in application of laws DSU 336
public statements by company executives/government officials DSU 636
timing of acts of administration (GATT X:3(a)), relevance GATT 561, DSU 630
evidence (countervailing duty investigation) (SCM 12)
see also evidence (dumping investigation) (AD 6)
confidential information: see confidential information (SCM 12.4)
“information which the authorities require” (SCM 12.1) SCM 378–9
“due notice” / “ample opportunity” (SCM 12.1) SCM 379
“interested parties” (SCM 12.9) SCM 396–400
non-exhaustive nature of SCM 12.9 examples SCM 396–7
resort to “facts available” (SCM 12.7) and SCM 391, 400
Members’ discretion to define own procedure SCM 377, 507
notification to all interested parties of essential facts under consideration (SCM 12.8)
double remedies and SCM 395
notification of “essential facts” and evidence required to establish claim distinguished SCM 395
on-the-spot verification (SCM 12.6 and Annex VI) SCM 387, 679
questionnaires (SCM 12.1.1)
supplementary questionnaires, status SCM 380
time limits for reply SCM 380–1
resort to “facts available” (SCM 12.7) SCM 388–92
AD 6.8 compared/distinguished AD 547, SCM 390
authorities’ failure to give notice of required information (SCM 12.1) and SCM 392
designation of “interested party” (SCM 12.9) and SCM 391
due process considerations SCM 390
limitation to facts which might reasonably have been made available SCM 390
obligation of panel to consider all information provided SCM 390
purpose of provision SCM 390, 400
secondary source information SCM 389, 390
standard of review (investigating authority) SCM 579–81
evidence (dumping investigation) (AD 6)
see also evidence (countervailing duty investigation) (SCM 12)
access to information provided by another interested party (AD 6.1.1/AD 6.1.2) AD 492–5
access to file distinguished AD 449
confidential information AD 452
“interested parties participating in the investigation” AD 451
accuracy of information, authorities’ obligation to satisfy themselves (AD 6.6)
as responsibility of authorities AD 522
“satisfy themselves” AD 520
substantive relevance distinguished AD 521
“ample opportunity to present in writing all evidence” (AD 6.1)
extension “upon cause shown … whenever practicable” AD 563
obligation to take all submitted information into account SCM 390
communication of full text of application (AD 6.1.3)
“as soon as an investigation has been initiated” AD 453
confidential information (AD 6.5): see confidential information (AD 6.5)
difficulties in supplying information, due account/assistance in case of (AD 6.13) AD 583, 604
balance of interests of investigating authorities and exporters and AD 639
due process as underlying principle AD 80, 186, 425–6
balance of interests considerations AD 438, 443–4, 512, 514, 583, 598, 604, 606, 639
“known exporters” (AD 6.10) AD 632
“known exporters” (AD 6.1)/ “interested parties known” (AD 12.1) AD 436
“notice of the information …” (AD 6.1)
change of legal basis, obligation to inform interested parties, whether AD 433–4, 618
clear request for information, need for AD 427, 458, 543, 605
“information” (AD 6.1) and “legal determinations” (AD 6.9) distinguished AD 434, 618
notification to all interested parties of essential facts under consideration (AD 6.9) AD 460
before final determination AD 613
change of legal basis, relevance AD 433, 617, 618–19
disclosure obligations AD 527–8
as documentary exercise AD 525 n. 710
“essential facts” AD 611–14, 614, 615–16, 619
essential facts forming basis of preliminary determination, sufficiency for subsequent proceedings AD 617
“facts” vs “reasoning” AD 612, 614
“further information … to be provided” (Annex I, para. 7)
information verifiable on the spot AD 526
“information” (AD 6.1) and “legal determinations” (AD 6.9) distinguished AD 434, 618
on-the-spot request for further details (Annex I para. 7) AD 523 as option AD 524–5, 983
participation of non-governmental experts (Annex I, para. 2)
conflict of interest and AD 529, 984
non-cooperation (AD 6.8), as justification for AD 529, 582
notification of participation, burden of proof AD 530
notification of reasons for AD 531
timely disclosure of relevant information (AD 6.4) distinguished AD 616
obligation of exporting country to make exporters/producers aware of investigation (AD 6.1.1 footnote 15) AD 448
on-the-spot verification (AD 6.7), AD Annex I and AD 523
opportunity for defence of interests (AD 6.2) AD 185, 461–9
change of legal basis, obligation to inform interested parties (AD 12.2) AD 433–4, 462, 618
due process rights AD 461
interrelationship between AD 6.2, first and second sentences AD 461
late provision of information and AD 465–6, 487, 494
“o±è±è´Ç°ù³Ù³Ü²Ô¾±³Ù²â” AD 463
re-determination of injury factors (AD 3.4) and AD 464
relationship with other AD 6 paragraphs AD 457–69
questionnaires (AD 6.1.1)
failure to send, relevance AD 441
request for substantial amount of information as essential feature AD 439–40
right of all interested parties to receive AD 446
supplementary questionnaires, obligation/practice AD 435
supplementary requests for information distinguished AD 437
time limits for reply AD 422, 438–40
resort to “facts available” (AD 6.8/Annex II)
AD 6.8/Annex II relationship AD 535
AD 6.8/SCM 12.7 relationship AD 547, SCM 390
additional information, right to request (Annex II para. 1) AD 542
adverse facts AD 591
Annex II
applicability to AD 6.8 as a whole AD 536, 987
preparatory work (VCLT 32) AD 533
reliability of facts, role in ensuring AD 533
balance between rights of investigating authorities and legitimate interests of parties, obligation to cooperate (Annex II para. 7) AD 583, 604, 639
in case of exporter not notified of required information AD 553
in case of verifiable information AD 556
“verifiable” (Annex II(3)) AD 557–8
conditions for (Annex II) AD 544–8, 549–55
ex post justification, relevance AD 601
extension of period of investigation and (Annex II para. 1) AD 540
failure to cooperate (AD Annex VII para. 7)
cooperation “to the best of its ability” AD 574–80
“less favourable result” as possible consequence AD 573, 708
participation of non-governmental experts in on-the-spot verification as justification AD 529, 582
failure to submit necessary information “in timely fashion” (Annex II para. 3) and AD 563
interpretation in light of AD 6.1.1, 6.8/Annex II para. 1 AD 563, 567, 605
as “reasonable period” / “reasonable time” AD 563, 568–71
good faith cooperation, relevance AD 559, 574
“information appropriately submitted so that it can be used … without undue difficulties” (Annex II(3)) AD 560–2
information in medium or computer language required (Annex II para. 1) AD 572
information provided within reasonable period, investigating authorities’ obligation to use AD 549–55
invocation separately from AD 6.8 AD 997
“necessary information” AD 564–6
objective decision-making based on facts and AD 532
obligation to submit information “as soon as possible” (Annex II para. 1) AD 540–2
reasons for disregarding information, need for AD 592–6
right to submit further information AD 597
secondary source information … with special circumspection (Annex II para. 7) AD 584–90
specification “in detail” (Annex II para. 1) AD 541, 543
time limits, right to set (AD 6.1.1) AD 442–6
sunset reviews and AD 443
unjustified resort to available facts AD 554–5
sampling (AD 6.10): see sampling (AD 6.10)
sunset review procedures compared AD 792
sunset review (SCM 21.3), absence of cross-reference from SCM 369–70, 489–90, 498, 499
time limits, right to set (AD 6.1.1) AD 428, 438–40
AD 12 distinguished AD 429
“ample opportunity” (chapeau) and AD 428–30
due process and AD 438
extension “upon cause shown … whenever practicable” AD 442
ADP Committee Recommendation (2001) AD 447
failure to provide information on AD 431
“facts available” (AD 6.8) and AD 442, 567
reply to questionnaires AD 438–40, 442
date of receipt as trigger AD 446
timely disclosure to interested parties of information relevant for presentation of case (AD 6.4) AD 470–95
accidental omission of part of information AD 482–3
“harmless error” distinguished AD 483
analysis of constituent elements AD 449, 480, 486
information already available to parties distinguished AD 478–9
“information used by the authorities” AD 472–3, 475, 484
price comparison (AD 2.4) and AD 476–7
NMEs and AD 477
opportunity for defence (AD 6.2) and AD 465–6, 487, 494
parties’ own confidential information AD 491
payment of fee, relevance AD 481
interested parties’ perspective as determinant AD 470, 474
panel’s obligation to assure itself of validity of “information” AD 915
pressure of time, relevance AD 485
“t¾±³¾±ð±ô²â” AD 473
good faith and SCM 250
private parties/subjects of international law distinguished SCM 250
evidence (investigation of dumping) (AD 6), notification to all interested parties of essential facts under consideration (AD 6.9), choice of means AD 609–10
domestic law procedure distinguished DSU 632
evidence (panel) (DSU 12), time limits for submission, panel’s right to admit “late” /new evidence DSU 729
time limits for submission
absence of provision (Working Procedures (Appendix 3)) SCM 188–90, DSU 622
typical ad hoc provision for DSU 728
accelerated procedures (SCM 4.3) and SCM 188–90, 191–4, 197
affirmative defence (SCM 3.1) DSU 731
panel’s right to admit “late” /new evidence SCM 188, DSU 622–8, 728–9
absence of objection by other party DSU 622
evidence submitted during interim review (DSU 15) DSU 789–95
information in the public domain DSU 625
opportunity to comment, need for DSU 627, 729
relevance/significance of evidence and DSU 625
time limit for rebuttal DSU 622–3
panel’s right to admit “late” /new evidence (DSU 15), evidence submitted during interim review (DSU 15) DSU 626
“rebuttal submissions” DSU 628
as two-stage process DSU 622
presentation of case including facts DSU 622
rebuttal of arguments and evidence DSU 622
ex aequo et bono jurisdiction DSU 1708
ex parte communications with panel or AB (DSU 18.1)
see also confidentiality of proceedings (DSU 14/DSU 17.10/DSU 18.2/WP 3/ABWP 27)
party’s attempt to place limitation on handling of confidential communications DSU 906–9
party’s refusal to accept BCI procedures allegedly contravening rule, effect DSU 905
ex proprio motu obligations of panel/AB: see competence of panels and AB (DSU 3.2/DSU 11/DSU 17), compétence de la compétence/obligation to address jurisdictional issues [on own motion]
exchange arrangements (IMF/°ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ) (GATT XV)
consultations (GATT XV:2) GATT 695–7
dispute settlement and GATT 698–705, DSU 753
IMF findings, status GATT 704–5
cooperation (GATT XV:1) GATT 694
“exchange controls or exchange restrictions” (GATT XV:9(a))
burden of proof (as exception/affirmative defence) GATT 707
criteria for determining GATT 708
GATT practice GATT 713
IMF obligation to inform °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ of decisions relating to GATT 709–12
measures other than exchange restrictions, applicability to GATT 712
special exchange arrangements (GATT XV:6), accession protocol (Chinese Taipei) GATT 706
exchange rates (AD 2.4.1): see determination of dumping (AD 2); fair comparison of export price and normal value (AD 2.4); exchange rates and (AD 2.4.1)
exclusive marketing rights (TRIPS 70.9): see intellectual property rights availability scope and use (TRIPS Part II) exclusive marketing rights obligations (TRIPS 70.9)
executive summaries (panel working procedures) DSU 732–5
length/structure DSU 735
non-summarized material, inclusion in panel report DSU 733
typical clause DSU 732
exhaustible resources: see General Exceptions (GATT XX(g)) measures relating to the conservation of exhaustible natural resources
expedited review, right to (SCM 19.3) SCM 464–6
aggregated investigations SCM 465
double remedies and GATT 480–1, SCM 466, DSU 1617
entitled SCM 464
expert evidence (DSU 13.2/SPS 11.2)
17.765–8: see also consultation and dispute settlement (TBT 14), technical expert group, panel’s right to establish (TBT 14.2), information or technical advice, panel’s right to seek (DSU 13.1/SPS 11.2)
ad hoc rules DSU 765
applicability of SPS 11(2) SPS 394
Article 21.5 proceedings DSU 1172
disclosure requirement SPS 409–10
due process and
case-by-case approach SPS 423
framing of questions SPS 424
establishment of prima facie case and SPS 40
expert evidence/Member’s scientific evidence, primacy SPS 41, DSU 609
group of experts, panel’s right to establish DSU 765
independence and impartiality
affiliations raising doubts SPS 414–16, DSU 619–20, 1478–81
panel’s obligation to ensure SPS 411–13, DSU 620, 1480–1
Rules of Conduct (RoC I and III:2) SPS 418, DSU 1477–81, 1486
self-disclosure (RoC VI) SPS 410, DSU 1491–2
independent assessment by panel DSU 538
international organizations and SPS 406–7
legal characterisation of measure as matter for panel DSU 767
multiple complainants and (DSU 9.3) DSU 488–90
need for experts, determination by panel against the wishes/with the agreement of the parties SPS 397–8
number of experts SPS 405
panel’s role, limitations on SPS 39
SCM 4.2 (statement of available evidence) and SCM 194
selection process
consultation with parties SPS 401–2, 427
significant investigative authority SPS 419–22
consideration of issues outside terms of reference, exclusion SPS 22
establishment of party’s case by panel, exclusion SPS 278, 421, 548, DSU 556–7, 766
panel‘s “broad discretion” SPS 419–20, 428
table showing use of DSU 768
Working Procedures applicable to SPS 417
expert review groups, rules and procedures (DSU Appendix 4)
non-resort to DSU 1362
text DSU 1361 (Section XXXI)
explanatory notes (“country”, “countries” and “national”), interpretation and application °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ 305–6
export competition commitments (AG 8)
compliance with AG and scheduled commitments AG 191
waiver AG 82
export credit guarantees: see export subsidy commitments prevention of circumvention (AG 10), export credit guarantees (AG 10.2); Illustrative List of Export Subsidies (SCM Annex I); export credit guarantee or insurance (item (j)); NFIDC, implementation (AG 16)
export subsidy commitments (AG 9)
see also export subsidy definition (AG 1(e))
costs of marketing exports (AG 9.1(d))
general business costs distinguished AG 108
income tax, whether AG 108
“direct subsidies, including payments-in-kind” (AG 9.1(a))
“contingent on export performance” AG 86
“governments or their agencies” AG 85
payment-in-kind as direct subsidy AG 84
export subsidy commitments, prevention of circumvention (AG 10)
AG 3.3 prohibition on export subsidies and AG 116–17
burden of proof (AG 10.3)
reversal AG 126
scheduled products, limitation to AG 127–8
export competition commitments (AG 8) and AG 117
export credit guarantees (AG 10.2)
“d±ð±¹±ð±ô´Ç±è³¾±ð²Ô³Ù” AG 124–5
exclusion from AG 10.1, whether AG 124–5
“export subsidies” (AG 9.1) and AG 125
implementation
Agriculture Committee’s work programme AG 118–23
Doha recommendations AG 119
Hong Kong Declaration AG 122
Modalities for Agriculture AG 121, 123
“export subsidies … applied in a manner which results in, or which threatens to lead to, circumvention …” (AG 10.1)
“c¾±°ù³¦³Ü³¾±¹±ð²Ô³Ù¾±´Ç²Ô”
scheduled and unscheduled products distinguished AG 116, 116–17
threat of circumvention, obligation to take action AG 113
threat of circumvention, sufficiency AG 112
“export subsidy commitments” AG 110
tax exemption, discretionary nature/legal right AG 114–15
“export subsidy” (AG 1(3)/SCM 1.1 and 3.1) AG 16–18, SCM 181–4
Informal Group on Anti-Circumvention, ADP Decision on (April 1997)
GATT II and AD 1018
role and membership AD 1017
international food aid (AG 10.4) AG 129–31
relationship with AG 10.1 AG 129
export subsidy, definition (AG 1(e)) AG 11–13
“contingent upon export performance” AG 14–19
SCM 3.1(a) compared AG 14, 17–19
export subsidy, prohibited (SCM, Part II)
see also payments on export of agricultural product financed by virtue of governmental action (AG 9.1(c))
“contingent … upon the use of domestic over imported goods” (SCM 3.1(b)), de facto contingency SCM 165, 166–7
“contingent in fact …” (SCM 3.1(a)) SCM 132–47
“anticipated” (SCM 3.1(a) footnote 4) SCM 136, 139
“but for” test SCM 134
case-by-case approach SCM 141–4
close connection, need for SCM 132
de facto contingency SCM 132–40
examination of all relevant facts, need for (SCM3.1(a) footnote 4) SCM 141
facts at time of establishment of conditions for grant, limitation to SCM 142
“grant or maintain” (SCM 3.1 footnote 4) SCM 136
knowledge or expectation, sufficiency SCM 133–4
objective test SCM 140
size of domestic market, relevance SCM 147
“tied to” (SCM 3.1(a) footnote 4) SCM 132–3, 136–40
“contingent in law …” (SCM 3.1(a)) SCM 127–31
“c´Ç²Ô³Ù¾±²Ô²µ±ð²Ô³Ù” (SCM 3.1) SCM 126, 132–9, 165
“contingent upon export performance” (SCM 3.1(a)) (general) AG 14–15, SCM 125–6
“c´Ç²Ô³Ù¾±²Ô²µ±ð²Ô³Ù” SCM 126
“export performance” SCM 148–9
GATT XVI:4 distinguished SCM 100
OECDD Arrangement, compliance with, relevance SCM 79
subsidy available to property produced either within or outside subsidizing State SCM 150–2
“except as provided in the Agreement on Agriculture” (SCM 3.1 chapeau) SCM 124
“grant or maintain” (SCM 3.2) SCM 174–7
Illustrative List of Export Subsidies (SCM Annex I): see Illustrative List of Export Subsidies (SCM Annex I)
national treatment exceptions (GATT III:8(b)) and GATT 390, 419–22
national treatment (GATT III) and GATT 420–1
external debt: see Trade Debt and Finance Working Group (Doha 36)