ࡱ> dfe =( / 0DArialNew 1,v0,0$DWingdings1,v0,0$ DTimes New Roman,v0,0$ B . @n?" dd@  @@`` r[..   5   '  89 :ADFKL PQRSZ[\^_f g h 0AA@8'(DK2ʚ;َm8ʚ;g4YdYdD0ppp@ <4ddddph01 <4!d!dp̨0<4BdBdp̨00___PPT10 ___PPT9&@ ,@(@ *@ (@? ,O  =3)The Temporary Movement of Natural Persons* * * EChallenges and Opportunities for Egypt Presented by: Dr. Magda Shahin*' ' F   Introduction   For Egypt and the Egyptian private sector, the potential benefits of increased labor mobility under Mode 4 are considerable. As with other developing countries, Egypt has faced challenges negotiating at the multilateral level, which have rendered Mode 4 virtually impotent. In view of these challenges, Egypt has looked to bilateral and regional frameworks; Pan Arab Free Trade Area, COMESA, and the European Partnership Agreement. Bilateral and regional agreements, however, are considered interim and partial solutions. The GATS framework must always remain as the foundation of any of these agreements. P4i Zf(f     Background   Value of Egyptian services industry Current patterns of permanent and temporary migration Draw of the European labor market Migration management vs. TMNP Dialogue between the public and private sectorF " Z44  4   GATS Article I:2(d) Mode 4  .  The supply of a service by a service supplier of one member, through presence of natural persons of a member in the territory of any other member. B     =Main Barriers to Mode 4 Temporary Movement of Natural Persons>>  > SExternal Impediments Interpretation Classification Host Country Regulatory RegimesB > >4  =   wInternal Impediments Unemployment & Skills Deficit Lack of Private Sector Awareness Lack of Ministerial Coordination x `   _(u   External Impediments  Interpretation Confinement to  intra-corporate transferee Bias toward high skills Distinguishing between  service supplier and  employment seeker Nature of the contract: who qualifies as a subject of Mode 4 and under what circumstances? \  "  \  External Impediments   AInterpretation: Nature of the Contract Strict interpretation Persons who are employees in firms owned by nationals of the home country Self-employed persons of the host country Broad interpretation Persons who are also employees in firms that are not foreign affiliates, but are rather wholly owned by the host country > Pt " P " P{ " P>ty B  External Impediments  Interpretation: Nature of the Contract Annex on Movement of Natural Persons Supplying Services under the Agreement  This Annex applies to measures affecting natural persons who are service suppliers of a Member, and natural persons of a Member who are employed by a service supplier of a Member, in respect of the supply of a service. JV Zu+&R    External Impediments  Classification In the absence of a common approach to scheduling, members have inscribed their commitments by category: ICT, BV, CSS, IP and job type: manager, executive, specialist, etc. ϲʹ categories should be employed in tandem with ILO ISCOD  " 4    External Impediments  }Host Country Regulatory Measures Visa and administrative restrictions Non-recognition of qualifications Economic needs testsH!  \ " "\ ~  Internal Impediments   Unemployment & Skills Deficit Unemployment concentrated among educated persons; University graduates and vocational diploma holders constitute 80% of unemployed Labor force projected to increase to approx. 34 million by 2020 (increase of 80%) Mismatch between education supplied and skills demanded on the international labor market Quantity vs. quality; skills catering to fill market gaps? z Zk " Z Z80   Internal Impediments   Lack of Private Sector Awareness  Commercial nature and  tradability of services unrecognized Failure to capitalize on Mode 3 and Mode 4: the case of ORASCOM Mobinil Lack of transparency in negotiations; government vis a vis private sector De facto exclusion of private sector from trade agenda Lack of coordination and exchange amongst service suppliers in Egypt^" ZM " Z!wZ  2     Internal Impediments  Lack of Ministerial Coordination Lack of coordination between Trade and Labor Ministries; Egypt-Italy Labor Agreement 2005 (Readmission Agreement 2007) Lost opportunities for GATS Mode 4 liberalization France-Senegal Covenant 2006, potential model of preferential labor agreementD"  " !  8Policy Initiatives and Reforms to Facilitate Mode 4 TMNP99  9 n Bilateral vs. Multilateral Agreements Egypt-EU: A Win-Win Formula Public-Private Partnership Recommendations >n   `n  8Policy Initiatives and Reforms to Facilitate Mode 4 TMNP99  9 ~Bilateral vs. Multilateral Agreements Preference for bilateral arrangements Absence of MFN allows for preferences and obligations Significant shortcomings: discriminatory skills targeting, unilaterally determined recruitment measures, focused on migration management vs. trade liberalization Challenge is reconciling GATS Mode 4 rights and obligations within Bilateral framework ' PW " P P -Z~   8Policy Initiatives and Reforms to Facilitate Mode 4 TMNP9 9  9 ,Public-Private Partnership: Private Sector as a Key Stakeholder Unique knowledge of Egyptian services sector; strengths and weaknesses Target and identify strategic areas to focus on in negotiations Benefit from increased competitiveness through skills-enhanced labor force Greater market access \A P " P " PA -  8Policy Initiatives and Reforms to Facilitate Mode 4 TMNP9 9  9 Public-Private Partnership: Engaging the Private Sector Lack of organization in services sector = lost opportunities for private and public interests Development of Egyptian Services Coalition Coordination between organized private sector and government for successful negotiationsN9  " 9mY  Recommendations  J Ensure use of WTO/ISCO categories, and that all additional categories fall under the rubric of TMNP Sectors and sub-sectors of TMNP must be negotiated Preserve built-in safeguard mechanisms of the GATS structure As bilateral agreements are  GATS-plus, strategic preferences should be maximized to enhance the competitiveness of Egypt s labor force and services sector Seek avenues for recognition; transitivity clause v vP vP vP     Conclusion   While acknowledging that bilateral and regional agreements are currently at the fore of negotiations, it is merely by default due to the ongoing stalemate at the ϲʹ. These arrangements can never substitute for a well-functioning multilateral framework. Still with the weaknesses of bilateral and regional frameworks in mind, Egypt must forge ahead to capitalize on the potential of Mode4. Therefore, the need for a practical and operational mix of venues that merge additional preferences and capacity building in bilateral and regional frameworks with the inherent fairness and strength of a multilateral framework should be the ideal path for Egypt and other developing countries to take in their quest for Mode 4 liberalization  Z  V ` 3fffff3̙3f̙` ̙3f` ff3f` f33f3f` 3ffƍ` fff3` f33̙` 3f|>?" dZ@$?lKd@   l@  P`lA n?" dd@   @@``PT   @ ` `p>>     (  .T   "\\   "h  s *"   $0e0e BCDELF>5%8c8c     ?1d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'p@A)BCD|E?|b4"%>Ul @   `c"$  f\   "n"  0G"r B T??"  <DGH "`  X Click to edit Master title style!! .  6܌ "  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!    S t   `L ??"`> ` H@___PPT9"@ n*&     `p ??"`@a   h*    ~   `l ??"\5` H@___PPT9"@ x*2  B  s *޽h ? 3fffff3̙3f̙80___PPT10.AГe Capsules  ' g _   (   T p  "p  6$"@  N$0 C "  B[G0* "pp  N$0 C rZ    # "  n" B 0G" R r  T??"L    <\~$ "4 `  $ [#Click to edit Master subtitle style$$ |   `t@$ ??"`> ` $H@___PPT9"@ v*.     ` $ ??"`@a  $ f*   ~   `$ ??"`0` $H@___PPT9"@ x*2  "   fl$G0* ??"p  $ X Click to edit Master title style!! B  s *޽h ? 3fffff3̙3f̙80___PPT10.AГe'0 RJD(  D D 0X        T*  0 D 0* Q `  H@___PPT9"@ h*"  d D c $ ?    D 0<*  0   RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!    S  D 6* _   * T*  6 D 6* _Q` *H@___PPT9"@ h*"  H D 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10. ɍT(  T(  x  c $$ p  $    HT$XX?4 `  $ H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.?+D=' = @B +} ' `$(  r"  S hW* `  * r  S +D=' = @B +} ' @$(  r"  S u  `   r  S @     H  0޽h ? 3fffff3̙3f̙___PPT10i.WP+D=' = @B +} ' t$(  tr" t S   `   r t S      H t 0޽h ? 3fffff3̙3f̙___PPT10i.p,+D=' = @B + ' x*(  xr"  x S 졻  `   x x c $     H x 0޽h ? 3fffff3̙3f̙___PPT10i.;+D=' = @B + ' `*(  r"  S   `   x  c $h     H  0޽h ? 3fffff3̙3f̙___PPT10i.`t+D=' = @B +} ' 0$(  0r" 0 S   `   r 0 S Լ     H 0 0޽h ? 3fffff3̙3f̙___PPT10i.@}v+D=' = @B +} ' h$(  hr" h S pͻ  `   r h S Dλ     H h 0޽h ? 3fffff3̙3f̙___PPT10i.?O+D=' = @B +$ ' p $(  r"  S @ݻ  `   r   S ޻     H  0޽h ? 3fffff3̙3f̙80___PPT10.A$ ' $(  r"  S |  `   r  S P     H  0޽h ? 3fffff3̙3f̙80___PPT10.pdrhpL`m=sNwFz| c&prYr he0uvjVہf'S Oh+'0 hp    $08,The Temporary Movement of Natural Personsjthomas Capsules devarreux12Microsoft Office PowerPoint@tjvM@P?@y&uGg    --$--'̙--$--'--$Slllmnqtxx~pib\WSOMLKKKKKLMOSW\bip$x*048:;<<<<<$<);.:88B4K0S*[$ciouy}}yuoic[S~KxBt8q.n)m$llll--'3f--$ 9999--'--,$!$(+/1468999--'@Arial-. 3f.2 The Temporary Movement of  ,), ."Systemi-@Arial-. 3f2 MNatural Persons$!.-@Arial-. ff2 Challenges and   .-@Arial-. ff*2 Opportunities for Egypt     .-@Arial-. ff42 kPresented by: Dr. Magda Shahin      .-՜.+,0@    On-screen ShowAmchamz Arial WingdingsTimes New Roman Capsules*The Temporary Movement of Natural Persons Introduction BackgroundGATS Article I:2(d) Mode 4>Main Barriers to Mode 4 Temporary Movement of Natural PersonsExternal ImpedimentsExternal ImpedimentsExternal ImpedimentsExternal ImpedimentsExternal ImpedimentsInternal ImpedimentsInternal ImpedimentsInternal Impediments9Policy Initiatives and Reforms to Facilitate Mode 4 TMNP9Policy Initiatives and Reforms to Facilitate Mode 4 TMNP9Policy Initiatives and Reforms to Facilitate Mode 4 TMNP9Policy Initiatives and Reforms to Facilitate Mode 4 TMNPRecommendations Conclusion  Fonts UsedDesign Template Slide Titles!_Ð  devarreuxdevarreux  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHJKLMNOPRSTUVWXZ[\]^_`cRoot EntrydO)Current UserYSummaryInformation(IPowerPoint Document(DocumentSummaryInformation8QRoot EntrydO)mIgCurrent UserASummaryInformation(IPowerPoint Document(  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHJKLMNOPRSTUVWXc#_Ð !utilisateurutilisateur