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Summary Report Session II of the АФУХСљКЯВЪЙйЭјзЪСЯ Public Symposium was convened to discuss the effects of environmental regulations on developing countries. The intention of the session was to highlight concerns and then discuss potential actions that could be taken to address these. This session, moderated by Mr. Kym Anderson, included two speakers, both of whom had extensive work experience on trade-related issues in developing countries. Ms. Veena Jha emphasized that environmental requirements were becoming more frequent and complex and their impact on trade needed further examination. She pointed specifically to the fact that standards were continuously changing without sufficient justification. Because of frequent changes, developing countries were never able to catch up. She stressed that market access was not only affected by requirements arising from government regulations, but also by voluntary standards, labelling (mandatory and voluntary) and packaging requirements, product taxes and charges, take-back obligations, and quotas and non-automatic licensing resulting from the implementation of MEAs. Voluntary requirements and standards set by the private sector were more frequent than government requirements. She considered that more than the lack of information, it was the management of information that was a problem for developing countries. To address concerns related to loss of market access, Ms. Jha provided a series of recommendations related to special and differential treatment, technical assistance, information dissemination, harmonization and mutual recognition of standards, and technology transfer. At the national level, she highlighted the importance of increasing awareness within government and industry; information management and dissemination; risk assessment skills, standards enforcement, and certification capabilities; research and innovation; and business partnerships. Ms. Ritu Kumar  concurred with the issues and positions that had been raised by Ms. Jha. She noted that it was important to go beyond the typical representation of environmental market requirements as either green protectionism or green trade opportunities. Her presentation emphasized that developing countries needed to play a larger role in the agenda and stop being standards takers. Other specific concerns of developing countries identified by Ms. Kumar were the lack of transparency; changing requirements; limitations on management and innovation capacity; high costs of labelling, certification, and compliance, and the lack of understanding in developed counties of Southern capacities. She referred to the work of the Sustainable Trade and Innovation Centre (STIC) as an example of an initiative led by a developing country. The Chinese ecolabelling program was provided as an example of a developing country program that facilitated international market access. Ms. Kumar referred to regulation and ecolabels as the tip of the sustainable trade iceberg, with certification and codes of conduct being the remaining (and more substantial) part. She also noted the importance of developing countries being involved in the development of market requirements, if they were to be able to effectively respond and have access to international markets. In the discussion, there was agreement among participants on the need for coordination between developed and developing countries in the development of requirements for market access. There was also repeated mention of the need for additional aid on this issue, with references made to funding, capacity building, and technical assistance. The importance of longterm projects that responded to the demands and needs of developing countries was highlighted. Participants in the session noted that although there had been some successes, many ecolabelling initiatives in developing countries had failed. It was stressed that the line between voluntary and mandatory market access requirements could be blurred when voluntary requirements became de facto market requirements. Mandatory regulations developed by governments were covered by the TBT Agreement and its provisions on technical regulations. Voluntary codes were guided by the Code of Good Practice for the Preparation, Adoption and Application of Standards contained in Annex 3 of the Agreement.  Mr. Anderson is a Professor in the School of Economics and Executive Director of the Centre for International Economic Studies at the University of Adelaide in Australia. He was a member of the GATT Secretariat staff from 1990 to 1992, and served as a АФУХСљКЯВЪЙйЭјзЪСЯ Dispute Settlement Panelist in the EC-Banana case (1996-2000).  Ms. Veena Jha is the project co-ordinator of UNCTAD in New Delhi affiliated to the International Trade Division of UNCTAD, Geneva. She has also undertaken projects for agencies such as United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and Asian Development Bank (ADB) and bilateral agencies such as DANIDA and USAID under various inter-agency cooperation frameworks of UNCTAD.  Ms. Ritu Kumar is an environmental economist experienced in dealing with issues related to sustainable production and trade. She is Director of TERI-Europe (The Energy and Resources Institute) whose primary role is to develop and implement collaborative programmes between European and Indian partners in energy, environment and sustainable development. She also works as a consultant with the Commonwealth Science Council in London.  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