ࡱ> dfc @ F(bjbj "<؝؝B RRR   8B4vQNNNN---eQgQgQgQgQgQgQ$SRUzQR)-QNNQooo8NRNeQoeQooH:RPN `|d LO<eQQ0QORV%(RVxPf$PRVRP-^oL[---QQM"INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY: GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS AND BIODIVERSITY TRIPS is trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights. One group of countries has asked for three intellectual property issues to be part of the agenda is the July 08 meeting, and to link them with Agriculture and NAMA modalities. Another group opposes both the linking and the assertion that the subjects are ready for negotiations based on draft texts. Only one of these subjects is officially part of the Doha round of negotiations and accepted as part of the single undertaking in which all Doha round subjects form part of a single package, with nothing agreed until everything is agreed: the negotiation to create a multilateral register for geographical indications for wines and spirits. The other two subjects are officially implementation issues. Members differ over whether these are subjects for negotiation or not: GI extension: a proposal to extend to other products the higher level of geographical indications protection now given to wines and spirits disclosure: requiring that patent applicants disclose the origin of genetic material and traditional knowledge used in their inventions, or alternative proposals. This comes under the relationship between the TRIPS Agreement and the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Geographical indications Geographical indications are place names (in some countries also words associated with a place) used to identify products that come from these places and have specific characteristics (for example, Champagne, Tequila or Roquefort). Under the TRIPS Agreement, all geographical indications have to be protected at least to avoid misleading the public and to prevent unfair competition (Art.22). Wines and spirits are given a higher or enhanced level of protection (Art.23): subject to a number of exceptions (Art.24), they have to be protected even if misuse would not cause the public to be misled. 1. Negotiation: the multilateral register for wines and spirits This negotiation, which takes place in dedicated special sessions of the TRIPS Council, is about creating a multilateral system for notifying and registering geographical indications for wines and spirits, which today benefit from a level of protection that is higher than for other geographical indications. The multilateral register is discussed separately from the question of extension extending the higher level of protection to other products although some countries consider the two to be related. The work began in 1997 under Article 23.4 of the TRIPS Agreement. In 2001 it was brought into the Doha Development Agenda (the Doha Declarations paragraph 18). The different positions are summarized  HYPERLINK "http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/gi_background_e.htm" \l "wines_spirits" here:  HYPERLINK "http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/gi_background_e.htm#wines_spirits" http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/gi_background_e.htm#wines_spirits. Papers submitted are  HYPERLINK "http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/gi1_docs_e.htm" here:  HYPERLINK "http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/gi1_docs_e.htm" http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/gi1_docs_e.htm. 2. Implementation: geographical indications extension The issue here is whether to expand the higher level of protection (Article 23) to other products. A number of countries want to negotiate extending this higher level of protection to other products (i.e., cheeses, ceramics, meat, tea, coffee, etc.). Some others oppose the move, and the debate has included the question of whether the Doha Declaration provides a mandate for negotiations. More information can be found  HYPERLINK "http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/gi_background_e.htm" \l "protection" here: http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/gi_background_e.htm#protection. The subject is an implementation issue in the Doha Development Agenda (the Doha Declarations paragraphs 12 and 18). The latest mandate is paragraph 39 of the 2005 Hong Kong Ministerial Declaration. Director-General Pascal Lamy is mandated to consult the parties on a course of action. Deputy Director-General Rufus Yerxa chairs those consultations on his behalf. Patents, biodiversity and disclosure: implementation This debate was originally wide-ranging. It now focuses on how the TRIPS Agreement relates to the Convention on Biological Diversity, and particularly whether the agreement should be amended to require disclosure. The ideas put forward include: Disclosure as a TRIPS obligation: A group represented by Brazil and India and including Bolivia, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Peru, Thailand, and supported by the African group and some other developing countries, wants to amend the TRIPS Agreement so that patent applicants are required to disclose the country of origin of genetic resources and traditional knowledge used in the inventions, evidence that they received prior informed consent (a term used in the Biological Diversity Convention), and evidence of fair and equitable benefit sharing. Disclosure through the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO): Switzerland has proposed an amendment to the regulations of the WIPOs Patent Cooperation Treaty (and, by reference, WIPOs Patent Law Treaty) so that domestic laws may ask inventors to disclose the source of genetic resources and traditional knowledge when they apply for patents. Failure to meet the requirement could hold up a patent being granted or, when done with fraudulent intent, could entail a granted patent being invalidated. Disclosure, but outside patent law: The EUs position includes a proposal to examine a requirement that all patent applicants disclose the source or origin of genetic material, with legal consequences of not meeting this requirement lying outside the scope of patent law. Use of national legislation, including contracts rather than a disclosure obligation: The United States has argued that the Convention on Biological Diversitys objectives on access to genetic resources, and on benefit sharing, could best be achieved through national legislation and contractual arrangements based on the legislation, which could include commitments on disclosing of any commercial application of genetic resources or traditional knowledge. Like GI extension, this is an implementation issue in the Doha Development Agenda (the Doha Declarations paragraphs 12 and 18). Again, the latest mandate is paragraph 39 of the 2005 Hong Kong Ministerial Declaration. Consultations are chaired by Deputy Director-General Rufus Yerxa on behalf of Director-General Pascal Lamy. More information and documents submitted in the discussion can be found  HYPERLINK "http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/art27_3b_e.htm" here:  HYPERLINK "http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/art27_3b_e.htm" http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/art27_3b_e.htm and  HYPERLINK "http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/art27_3b_background_e.htm" here:  HYPERLINK "http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/art27_3b_background_e.htm" http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/art27_3b_background_e.htm Documents available to ministers and the trade negotiations committee Two reports were issued on 9June2008 and can be found here:  HYPERLINK "http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news08_e/trips_6june08_e.htm" http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news08_e/trips_6june08_e.htm. One was by Ambassador Manzoor Ahmad, chairperson of the negotiations on creating a system for registering geographical indications for wines and spirits. The other is from Director-General Pascal Lamy on his consultations chaired by Deputy Director-General Rufus Yerxa on his behalf on whether to extend enhanced protection for geographical indications beyond wines and spirits, and on patents and biodiversity. Both reports are factual accounts of the latest state of the discussions. They do not propose how members might compromise. 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