This summary has been prepared by the Secretariat under its own responsibility. The summary is for general information only and is not intended to affect the rights and obligations of Members.
See also:
Current status
back to top
Key facts
back to top
Latest document
back to top
Summary of the dispute to date
The summary below was up-to-date at
Consultations
Complaint by Turkey (See also DS544, DS547, DS548, DS550, DS551, DS552, DS554 and DS556)
On 15 August 2018, Turkey requested consultations with the United States concerning certain measures imposed by the United States allegedly affecting imports of steel and aluminium into the United States.
Turkey claimed that the measures appear to be inconsistent with:
- Articles 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 7, 8.1, 9.1, 11.1(a), 11.1(b), 12.1, 12.2 and 12.3 of the Agreement on Safeguards;
- Articles I:1, II:1(a), II:1(b), X:3(a), XI:1, XIII:1, XIX:1(a) and XIX:2 of the GATT 1994; and
- Article XVI:4 of the °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ Agreement.
On 24 August 2018, the United States requested the Chair of the DSB to circulate to Members a communication where it indicated that the United States accepted Turkey's request to enter into consultations, without prejudice to the US view that the measures imposed by the United States concern issues of national security not susceptible to review or capable of resolution by °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ dispute settlement and that the consultations provisions in the Agreement on Safeguards are not applicable.
On 24 August 2018, the European Union requested to join the consultations. On 29 August 2018, the Russian Federation requested to join the consultations. On 30 August 2018, Canada, China, Mexico and Thailand requested to join the consultations. On 11 October 2018, the United States requested the Chair of the DSB to circulate to Members a communication where it rejected all the above requests.
Panel and Appellate Body proceedings
On 18 October 2018, Turkey requested the establishment of a panel. At its meeting on 29 October 2018, the DSB deferred the establishment of a panel.
At its meeting on 21 November 2018, the DSB established a panel. Bahrain, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Egypt, the European Union, Guatemala, Hong Kong, China, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Japan, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Qatar, the Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, Switzerland, Chinese Taipei, Thailand, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates and Venezuela reserved their third-party rights.
On 7 January 2019, Turkey requested the Director-General to compose the panel. On 25 January 2019, the Director-General composed the panel.
On 4 September 2019, the Chair of the panel informed the DSB that the panel expected to issue its final report to the parties no earlier than autumn 2020. The Chair also informed the DSB that the report would be available to the public once it was circulated to the Members in all three official languages, and that the date of circulation depends on completion of translation. On 4 February 2021, the Chair of the panel informed the DSB that due to delays caused by the global COVID-19 pandemic, the panel expected to issue its final report to the parties no earlier than the second half of 2021. On 9 December 2021, the Chair of the panel informed the DSB that due to the complexity of the dispute and the delays caused by the global COVID-19 pandemic, the panel expected to issue its final report to the parties no earlier than the first half of 2022. On 30 June 2022, the Chair of the panel informed the DSB that due to the complexity of the dispute, the panel now expected to issue its final report to the parties no earlier than the last quarter of 2022.
On 9 December 2022, the panel report was circulated to Members.
This dispute concerns duties and related measures imposed by the United States on steel and aluminium imports under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, as amended.
Claims under the GATT 1994
The Panel found that the duties on steel and aluminium were inconsistent with Article II:1 of the GATT 1994 as they exceeded the bound tariff rates in the United States' °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¹ÙÍø×ÊÁÏ Schedule of Concessions. The Panel also found that exemptions from the duties granted to steel and aluminium products from certain countries were inconsistent with the requirement of most-favoured-nation treatment under Article I:1 of the GATT 1994. The Panel further found that quotas on steel and aluminium products from certain countries were inconsistent with the requirement to eliminate quantitative restrictions under Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994.
Applicability of Article XIX of the GATT 1994 and the Agreement on Safeguards
The Panel addressed the applicability of Article XIX of the GATT 1994 and the Agreement on Safeguards to the measures at issue focusing on Article 11.1(c) of the Agreement on Safeguards, which provides that the agreement “does not apply to measures sought, taken or maintained by a Member pursuant to provisions of GATT 1994 other than Article XIX”. The Panel considered that the terms “pursuant to” in this provision referred to measures sought, taken, or maintained under the purview of another provision of the GATT 1994, without entailing consistency with the specific requirements of such other provision. The Panel concluded based on evidence of the design and application of the measures at issue that they were sought, taken, or maintained pursuant to Article XXI of the GATT 1994 within the meaning of Article 11.1(c) of the Agreement on Safeguards. The Panel therefore found that the Agreement on Safeguards did not apply to the measures at issue.
Article XXI of the GATT 1994 (“Security Exceptions”)
The United States invoked Article XXI(b) of the GATT 1994 in relation to the measures at issue as “any action which it considers necessary for the protection of its essential security interests”. The United States further argued that its measures were “taken in time of war or other emergency in international relations” under Article XXI(b)(iii). The Panel first addressed the parties' interpretive disagreement on the extent to which the terms of Article XXI(b) of the GATT 1994 permit review of a Member's invocation of that provision in proceedings under the DSU. The Panel considered that it was required under the DSU to address the United States' invocation of Article XXI(b) of the GATT 1994 in accordance with the terms of that provision and within an objective assessment of the relevant measures and claims.
Based on its interpretation of Article XXI(b) of the GATT 1994, the Panel assessed whether the measures found to be inconsistent with certain provisions of the GATT 1994 were taken under the conditions and circumstances described in subparagraph (iii) of Article XXI(b) providing that a Member may take action which it considers necessary for the protection of its essential security interests “in time of war or other emergency in international relations”. The Panel considered that an “emergency in international relations” under Article XXI(b)(iii) refers to situations of a certain gravity or severity and international tensions that are of a critical or serious nature in terms of their impact on the conduct of international relations.
Having considered the evidence and arguments submitted in this dispute, the Panel did not find that the measures at issue were “taken in time of war or other emergency in international relations” within the meaning of Article XXI(b)(iii) of the GATT 1994. The Panel therefore found that the inconsistencies of the measures at issue with certain provisions of the GATT 1994 were not justified under Article XXI(b)(iii) of the GATT 1994.
On 26 January 2023, the United States notified the DSB of its decision to appeal to the Appellate Body certain issues of law and legal interpretations in the panel report.
On 20 February 2023, Türkiye sent a communication to the DSB expressing its view that the United States' appeal had not been filed in a legally valid manner. In this respect, Türkiye contended that: (i) the United States' notification of appeal did not satisfy the criteria set out in Rule 20(2) of the Working Procedures for Appellate Review (Working Procedures), because it did not contain any reference to the paragraphs of the panel report that contain the errors alleged by the United States; and (ii) the United States had not filed an appellant submission in accordance with Rule 21(1) of the Working Procedures. Leaving aside the alleged procedural flaws in the appeal that it intended to challenge when the Appellate Body resumes its functions, Türkiye apprised the DSB that all subsequent procedural deadlines set out in the Working Procedures were properly to be considered as suspended and that, should the Appellate Body consider the United States' appeal as valid, Türkiye intended to fully participate in the appeal proceedings. Türkiye also expressed its disagreement with the United States' statements concerning the alleged errors in the panel report contained in its notice of appeal.
Share
Follow this dispute
Problems viewing this page? If so, please contact [email protected] giving details of the operating system and web browser you are using.