ࡱ> M bjbj== $LWW~lXXXh$$$8\4/8 !(H!"j!j!j!I"I"I".......$0 3x.I"E"I"I"I".$xxj!j!.$$$I""x8j!j!.$I".$$K)6b-z.j!! 2H$k""B.z.$Y/T/^.}3" }3z.$xxxx SPEECH OF: HON. DR. GODFRIED K. SIAW, DIST. CHIEF EXECUTIVE ASUOGYMANG DISTRICT ASSEMBLY OF GHANA. TOPIC: FAIR TRADE BANANAS: CONTRIBUTING TO AND SUSTAINABLE RURAL LIVELIHOODS IN GHANA (With Special reference to a Fair Trade Banana Plantation VREL) HON. DR. GODFRIED K. SIAW DISTRICT CHIEF EXECUTIVE ASUOGYAMAN DISTRICT ASSEMBLY OF GHANA ECOLABELLING: TRADE OPPORTUNITIES & CHALLENGES FOR: ϲʹORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION PUBLIC SYMPOSIUM JUNE 16,17 and 18 2003, GENEVA CHALLENGES AHEAD ON THE ROAD TO CANCUN JUNE 16-18, 2003 PROTOCOL: YOUR EXCELLENCIES, ETC..Dear Mr. Chairman, Fellow Discussants, Ladies and Gentlemen: Introduction: ABrief description of Dr. Siaws responsibilities as District Chief Executive of the Asuogyaman District Assembly, Ghana, I represent the central Government in the District, and am responsible for the day -to -day performance of the executive and administrative functions of the District assembly. Also, I am responsible for supervising developmental activities in the areas of building and construction of socio-economic and infrastructural activities. In these ways, heI carriesy the policies of the Ggovernment to the people, thereby being the principal actor in the local government system. With my office being the highest in the district, it stands as the first point of call for many local and international visitors who requires information for social, economic, and academic re.asons. The office of the DCE of the assembly has been involved with Summarize Dr. Siaws experience with Fair Trade certification and labeling since 1998 wherebyn monitors from Fair Ttrade Labelling Organizations International (FLO) in Bonn has beenbegan interviewing the office annually as an one of their independentin Ghana sources for monitoring Volta River Estates, Ltdimited (VREL), a (Pproducers of Fair Trade Bananas, registered with FLO). In year 2001, I granted similar audience tomet with FLO representatives, and was interviewed againstregarding the FLOs social and environmental compliance criteria for Bbanana producers in hired labour. With my visits to VREL plantations (W, which are located within 6 km. from of my office,) and since most of the workers who are residents in the locality, I am very familiar with the impact of VRELs activities becomes a usual experience. Before VREL became a certified joined fFair tTrade producer, being I was a resident Dmedical doctor in the main local hospital by then, and we sympathized with the companysir market problems associated with the European Unions U Banana protocol for Africa, Caribbean, and Pacific (ACP) countries. VREL The Company was virtually at the point of collapse in 1996 when it found fFair tTrade was found as a niche market fror theirits Bbanana exports. Fair Trade to a large extent has sustained and increased the employment of workers and their dependants in the district. For the economy of Ghana, VREL being the largest producer of export Bbananas becomes significant in terms of foreign exchange and international image among bBanana giants. Mr. Chairman, Ffellow discussants, ladies and gentlemen, it is in this context that I wish to refer to the 1998 case sturdy on VREL Fair Trade Bananas, conducted by Mick Blowfield and Stephanie Gallet, prepared for the Natural Resources and Ethical Trading Pprogramme at the University of Greenwichs Natural Resources Institute ( HYPERLINK "http://www.nri.org/NRET/" http://www.nri.org/NRET/) as an invaluable resource for my presentation today. Explain why Dr. Siaw believes Fair Trade is good for VREL, its workers, and the economy of Ghana, as well as any challenges he views as being associated with Fair Trade labeling and certification. State explicitly that Mick Blowfield and Stephanie Gallets 1998 case study on "Volta River Estates Fairtrade Bananas," prepared for the Natural Resources and Ethical Trading Programme at the University of Greenwich's Natural Resources Institute ( HYPERLINK "http://www.nri.org/NRET/" http://www.nri.org/NRET/) was an invaluable resource for this presentation. Background on The companyVolta River Estates, Limited Volta River Estates, Limited was established in 1988 by a Ghanaian/Dutch ventureship with the help of the Dutch Financierings Maatschappij voor Ontwikkelingslanden (FMO). When VREL was started, it comprised In the first instance, the start was made with 90 hectares (ha.) of bananas in the Akwamu area in the Eastern region of Ghana. Before this initiative, there was no commercial cultivation of (export) bananas in the country., t The scheme was therefore supported by the Ghanaian Government, which was promoting the establishment of non-traditional exports, especially agriculture, in the country. Worldwide, commercial banana plantations are infected with a disease called Black Sigatoka, a fungus that infectings of the banana leaves, leading to premature ripening of the fruits. In 1988, this disease was not known in Ghana, but after the VREL plantation was the establishestablishedment of the plantation, it became infected, probably from a source in neighboring countries. Volta River Estates (VREL) a At that time, VREL did not have had not the capacityequipment to protect the its plantations and therefore . As a result, the VRELs first export crop was a disaster, leading to the virtual bankruptcy of the Ccompany. In 1993, however, new shareholders were attracted and the, and an agreement was made with FMO whereby the existing debt was converted into equity. The services of a Hhelicopter waswasere arranged from La cCote DdIivoire to protect the plantation against the disease, leading towards a fresh start of the plantation in August 1993. with a capital injection from the Agricultural Development Bank of Ghana. The existing shareholders later acquired the equity of FMO. In 1996, VREL obtained recognition as a Fair Trade partner from the Max Havelaar Foundation in Holland (under the umbrella organization, Fair Ttrade Labelling Organizations International FLO), and is still the only producer of Fair Trade bananas on the African Ccontinent. Other Fair Trade producer initiatives in Ghana are Kuapa Kokoo (a smallholder Ccocoa Cco-operative), Bomats Farms Ltd. (a hired labour pineapple and mango producer), and Prudent Farms Ltd (a nucleus/outgrower pineapple and mango producer). Ghana Environmentally, it was not too difficult for VREL to obtain this certificate, because right from the start VREL had minimized the use of Aagro-Cchemicals. To replace the use of chemicals, VREL uses mainly manpower, and is employingemploying nearly 720600 permanent peopleworkers in a region of the country with an alarming jobless rate. Under the Fair Trade agreement, VREL workers of the company hold a 25% stake in the company, which is held in trust. In addition to its Fair Trade accreditation, VREL obtained the was audited for EUREPGAP certification in Decembern September 2002, and VREL was subsequently certified by EUREPGAP. The company has received several awards for creditable performance, including the national award for Export Achievements in 1995. In 1993, only 25 people were employed by VREL. However, after 3 years, this was increased significantly to place VREL in the list of top 20 employers in Ghana, considering permanent labour and cultivating about 300 ha. of land, with a peak workforce of 900 in 1998. Indirectly, the farm has provided jobs for some 2000 women involved in the sale and distribution of bananas from the company sold on the local market, especially in the Accra-Tema municipalities. In collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture, a program code named Youth in Agriculture is being established to train and support interested youth in commercial agriculture, especially in the field of plantain production. The plan of the company is to increase the plantation size and output to 500 ha. and 15,000 tons/year, respectively, and convert the entire plantation to organic in the coming two years -- making Ghana a major organic banana exporter in the world and creating 1200 jobs. This production base will create the critical volume to enable the company, together with other non-traditional exporters in Ghana, secure the services of a direct shipping line, with the advantage of shorter transit time (and hence improved quality), and reduced freight cost. Prior to October 2002, VREL exported 4000-6000 boxes (18 kg./box) of bananas a week to Holland, UK, Finland, Denmark, Italy, and France. The quality of the Ghanaian bananas is rated as one of the best. On the 12th of October 2002, a devastating rainstorm swept through three of VRELs banana plantations, leaving virtually no trees standing in its wake. This resulted in the loss of 85% of the companys export capacity of 6000 boxes a week. A Production 700 boxes weekly average export could only continue from the only unaffected site (40ha.). Prior to October 2002, VREL was exporting its bananas to Holland, UK, Finland, Denmark, Italy, and France. IMPACT OF THE EU QUOTA REGIMEBackground on Banana Trade In January 1993, the European Economic Community was transformed into the European Union (EU). This implied among other things, free trade in all commodities within the EU Union. Since the banana producing countries in Africa, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) could not compete with the multi-national U.S. banana producers in Central and South America, provision was made for the ACP member countries in the banana trade. The ACP member countries were granted import quotas based on their past performance for a duty-freefree access into the EU market. The so-called dollar bananas, produced ( by U.S. multinationals,) were also given a quota, but they had to pay a 100 Euro -per -ton import duty to equalize the price difference between ACP and the dollar bananas. Although a member of the ACP and signatory to the Lome cConvention, Ghana was not a traditional producer of bananas. There were good prospects for Ghana to be absorbed in the ACP quota allocation because the allocated quota was more than the production capacities of the respective ACP countries. This situation was confirmed in May 1994, when the council of ACP countries advised the EU to allocate Ghana a quota of 10,000 tons. After the replanting in 1993, VRELs first banana exports were made in May 1994. HHowever, Tthe Ghanaian bananas were however not allowed into any EU markets without paying an import license of US$300/ US$/ton (representing about $6 per box of 18.14 kg.). This was because the EU was slow in reaching a decision on the surplus quota, which was postponed untill October 1994. The cost of the license made the banana exports unprofitable, and VREL decided to concentrate on the local market until a decision was made on the quota. Subsequently, special ripening rooms were built, and the ripe bananas were sold in Accra. The marketing in Accra was very slow at the beginning because the Ghanaian consumers were not used to the kind of bananas produced by the companyVREL. These local sales could however not, however, cover the cost of production of bananas grown for the export market, which requires expensive infrastructure to provide high quality products to meet the standards of consumers in Europe. In October 1994, production was more than the local market could absorb. As a result, VREL bananas were Eexported was therefore made to Spain and France with the hope that the EU would grant the promised quota to Ghana. Besides, there were indications that the EU took for granted the claim doubted that Ghana was producing quality bananas in high quantities. VREL, therefore, needed to build a track record to prove its case. Between October and December 1994, VREL exported 420 tons of bananas, which arrived in good condition and were sold on the EU market for the same price as bananas from La cCote DdIivoire and Cameroon. Since the quota for Ghana was further postponed untill January 1996, VREL had to pay a license fee of US$140,000 on the 420 tons of bananas. On January 6, 1996, the EU decided to re-allocate the quota for non-traditional ACP producers into the dollar quota, which meant that the buyers in Europe hadve to choose between dollar bananas and bananas from Ghana. Because Ghana was new on the European market and was the smallest player, this meant Ghana had to continue paying US$300US$ /ton of bananas. After a lot of efforts, Ghana and VREL could finally export bananas under a 5000- tons non-traditional ACP quota by the end of 1996, but was still due the license cost, because there did not exist regular importers of those bananas did not exist in the EU. Over the past several years, the price of those licenses averaged $4.,50 for a box of 18.14 kg. net. Some major changes in the EU quota regime, in 2000/2001, gave Ghana and other ACP countries equal access to the EU market. In addition to this, VREL and its partners in Europe managed to secure 2000ton/year license-free access to the EU specifically for Ghana, after pursuing a legal suit against the EU the second case accepted and won out of about 127 cases brought before the EU court on bananas in ten years. The survival of VREL in the light of the unfair and difficult conditions under the EU quota regime was without any doubt, due to the benefit of being paid the guaranteed minimum price for bananas sold as fFair Trade. In addition to its Fair trade accreditation, the farm has been audited for EUREPGAP certification in September and VREL will be EUREPGAP certified by the end of 2002. The company has received several awards for creditable performance. This includes the national award for Export Achievements in 1995. At the restart of the Company, only 25 people were employed and after 3 years this was increased significantly to place VREL in the list of top 20 employers in Ghana, considering permanent labour and cultivating about 300ha of land, with a peak workforce of 900 in 1998. Indirectly, the farm is providing jobs for some 2000 women involved in the sale and distribution of bananas from the company sold on the local market, especially in the Accra-Tema municipalities. In collaboration with the ministry of Agriculture, a program code named youth in Agriculture is being established to train and support interested youth in commercial agriculture, especially in the field of plantain production. The plan of the company is to increase the plantation size and output to 500ha and 15,000tonnes/yr respectively, and convert the entire plantation to organic in the coming two years - making Ghana a major organic banana exporter in the world and creating 1200 jobs. This production base will create the critical volume to enable the company, together with other non-traditional exporters, secure the services of a direct shipping line, with the advantage of shorter transit time (and hence improved quality), and reduced freight cost. The company exports weekly, 4000-6000 boxes (18kg/box) of banana to Holland, UK, Finland and Denmark and quite recently, Italy and France. The quality of the Ghanaian bananas is rated as one of the best. On the 12th of October 2002, a devastating rainstorm swept through three of VRELs banana plantations, leaving virtually no tree standing in its wake. This resulted in the loss of 85% of the companys export capacity of 6000 boxes a week. Production could only continue from the only unaffected site (40ha). Government pPolicy VRELs focus on banana exports reflects the Ghanaian governments policy of agricultural diversification and promoting non-traditional exports, which has led to a rise in cassava, yam and pineapple production, as well as Asian vegetable exports. Exports do not attract duty, and agricultural companies are V.A.T. exempted. Agro-exporting companies have preferential depreciation rates, and can also import capital items duty free. National Constraints Access to credit is a common constraint to agriculture including the export sector. The Agricultural Development Bank (GADB), which by its name supposed to offer credit to the agro-industry only offers 20% its loan portfolio to the agriculture sector, and for other banks the figure is even less. Loans are typically for one year or less, interest rates nearly 40%. Development bank loans are also difficult to access because of strict guarantee requirements, and the interest rates are often higher than could be obtained from European commercial banks using a collateral scheme such as that operated by the SGS. The high interest rates by the Ghanaian banks are as a result of the depreciation of the cedi and high inflation rate. STRATEGIES PRODUCTION When VREL was registered as a fFair tTrade banana producer in November 1996, it was that required tohat it meet the social and environmental criteria of the International Fair Trade Banana Producers Register. These criteria are intended to provide a core package of social and environmental standards that will promote sustainable banana production. These standards include: Social standards Rights to freedom of association and collective bargaining; Anti-discrimination and equal remuneration; Non-use of forced labor and child labor; Defined minimum social and labor conditions of workers; and Health and safety. Environmental standards Protection of natural areas (biodiversity); Coherent policy and practice of prevention of erosion and water pollution; Controlled and reduced use of pesticides and coadjutants; Controlled and reduced use of chemical fertilizers; Control of waste and optimization of recycling; and Environmental education. These standards are elaborated for each producer through consultation between Fairtrade Trade Labeling oOrganizations (FLO) iInternational, management and workers. The operation is then monitored by FLO, which conducts an annual in-country assessment, as well as periodic monitoring operationsoperations, by a local social monitor. FLO encourages continual improvement in labor and environmental performance, and also encourages plantations to implement a social development program and worker shareholder schemes. Environmental strategy In addition to monitoring by the Fair Trade labeling organization FLO, VREL is subject to environmental impact monitoring by the Environmental Protection Agency of Ghana. It is VRELs policy to reduce chemical use. Weeding is done by hand which accounts in part for the high number of field workers per hectare. Insecticide-impregnated plastic bags are not used to cover bunches. Chicken manure and potash is used for fertilizer. Conversion to Organic In the year 2001, a pilot 60-ha. organic banana pilot project was developed. This project was partly financed by the Dutch government under the PSOM project and partly by Agrofair (a producers -owned tropical fFair tTrade fruit trading company) and the Volta River Estates LimitedVREL. The objective for establishing this project was to enable VREL to find organic substitutes for agrochemicals used in conventional banana production under local conditions and thus set the pace for the conversion of its entire plantations to organic. This pilot project has been very successful with the establishment of an effective means of controlling bBlack sSigatoga (a leaf spot disease), crown rot and compost to meet the specific nutrient requirement of bananas. At the moment, the project employs 110 full -time workers involved the maintenance of the farm and making compost on a large scale for itself, as well as the plantations of VREL, all of which are in conversion to organic. The farm is expected to produce compost for the West African Fair Fruit (WAFF) project in the near future. The WAFF is ana EU -funded project, being implemented by Agrofair Assistance and Development,Development; to capacitateenhance the capacity of Fair Trade and/or organic farmers producing for the EU markets, as well as nd develop the the logistics tosal support them to for the exports of their products into the EU. SOCIAL STRATEGYocial Strategy Unions VREL workers are represented by the Ghana Agricultural Workers Union under a closed shop arrangement where two percent of workers monthly wages are deducted for union fees. There are eight union representatives per site, which have fortnightly meetings and from whom are elected an apex committee for discussions with senior management. Each site also has an elected womens representative who is part of the apex committee. Working conditions The 720 full-time employees carry out the majority of the work. Workers also receive interest free loans and subsidized rice grown on VREL land as part of a Solidarity Fund set up by the company on each site and managed by the workforce. VREL provided capital for the loan funds and pays the wages of workers on the Fund farms. Soon the Fund is expected to run entirely on the revolving capital and its resources. Management Management comprises a management team made up of the Director of Agriculture (Ghanaian) and the Director of oOperations (Expatriate), supported by a chief accountant, quality control manager, four farm managers, a personnel manager and an export manager. Production and export Sites are divided into plots under a plot headman. The plot headman is under the farm manager. Each site has its own packing station, with cableways to facilitate harvesting. Harvesting, packing and shipping once a week throughout the year, with cartons palletized onto refrigerated 40-foot containers that are shipped from Tema. The journey to Europe takes up to 25 days as the only available shipping calls at various West African ports before reaching Rotterdam, which causes quality problems. The volume of bananas does not justify the use of reefer vessels which would reduce costs and voyage time. But VREL has installed pre-cooling systems to improve quality. MARKETING Fair tTrade sSystem Once a producer is registered with the FLO-Banana Register (of which the Max Havelaar Foundation is a member), it can sell to an importer that has a license to use a fFair tTrade label. In the case of VREL, it sells to Agrofair, which markets fFair tTrade bananas under the Ok label. Under the fFair tTrade system, the International FLO-Banana Register sets a country FOB price based on what it costs the producer to operate profitably while meeting pre-set social criteria for the workforce. For Ghana, the fFair tTrade price Agrofair must pay VREL is US$ 8.50 per carton (approximately 18.14 kg. or 40 lbs.) of bananas sold on the Fair tTrade market. T Fair Trade Market The retail price of bananas on the fFair tTrade market is typically higher than the mainstream market, sometimes as much as 50% higher. This is partly due to the minimum price producers are guaranteed, and partly because consumers pay a social premium ofpremium of about 9 dollar cents per kilo ($1.75 per box 18kg)of about three cents per kilogram (US$ 1.75 per carton of 18 kg.). The premium goes into a fund managed by a committee comprisingede d of 6 workers and 2 management representatives, 6 and 2 reps from workers and management (Iincluding 2 ex-officio advisoryer members) respectively. Another feature of the Fair Trade market is that it deals in relatively small volumes, and therefore represents an alternative to the low volume, variable price wholesale markets, and high volume, stable price multiple retailers. This does not mean that market forces do not apply to the Fair Trade market. VREL has experienced difficulties selling all of its exported produce to the Fair Trade market because of restrictions imposed by the EU banana quota regime (1993 2002) its costs are higher than Latin American Fair Trade producers, and despite impressive growth in the Fair Trade market, particularly in in the Netherlands and Switzerland, there appears to be over-supply at certain times of the year. Consequently, Agrofair sells part of VRELs has sold VREL bananasproduce on the mainstream market and in Eastern Europe where wholesale prices are at times insufficient to cover production costs. VREL has also experienced shipping-related quality problems that have cost it sales on the Swiss Fair Trade market mainly because of underdeveloped logistics for bananas in Ghana. As a result, about 20% of produce is sold on the domestic market, where Cavendish variety bananas fetch only about 30% of their export price. OUTCOMES LIVELIHOOD CREATION VREL has created 720 permanent jobs in an area where income-earning opportunities are seasonal and limited. The vast majority of these jobs do not required special skills, and priority has been given to people in the vicinity of the plantation sites. It is indicative of the attractiveness of the opportunities for certain people that even those with relatively large land holdings (over one hectare) have joined the workforce. 20% of VRELs workforce areworkforce is women. Indirectly, the farm has provided jobs for some 2000 women involved in the sale and distribution of bananas from the company sold on the local market. In collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture, a program code named Youth in Agriculture is being established to train and support interested youth in commercial agriculture, especially in the field of plantain production. CAPABILITIES Human capital In line with national law, the company grants six weeks paid maternity leave before and after confinement with one hour off for breast feeding up to six months. Workers also receive up to 25 work daysworkdays annual leave, with an initial 21 days increasing incrementally after the first three years. Regular wages means that health and education costs of family members are more likely to be met. VREL provides a health clinic staffed by a trained nurse for each of its sites, and refers more serious cases to the Volta River Authority hospital. Workers must pay for hospital treatment and are then reimbursed by the company. This is to prevent misuse. The health service is at present only for the use of workers because if it were extended to family members there is concern that it would be over-burdened. VREL is, however, considering building putting up a hospital, so that it could and hence be in the position to extend the provision of health care to the families of its workforce.provide free health care for workers spouses and a limited number of children. The company contributes 12.5% of its employees monthly salaries to top up supplement a 5% employees contribution into a Social Security fund operated by the Ghanaian government. Workers are provided with boots and protective clothing. Sites have treated drinking water, toilet and washrooms. VREL provides both formal and informal training to its staff on a regular basis. SOCIAL CAPITALocial Capital Formal institutions Union representation is an important element of fFair tTrade plantation initiatives, and all plantation workers must join GAWU under Ghanaian law. The sites are then represented on a central committee, which is the main body for negotiating with management. There is at least one womens representative from each site on the central committee. The union provides training to its representatives. As a national union, GAWU is independent of VREL management, although the two have worked together (e.g. on the workers protest against EU banana quotas in Accra). A collective bargaining agreement has been in place since the beginning of 1994, and there are formal procedures for worker organization and negotiations with management. Some may question the emphasis the fFair tTrade movement places on unionization, but one needs to compare the conditions of VREL workers with those on non-unionized multinational-owned estates. The fFair tTrade consumer interest in bananas largely stems from the working conditions on such estates. Even prior to fair trade accreditation, VREL had a fully unionized workforce, and participation in the union has increased the responsibility and experience of many workers. Through the union and through weekly management-site worker meetings, the workforce and management have reached a reasonable level of dialogue and there is a degree of transparency that is not typical of most companies in Ghana. Fair Trade Social Premium Fund Projects Over the past several years, the Ssocial premium fund has been used to amongst other things provided potable drinking water, Bbath houses, and toilets to all plantation sites, put up builda Pprimary and /Ssecondary school blocks, establish a Ccomputer Ccenter and learning materials for two communities, and sponsored many other pertinent important community activities. The fund has also sponsored a workers football team to participate in regional and national tournaments. The workforce has also benefited directly from the fund by means of payment of Christmas bonuses at the end of each year. NATURAL RESOURCE BASE VREL has adopted a system of cultivation that minimizes negative impacts on the environment, while increasing the productivity of the land through irrigation and crop choice. The normal caveats about banana plantation sustainability apply (e.g. diseases and nematode attack). Wider environmental impact is monitored externally and has not been deemed negative. VREL can serve as a model for increasing the productivity of the natural resource base for others in Ghana. CONCLUSIONS PLANTATIONS AND SUSTAINABLE RURAL LIVELIHOODS The VREL example suggests that plantations can increase livelihood opportunities for certain groups of people without negatively affecting the natural resource base. Production for export has complemented government policy, and has been supported by various tax and other concessions. Nonetheless, there have been numerous failed attempts to establish large agricultural schemes in the area, and VREL has at least been able to operate for ten years. As discussed earlier, VREL workers are well placed fare well in livelihood and income terms, compared to comparable people in the area. NATURAL RESOURCE BASE VREL has adopted a system of cultivation that minimizes negative impacts on the environment, while increasing the productivity of the land through irrigation and crop choice. The normal caveats about banana plantation sustainability apply (e.g. diseases and nematode attack). Wider environmental impact is monitored externally and has not been deemed negative. It is possible that VREL serves as a model for increasing the productivity of the natural resource base for others in Ghana. ADA, AKOSOMBO JUNE 6, 2003FAIR TRADE AND SUSTAINABLE RURAL LIVELIHOODS Involvement in Fair Trade has probably increased VREL managements awareness of social and environmental issues. One of the biggest benefits of Fair Trade is that it has increased VRELs income and access to funds. The guaranteed minimum price producers receive from the Fair Trade market means that VREL has been able to sell at a higher unit price than on the conventional market. As a result, it has been able to offset the cost of EU license fees, high production expenses, and relatively high wastage. VREL also derives benefits from the fact thatbecause it is a shareholder in Agrofair, which is so far the biggestcurrently the only importer of Fair Trade bananas. Without access to the Fair Trade market, VREL would not be able to compete on the European market. Another important factor is that as part of the Fair Trade movement, VREL has been able to access development funding, both in grants and soft loans, an example being the 60ha pilot organic farm. At times of high commercial interest rates, VREL has received loans from Dutch churches and funding agencies of as low as two percent. Access to loans, particularly at reduced rates, is essential to the companys survival, and is likely ot remain so unless the EU quota system is revised or non-EU Fair Trade markets are developed. VREL is an example of a commercial venture that has taken advantage of the opportunities of the Fair Trade market to surviveimprove its own financial position, while at the same time improving the economic and social position of its workforce and its impact on the environment.  Before the rainstorm devastation of October 2002, the company employed 720 workers. Present permanent workforce is 260 and this will increase progressively with the replanting of the plantation, which started in April 2003.  Agrofair in a Fair Trade fruit trading company jointly owned by Fair tTrade producers (50%) and non-governmental organization (50%). VREL is one of the producers participating in Agrofair, together with one mango co-operative in Burkina Faso and five others in Latin America. 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