ࡱ> @ AbjbjFF ,, D4JJJ\K<K4,8LF~LpLLLMPiQp.RTmMMTmTmLLxxxTm"LLxTmxxYɓL,L ah>Jvs),ٔҖ0UtpLt6pXɓ44pɓQD [xaLgMQQQ44Dx2dx"44x2World Trade OrganizationRESTRICTED DOCPROPERTY "Symbol1" WT/TPR/G/147 13 April 2005 (05-1489)Trade Policy Review BodyOriginal: English TRADE POLICY REVIEW Report by  DOCPROPERTY "Country" NIGERIA  Pursuant to the Agreement Establishing the Trade Policy Review Mechanism (Annex 3 of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization), the policy statement by Nigeria is attached.  ADVANCE \y 700  Note: This report is subject to restricted circulation and press embargo until the end of the first session of the meeting of the Trade Policy Review Body on DOCPROPERTY "Country"Nigeria. CONTENTS Page I. introduction 5 II. ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT 6 (1) Overview 6 (2) Sectoral Performance 7 (i) Agriculture 7 (ii) Manufacturing 8 (iii) Solid minerals 9 (iv) Services 9 (v) Energy 9 (vi) Communications 10 (vii) Tourism 11 III. STRUCTURAL REFORMS 12 (1) Deregulation 12 (2) Privatisation 13 (3) Transparency 13 (4) Ports and Customs Reforms 13 IV. TRADE POLICIES 14 (1) Trade Policy Objectives and Developments 14 (2) Export Requirements 15 (3) Multilateral and Regional Trading Arrangements 15 (i) ϲʹ 15 (ii) ACP-EU Cotonou Partnership Agreement 16 (iii) U.S. AGOA 16 (iv) ECOWAS 17 (v) NEPAD 17 (vi) Bilateral trade agreements 17 V. NEW INITIATIVES 18 I. introduction This review falls within the period of the restoration of democratic governance in Nigeria, after one and a half decades of military dictatorship. The present Administration has, therefore, been beset with the serious challenges of bringing about stable macroeconomic environment for the promotion of the socio-economic growth needed for profitable trade and investment. Upon inception at the end of May 1999, the Government announced that it would fundamentally restructure the economy as part of the overall policy goal of good governance. While the socio-political elements include transparency and accountability, the economic dimension involves continued emphasis on liberalisation privatisation and widespread reforms of economic institutions. As a demonstration of this change in direction, the Federal Government lays much emphasis on the need for fiscal discipline and the need to curb waste in public expenditure. An open system of periodic disbursement of the funds in the Federation Account among Federal, State and Local Governments has been established as a permanent feature. Also, at the Presidency, the Budget Monitoring and Price Intelligence Unit (BMPIU), was set up to ensure that all government procurement contracts comply with Due Process requirements. This has contributed immensely to the improvement of the quality of government investment programmes and reduced corruption in the contracting system, thereby leading to savings of about N118.0 billion as at September 2004. Among other anti-corruption institutions established during the review period are the Independent anti-Corruption Practices Commission (ICPC) and the Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC). Both have been active in prosecuting economic crimes. Government service delivery through Service Charter Compact with all Nigerians (SERVICOM) has continued to yield fruitful results in several public institutions and other areas. These include the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC), Nigerian Postal Service (NIPOST), Corporate Affairs Commission (CAC), Passport Office and land registration in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). The critical state of the economy resulting from the influence of the long period of military rule is still highly discernible. With the fresh breath of freedom, people tend to resist the initial pains of any corrective measure. This would tend to explain the unusual spate of labour strike actions staged against the effects of any increase in the price of petroleum products. The ethnic and religious disturbances in some parts of the country and those in the petroleum producing areas took some toll on economic activity. Consequently, the on-going reforms have not yet been able to produce much of the expected results. Thus, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) showed a growth rate of 0.94 per cent in 1999 and rose rather unsteadily through 5.44, 4.60 and 3.48 per cent, respectively in 2000, 2001 and 2002 to 10.24 per cent in 2003. GDP structure still remains relatively rigid as the contribution of the major components trended slowly. Agriculture and Crude Petroleum accounted for averages of 35.7 and 31.8 per cent, respectively while Wholesale and Retail Trade contributed 13.1 and 12.6 per cent, respectively. The only sector that showed positive response, was communication, which from 0.11 per cent of GDP in 1999, rose to 0.21 per cent in 2003. This is apparently a reflection of the effect of the deregulation policy in the sub-sector. At the average growth rate of 4.38 per cent, the manufacturing sector remained unimpressive due largely to infrastructural problems and adverse effects of unbridled imports of fake and sub-standard goods. Fiscal deficit declined from 8.4 per cent of GDP in 1999 to 2.8 per cent in 2003, reflecting some measure of Government restrained expenditure profile. The deficit, which amounted to N202.7billion in 2003, showed the worsening impact of debt service burden. An external debt of about $34.0 billion at the end of 2004, (from US$32.9 billion) constituted a major constraint on economic growth. The debt overhang calls for a sustainable solution, as the present system of arrears accumulation seems not to be a very viable strategy. Poverty alleviation constitutes an important aspect of national policy. The 2003 Federal Office Statistics (FOS)/UNDP survey showed that over 70.0 per cent of Nigerians live below the poverty line. Various poverty alleviation programmes have been introduced at all levels of Government, Federal, State and Local. Among these is the National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP). Through this programme both rural and urban poor communities are targeted and assisted with the provision of micro-credit and other productive assets. A Medium-Term Economic Framework, the National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS), was introduced towards the end of this review period, covering 2003-2007, at the Federal Government level. The NEEDS is a medium-term plan aimed at achieving poverty reduction, wealth creation, employment generation and value re-orientation. Its overall thrust is to grow a broad-based private sector-led economy. The plan will be the basis for all government fiscal operations. As from 2004, the States have also replicated the plan into the State Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (SEEDS), which the Local Governments will subsequently adopt. Nigeria pursues its economic and trade policies along multilateral, regional, sub-regional and bilateral levels. At the multilateral level, the country is a member of the World Trade Organisation (ϲʹ) and remains committed to the principles of the multilateral trading system. Nigeria is a principal and founding member of the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) which came into force in October 2001. The country is also a key member of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and contributes significantly to the economic integration of the sub-region. It maintains bilateral trade and economic relations with many members of the United Nations. At each of these levels, Nigeria realises the need for a well-informed, stable, comprehensive and transparent trade policy, for the country to effectively and fully benefit from the global trading system. II. ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT (1) Overview Developments in the economy during the review period were rather unsteady, although not without improvement in some sectors. Average GDP growth rate was 4.4 per cent, compared with 3.5per cent recorded during the last review, 1995-1998. The uneven trend as indicated earlier in the GDP which grew at the rate of 0.94 in 1999 to 10.24 per cent in 2003 was contingent on the price movements on international crude oil market, the emergence of natural gas and favourable agricultural production. Earnings from crude oil rose from N106.00 billion in 2002 to N131.34 billion in 2003, resulting from increases of Nigeria's OPEC quota from 1.787 million barrels per day (mbd) in the preceding year to 2.018 mbd in 2003. Average price increased by over 16.0 per cent and the production of natural gas increased by 11.3 per cent during the period. Agriculture attained a growth rate of 6.1 per cent during the review period. The Communication sub-sector, though relatively small, showed significant improvement, owing largely to the deregulation of the services, beginning in 2001. Its contribution to the GDP nearly doubled in 2003. The contribution of manufacturing remained low due to factors, including infrastructural inadequacies, high cost of finance, adverse effect of an upsurge in imports and consequently low capacity utilisation. The effectiveness of monetary policy was dampened by the problem of excess liquidity in the banking system for the most part of the review period. This was largely attributed to the expansionary fiscal operations of the Federal and State governments, accentuated by the demand pressure in the foreign exchange market. Fiscal deficits of 8.4, 2.9 and 4.0per cent of the GDP were recorded in 1999, 2000 and 2001, respectively. This increased in 2002 and 2003 to 5.1 and 5.5 per cent of the GDP, respectively. As at the end of September 2004, however, resulting from the action of the Federal Government, which exercised some restraint in the spending of the additional revenue from crude oil sales, excessive public expenditure was curtailed. Government monetary and exchange rate policy is issued by the Central Bank. The main objectives have been aimed at ensuring the maintenance of internal and external balance as well as the achievement of sustainable output growth and poverty reduction. Others are reduction in excess liquidity in the banking system, single-digit inflation rate; sustenance of market-based interest rate regime; achievement of balance of payments viability; promotion and maintenance of financial sector stability; and the achievement of external reserve stock that could support at least six months current import cover. For the most part of the review period, strenuous efforts were made by the Monetary and Fiscal Authorities to achieve these objectives. Various financial and monetary initiatives were introduced, including moral suasion by the Central Bank to influence the interest rates regime, constant mopping up operation of liquidity in the system, the reintroduction of the Dutch Auction System (DAS) of exchange rate management; and determined efforts of building up of foreign reserves. As at September 2004, indicators showed that these efforts had started bearing positive results. These are in the following areas: a fiscal deficit of 1.5 per cent of GDP; relative stability of the Naira exchange rate; 16.1 per cent inflation rate; and foreign exchange reserves of over US$16 billion at the end of December 2004. The government is currently researching on how to modernise and streamline the informal sector activities, with a view to making it more productive. A substantial volume of activities of the informal sector of the economy falls within the services sector. Sectoral Performance Agriculture Agriculture made appreciable progress during the review period. With 4.4 per cent average rate of growth during 1999-2003, and annual rates of 6.1 and 7.0 per cent in 2003 and 2004, respectively, this represented the highest stride amongst the major components of the GDP. The main factors which favoured the outcome included adequate rainfall; low incidence of pests; better post-harvest handling; supply of high yielding and disease resistant seeds/seedlings; and intensification and application of off-farm research technologies. The remarkable improvement in 2002 and 2003 was largely ascribed to Federal Government support through its new agricultural policy, which assigned promotional and supportive roles to the government but leaves actual investment to the private sector. This involved the mobilisation of various commodity associations and the establishment of Presidential Committees on rice, cassava, fisheries, livestock, vegetable oils and tree crops. The Committees were mandated to initiate programmes that would boost production for both consumption and export. Moreover, the ban on importation encouraged increased domestic production. The Special Programme for Food Security (SPFS) was set up to achieve food sufficiency for and reduce rural poverty. The establishment of Roots and Tuber Expansion Programme (RTEP) was aimed at sustainable increases in cassava, yam, cocoyam and potato production. The SPFS and RTEP took off in 2003. Several multi-purpose irrigation dams were constructed and commissioned all over the country. The Federal Government initiated the programme of buyer-of-last-resort, guaranteeing farmers a profitable floor price for excess products so as to further encourage production. A very notable result of these efforts in 2004 was that for the first time the United Nations World Food Programme (WFP) purchased from Nigeria's grains reserves over 150,000 tons, and the agency is setting up an office in Nigeria for such transactions in future. In spite of this successful outcome, some important constraints still remain. These include occasional shortfall in the supply of inputs such as fertiliser, farm power and agricultural tools and implements, inadequate funding of extension services and seasonal flooding of farmlands in certain areas. Quela birds also caused substantial loss of harvest to farmers in some northern states. In addition, increases in petroleum products' prices and the poor state of rural roads occasioned increased production costs. The fishing sub-sector was constrained by rise in the cost of outboard engines and fishing nets, and slow-downs and even operational stoppages resulting from communal crises in the Delta region of the country. Prices of export commodities were constantly depressed especially during good harvests and sluggish demand. Manufacturing During 1999-2003, the contribution of the manufacturing sub-sector to the GDP averaged about 4.4 per cent. This has been the general trend of the sub-sector since the discontinuance of foreign input based manufactures in the second-half of 1980s. Performance during the review period at best showed moderate recovery. Thus, from a decline of 3.9 per cent in1998 the sub-sector recorded some improvement of 3.5 per cent in 1999. In 2000, only a bare increase of 0.4 per cent was made. In the following two years an equal rise of 2.9 per cent was recorded, which again fell to 1.1 per cent in 2003 Among the factors influencing this modest improvement in 2001-2002 were more regular electric power supply and a more favourable business climate, especially influenced by availability of petroleum products. Moreover, the reforms at the ports drastically reduced transactions period, and there was general restoration of investors confidence. The introduction of comprehensive inspection of imports at the ports made importers of manufactures pay appropriate duties, and slightly improved the competitiveness of local manufactures. Intensified and enhanced surveillance by the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) and the operations of the Standards Organisation of Nigeria (SON) helped to check influx of fake and substandard products and their local counterparts. Also, increased utilisation of the Small and Medium Industries Equity Investment Scheme (SMIEIS) fund resulted in increased production. The constraints on manufacturing production are still real and strong, and this explains the low level of industrial capacity utilisation, which was put at about 46.2 percent in 2003. These problems included low level of demand for local manufactures, influx of cheaper imports, especially second-hand goods. This was more pronounced in textiles, footwear, leather goods, cement (before the recent restriction), vehicle parts, radio, television and communication equipment sub-groups. Another source of weak aggregate demand was labour lay-offs in the private sector resulting mainly from contraction of production and factory closures. Other challenges of this sub-sector include increased costs of production which resulted from equipment deficiency due to old age; infrastructural inadequacy, especially electricity and bad roads; increased cost of finance occasioned by high interest rates and the depreciation of the Naira exchange rate, given the high dependence of local industries on imported inputs and spare parts. The situation was worsened by incidents of civil disturbances in some parts of the country, as well as the general insecurity of life and property, which disrupted production programmes and discouraged investment. Solid minerals This sub-sector has suffered neglect and relative under-development, especially since crude oil gained ascendancy as Nigerias major export. The 1946 Ordinance was revised in 1999, to ensure an orderly, attractive and conducive atmosphere for the development and exploitation of Nigeria's solid minerals. The government has offered generous incentives to attract investors and prospectors to this sub-sector, including tax holidays, lower income taxes, deferred royalty payments, capital allowances and even exemption from import duty payments. The major solid minerals currently being exploited include coal, limestone, columbite, marble and cassiterite. Production in 1999 improved slightly by 2.6 per cent to 2,078 million tonnes in contrast with the decline of 39.4 per cent recorded in 1998. Similar improvements were recorded between 2000 and 2002. In 2003, however, total output fell by 36.5 per cent to 8,270 million tonnes from the level of 13,026 million tones a year earlier. The main factors, which accounted for this relative improvement, included the new government policy measures aimed at promoting the growth of the sub-sector, and improvement in demand by end-users. On the other hand, the constraints to continued and higher performance in 2003 mainly involved the shift to more environmentally friendly sources of power generation (petroleum and gas) by major consumers of coal, particularly the Nigerian Railways Corporation (NRC) and the National Electric Power Authority (NEPA). A fall in demand for limestone was also recorded following the decline in domestic production of cement. Services Nigerias services sector accounted for an average of 25.13 per cent of the GDP during 1999-2003. Until recently, when the policy of privatisation and deregulation was introduced, the sector was almost entirely dominated by government ownership. Resulting from the unimpressive performance of sub-sectors, which included communication, air services, shipping, and even banking services, public ownership divestment has progressed rapidly. Hence, the National Shipping Line, and more recently, the Nigeria Airways had been liquidated in the transport sector. The Federal Government has extensively relinquished its interests in the banking and insurance sub-sector. A far-reaching reform is being introduced in the banking segment which will result in a fewer number of banks with stronger capital base that can contribute more meaningfully to the financing of economic development. As from December 2005 the capital base of commercial banks must not be less than N25.0 billion as against the current minimum of N2.0 billion. At the end of this exercise, it is expected that the banks will be much less in number than the existing 89, as operators are making efforts to re-capitalise through Mergers or Acquisitions. Energy The National Electric Power Authority (NEPA) is the state monopoly with the responsibility to generate, transmit and distribute electricity in Nigeria, producing 99.5 per cent of total electric power, while the remaining 0.5 per cent is the thermal energy purchased from private companies. The performance of this sub-sector has been inadequate to meet the needs of the economy, due largely to years of neglect. Developments since 1999 have been mixed. The average increase in electricity generation of 7.02 per cent was achieved rather unevenly. Much of this was through rehabilitation of generating equipment and higher utilisation of existing capacity. Electricity generation rose to 16,088.7kwh in 1999 showing an increase of 6.4 per cent above the level of 15, 110.0 in 1998. A decline of 8.7 per cent occurred in 2000 as a result of deterioration of most generating equipment, which had suffered poor maintenance over the years. An appreciable increase of 22.6 per cent was recorded in 2001 when 18,009.6 kwh was attained. In the following year, however, this declined to 16, 088.7 kwh or by 10.7 per cent. The highest point reached in power generation was in 2003 with 20,183.2 kwh, representing 25.5 per cent above the level of 2002. In addition to equipment deterioration, the other constraints which confronted electricity generation included decline in thermal generation by 16.9 per cent in 2002; communal unrest in the gas/oil producing areas which disrupted gas transportation through pipelines to plants; and over-use of NEPA functional plants in Kanji, Jebba and Egbin. At the end of 2004, NEPA attained the generating capacity of 4500 Megawatts (MW) compared with 4200 MW in 2003. This was appreciable compared with the position of barely 2000 MW in May 1999. The Government has planned for additional generating capacity of 1400MW by 2006. Nonetheless, there exists considerable power deficit in Nigeria. This has made the Federal Government to start encouraging private sector participation through Independent Power Producers (IPP). In response to this, the Nigerian Agip Oil Company (AGIP) has added an installation of 350MW under the scheme. Alternative energy approaches are also currently being considered, especially in rural areas. Communications The communications sub-sector is among those that have clearly benefited from the government policy of deregulation during the review period. Telecommunication has actually been revolutionised in Nigeria. In the postal segment, the private sector continued to complement official efforts in communication service delivery. More private participants were being enlisted in line with government policy. The deregulation of telecommunication in Nigeria from 2000 took very rapid paces. The Nigerian Communication Commission (NCC) was given the responsibility to create a regulatory environment for the provision of efficient and effective market through the divestment of government equity interest in the sub-sector, as well as enhancing increased private sector participation through an appropriate regulatory framework. This internal reform within the Nigerian Telecommunications Ltd (NITEL) could not be successfully carried out as the sub-sector remained inefficient and ineffective due to factors, including equipment obsolescence, monopoly of service provisioning, management problems, a cumbersome billing system and administrative red-tapism. As at the end of 2000, operational telephone lines were 426,500; and service quality remained poor. This unsatisfactory situation led to the full deregulation of the sub- sector in March 2001 when NCC licensed the Mobile Telecommunication Network (MTN) and ECONET Wireless to operate the GSM (Global System of Mobile) telecommunication. These companies started operations in August and by December 2001, about 300,000 cell phones had been sold, bringing operational lines to about 726,500 and a teledensity of 1:165 from the position of 1:284 in 2000. There was considerable improvement in 2002 when NITEL operations showed that total number of telephone lines increased by 20.3 per cent, from 767,862 in 2001 to 932,424 in 2002. The deregulation of the Telecommunication sector resulted in immense improvement in communication services. MTN and ECONET increased their telephone lines from 300,000 in 2001 to 1,660,000 in 2002. When the phone lines of NITEL were added, Nigerias teledensity became 1:51, a level much higher than the International Telecommunications Unions (ITU) standard of 1:100. As at June 2003, NITEL had 510,000 functionally connected lines 350,000 fixed; 120,000 GSM and 40,000 analogue. Combined operational lines of MTN and ECONET increased from 1,660,000 in 2002 to 2,050,000, representing 23.4%. A new company, the GLOBACOM, also began operations and as at the end of the year, Nigeria's teledensity improved further, standing at 1:49, far above ITU's minimum standard of 1:100. The benefits which private sector involvement in this sub-sector has brought include innovation, wider coverage, competition, better services, mobilisation of new financing for telecommunication investment and employment. The sub-sector's contribution to the GDP rose from N0.69 billion to N0.83 billion in 2003. Tourism Nigeria's endowment for prosperous tourism is overwhelming when the riches of her weather, wildlife, water falls, historical relics, attractive beaches, rolling hills and the general warm-heartedness of an active populace are taken into consideration. All these and other qualities informed the nations tourism policy of 1990 with the basic objective to make Nigeria "the ultimate tourism destination in Africa." The main thrust of the policy is to generate foreign exchange, encourage even development, promote tourism-based rural enterprises, generate employment, accelerate rural-urban integration and cultural exchange. The strategies adopted include: Provision of infrastructural facilities (water, roads, electricity, communications and hotels) in centres of attraction by government; Concession of land whereby state governments would provide land without hindrance for tourism; and Provision of fiscal and other incentives, such that tourism is treated as a preferred section like agriculture, with such incentives as tax holidays, tax rebate and soft loans. All these objectives have, however, not been realised due to several factors, including infrastructural and information deficiencies; belated policy formulation and poor implementation; insecurity, negative attitudinal disposition towards tourism and tourists; and extended family links which tend to discourage use of tourism facilities, e.g. hotels or guest houses. The sub-sector has therefore suffered relative neglect over the years, but the present Administration, within the review period, has continued to make some conscientious efforts to revitalise tourism in Nigeria. The Federal Government has established the Ministry of Culture and Tourism. The Ministry is to work with the States and Local Governments to implement the country's tourism strategies. The Ministry also has the responsibility for policy research, planning, formulation, monitoring and funding of national oriented tourism infrastructure and the representation of Nigeria's interest in international tourism organisations. Government has also constituted a Presidential Council on Tourism, drawing membership from relevant Ministries and State governments, with the President serving as Chairman. Furthermore, a Presidential Sub-committee on Private Sector Investment in the tourism industry has been inaugurated to among other things: Identify factors discouraging private sector investment in the industry; Highlight factors that encourage private sector participation; Recommend measures that can be taken to encourage private investment; and Recommend any other strategy that can move the tourism sector forward. A National Council on Culture and Tourism, headed by the Minister, is to assist in the achievement of these objectives. The membership of the Council includes State Commissioners in-charge of Culture and Tourism, representatives of Travel Agents, Hoteliers and Catering Associations, Travel and Tour Operators and Boards of Airlines. State Ministries are responsible for the implementation of policies and directives from the Federal Ministry of Culture and Tourism, the initiation of projects, control of land allocation for tourism projects and their development in their respective states. Their responsibilities include regulating the operation of hotels and catering institutions and overseeing the State Tourism Boards. The Local Governments are responsible for allocating and identifying potential tourist attractions, serving as information centres, providing Tourist Guides, preserving and maintaining existing national monuments and museums. III. STRUCTURAL REFORMS (1) Deregulation The Economic Direction for 1999-2003 launched in August 2000 had as key principle, "the commitment to a market-oriented, private sector-led economy with government serving as a catalyst and providing the enabling environment for the private sector to thrive". Even before then it had been realised that domestic capital would be inadequate to promote the rapid economic growth set out in the new industrial policy. It is, therefore, crucial to attract foreign capital into all sectors of the economy, except areas where national security might be jeopardised. The direction of policy which inspires the restructuring of the economy through liberalisation, privatisation and other measures is to make the country more attractive to foreign investors. As a result of deregulation, industries now have greater access to foreign exchange for their operational activities. In order to realise the objectives of deregulation, Government has undertaken to repeal all legislation that have created public sector monopoly in specific sectors of the economy. Among erstwhile government owned enterprises which have been liquidated is the Nigeria Airways, in place of which a totally private sector-owned airline, "Virgin Nigeria" has been established, in partnership with Virgin Atlantic Airways of the United Kingdom. The National Electric Power Authority (NEPA) is at present going through a restructuring process that will make it viable to be sold to the private sector. NITEL is another enterprise that would soon be repackaged for sale to a core investor. As a result of government deregulation policy in 2004, an estimated US$1.0 billion in new foreign investments came into the non-oil sector of the economy. The sectors, which received these new investments, include foods and beverages, leather goods, power generation, household goods and pharmaceuticals. On its part, government has adopted measures to provide an environment that is very conducive for the sustenance of macroeconomic stability, improved governance (transparency, accountability and anti-corruption crusade) and the provision of adequate socio-economic infrastructure and reduction in the cost of doing business. The deregulation of some sectors, especially the downstream sector of petroleum industry, has led to price increases as the immediate consequence. The resistance to these price increases led by the Nigerian Labour Congress (NLC) resulted in a spate of strike actions, which disrupted economic activities. The government is, however, convinced that increased competition would enhance efficiency and ultimately cause prices to fall once the situation stabilises. (2) Privatisation The National Council on Privatisation (NCP) with its administrative arm, the Bureau of Public Enterprise (BPE) was inaugurated in July 1999 and given the responsibility of carrying out the nations privatisation and commercialisation programme. It is a core policy of the government, having been convinced of the inefficiencies and extensive waste of resources by the government-owned firms. In addition, privatisation was adopted with a view to reducing the financial burden on the national treasury, caused by many non-performing public enterprises; improving economic efficiency and growth; and developing the private sector. The benefits of this programme are already manifest. For instance, the GSM auctions and licensing of the private telecommunication operators (PTOs) have brought about a revolutionary change in terms of improved communications. Naturally, there have been some areas of controversy, including disagreement over the public enterprises that should or should not be privatised. Thus, enterprises like the Refineries, Nigeria Airways, and Nigerian Security Printing and Minting Company, were regarded by some as symbols of nationhood that should not be affected by privatisation. Government, however, believes that any non-performing assets should be sold. The privatisation process remains on course and government is determined to ensure that the programme is successfully implemented. Transparency Promotion of transparency and accountability is a key policy of the new Administration. Systemic corruption has been a major hindrance to Nigerias development in all spheres: social, economic and even cultural. It has given the country a bad image in the comity of nations with adverse effects, which include paucity of foreign investment. Since inception of in 1999, the present Administration has taken practical steps (legal, institutional and administrative) to stop this unwholesome attitude, and to improve the image of Nigeria. Among the institutional bodies established to tackle the problem of corruption and economic and financial crimes are Independent Corrupt Practices and other related Offences Commission (ICPC) and Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC). While ICPC has prosecuted over 62 cases, the EFCC has put over 500 people behind bars as at the end of 2004. These agencies are working hard to secure convictions and collaborating closely with law enforcement agencies abroad to trace bank lodgements and investments abroad by corrupt Nigerians. A strong and effective anti-corruption policy remains a priority of the government. Ports and Customs Reforms Some far-reaching reforms were introduced in Nigerias ports during the review period. These include the implementation of the Cabotage Law enacted in 2003 and a drastic reduction in the number of official agencies exercising authority in port transactions. Others are enhanced surveillance by National Agency for Food Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) and Standards Organisation of Nigeria (SON), which helped to reduce importation of fake and substandard items; and the introduction of comprehensive (100 per cent) destination inspection of imports. The Cabotage law implementation now permits ocean steamers to move from harbour to harbour to load or unload cargoes. This is held to offer to the economy several advantages and benefits, including increase in tonnage, boost the capacity of industry operators, i.e., local shipyards, transportation logistics, the financial sector and development of human resources. Furthermore, it is expected that the new environment would encourage investment within the domestic water transportation industry. The activities of over ten different government bodies involved in ports transactions hitherto caused much hardship and undue delays. Government has taken steps to reduce the number to a few which have statutory duties of examining and clearing of imports. In addition, the time within which a genuine importer would evacuate his goods from the ports has now been cut to forty-eight hours. The introduction of comprehensive destination inspection has yielded appreciable results by enhancing government revenue through the ports. It has also had salutary effects on the manufacturing sector. The Nigeria Customs Service (NCS) itself has been a subject of reforms which have resulted in improved revenue collection; more effective anti-smuggling activities; higher operational and welfare packages for the officers and men; and enhancement of technical and technological equipment acquisition and operational innovation. Regarding revenue collection, NCS has consistently exceeded its revenue targets annually since 1999 when these reforms were introduced. Thus, the organisation collected N86.19 billion, N10.19 or 13.40 per cent over and above estimated target for that year. Again, in the year 2000, the NCS exceeded the target of N100.00 billion by N1.1 billion. Although the volume of smuggled goods has considerably reduced, the NCS is now better equipped to reduce them further. Its air wing has been resuscitated with two operational aircrafts, thus complementing the land patrol activities. Seizures of contrabands as well as arms and ammunition have been made at many ports and points of entry by the Customs. As operational effectiveness has been enhanced so also have the welfare packages increased. These include better health services, accommodation, transportation, recreational facilities as well as staff training, development and promotion. In the area of operational innovations, the UNCTAD Automated System of Customs Data (ASYCUDA) has been adopted. The ASYCUDA software alongside full computerisation of the service is now being used for revenue collection. IV. TRADE POLICIES (1) Trade Policy Objectives and Developments The goal of policy is to lay a solid foundation for fully exploiting Nigerias potentials in international trade and helping it to become the gateway to West and Central Africa. Much of this potential has not been realised because of some constraints including the high cost of doing business in Nigeria; inadequate infrastructure; poorly implemented incentives (fiscal and tariff regimes); massive smuggling; lack of standardisation; and unfavourable international trade rules and practices. In addition, other policy challenges still remain especially in the application of tariffs and exemptions, transaction costs at ports, customs clearance procedures, and the use of import bans. Nigeria's tariff and non-tariff barriers have on average exceeded those of other ECOWAS countries. The thrust of policy, therefore, is to drastically reduce the uncertainty and unpredictability of the trade policy regime, harmonise trade practices with those of other ECOWAS countries and thereby facilitate the full integration of the sub-region. A new Trade Policy was therefore adopted in 2002 to provide a roadmap for private sector operators as well as demonstrate Governments policy orientation, focus and aspirations in the trade sector. The new policy framework will continue to guide interactions with trading partners and ensure that Nigerias national interest is protected at all times. Due to the virtual absence of a rules-based transparent mechanism for testing, certification and registration of certain categories of products and the resultant implications for public health and safety as well as intellectual property rights protection, Government in 2003 and 2004, as a policy measure reintroduced import prohibitions on such products. Several complaints have been received from trading partners regarding these restrictions and Government is determined to comprehensively address this matter so that any damage, which may have been done to the countrys image abroad can be expeditiously rectified in order to enhance the overall confidence of the international community in the current economic reforms. To that end, an Inter-Agency process involving the key members of the Economic Team has been put in place to determine the best policy options available to Government. Accordingly in the context of the fiscal policy measures in the 2005 Budget, Nigeria has fully committed itself to adopting the UEOMOA tariff structure within the framework of the ECOWAS Common External Tariff (CET) programme, which comprises only four tariff bands. A new eight-year tariff structure would also come into effect by the end of June 2005 and some of the current prohibitions would be appropriately transformed into that structure. The remaining items will subsequently be fully eliminated by June 2007. Nigeria would want to assure all Members that the current bans are essentially transitory and there is no intention to apply them indefinitely. Government also wishes to solicit the continued support and understanding of all Members as it endeavours to, in the interim, fully address the specific concerns of trading partners. In spite of the present challenges, these measures do not undermine Nigeria's commitment to the principles and objectives of the ϲʹ, but should be seen as a conscious effort to contain certain unwholesome practices by unscrupulous individuals that are injurious to the majority of the citizenry and overall national economic interests. By the end of the restrictive measures, Government would have had enough time to put in place a transparent rules-based mechanism for the testing, certification and inspection of imports, as a well as for the enforcement of other appropriate border measures, including IPRs. (2) Export Requirements Non-oil exporters are required to register with the Nigerian Export Promotion Council (NEPC). This involves the submission of a completed application form along with copies of the Certificate of Incorporation and Memorandum and Articles of Association. For co-operative societies, evidence of registration is required in place of certificate of incorporation. Registration takes place within one week of submission of all required documents. Exporters are required to renew their registration annually by submitting the company's current tax clearance certificate; evidence of export performance within two years; and a certified true copy of "Form C.O.7" showing the particulars of the Directors of the company. (3) Multilateral and Regional Trading Arrangements Nigeria remains committed to the principles and objectives of the multilateral trading system. In line with this commitment, Nigeria pursues a liberal trade and investment policy, which aims at greater liberalisation and improved market access, by lowering tariff and non-tariff barriers. Furthermore, Nigeria is actively involved in the ongoing international trade negotiations in order to assist in creating favourable market access conditions for the countrys exports, as well as ensure the full integration of the national economy into the global economy. (i) ϲʹ As a founding member of the ϲʹ, Nigeria considers the Doha Development Agenda (DDA) adopted at the 4th ϲʹ Ministerial Conference in Doha, Qatar, in 2001, as the basis for positively responding to the challenges faced by developing countries in the international trading system. Thus, the government welcomes efforts made to put the negotiations back on track and calls for the renewed commitment of the entire membership, particularly the developed country members, to the spirit of the DDA. This is to enable the ϲʹ achieve its cardinal objective of fully integrating all members into the Multilateral Trading system. Nigeria expects that at the end of on-going negotiations, the ϲʹ would have achieved substantial reduction in tariff and non-tariff barriers faced by its non-oil export products. These products include processed agricultural and food products; and labour intensive manufactured goods, the expansion potentials which have been seriously inhibited by tariff escalation, in developed country markets. These barriers also impact negatively on government's efforts at diversifying the country's economic base, with emphasis on the promotion on non-oil exports, through the processing of such products as cocoa, oil seeds, roots and tubers, tropical fruits, nuts; wood and rubber products, as well as fisheries and hides and skins. Furthermore, the high level of export subsidies and domestic support measures deployed by the developed countries in their agricultural sectors, continue to distort trade, dampen prices and serve as obstacles to expansion of local production of agricultural products. This has led to a high level of unemployment and the closure of processing plants. On the whole, Nigeria, in partnership with other Members, is committed to delivery the benefits of global trade through the successful conclusion of the DDA negotiations. ACP-EU Cotonou Partnership Agreement This replaces the former erstwhile Lome Convention. The new Agreement introduces a new, concept of geographical configuration in which the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) Group of countries would constitute geographically contiguous regional negotiating groups for the Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) with the European Union. Nigeria belongs to the West Africa (ECOWAS + Mauritania) Group. The main objective of the EPA is to promote the deepening of the regional integration process and sustainable economic development in the West African region. Nigeria is actively involved in the EPA negotiation process and has significantly contributed to the adoption of the road Map which addresses some of the key concerns relating to deepening of the integration process in West Africa, improving competitiveness capacity building and upgrading as well as the overall preparation and conduct of the negotiations. In accordance with the approved indicative schedule, the final phase will focus on negotiations on market access for goods and services. The Agreement will concluded in 2007 and shall enter into force on 1st January, 2008. Since the main objectives of the EPA negotiations are based on priorities determined by the region, Nigeria expects that the national the EPA would be complementary and mutually supportive of its development strategies. In that regard, a number of impact assessment studies are being carried out in collaboration with donors to ensure that both the national and regional positions reflect the interests of all stakeholders. U.S. AGOA The United States African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), since its establishment in 2000, has provided veritable trade opportunities for Nigeria and other Sub-Saharan African countries through preferential market access. Nigeria has also been granted the status of an eligible country beneficiary under the Act. The AGOA Textile and apparel Visa was also granted to the country in 2004 to enable it enjoy the textile and apparel benefits of the programmes. In order to take advantage of the opportunities offered by the AGOA, the Government has embarked on nation-wide sensitisation and enlightenment workshops and seminars for all relevant stakeholders. Government has also identified some key products like textiles and apparels, leather and footwear, handicrafts, etc., in which Nigeria has strong potential export capacity. It is expected that the extension of AGOA beyond 2008 would give businesses the confidence to make long-term investments in Nigeria and other Sub-Saharan African countries. Nigeria therefore hopes to continue to use the AGOA as an important window of opportunity to create wealth, promote investment and generate employment. ECOWAS As one of the main founders of the ECOWAS, Nigeria remains committed to the complete realisation of the organisations regional integration initiatives, particularly in the area of economic and trade cooperation. As part of ways of attaining these objectives, efforts are being made to adopt a common trade and competition policy, in the stepwise process of integrating African economies, as well as the adoption of a common currency under the West African Monetary Zone Protocol. Other challenges being addressed include the removal of all non-tariff barriers to trade, harmonisation of taxes and introduction of a common external tariff (CET) regime in West Africa. Nigeria also remains committed to ensuring peace and political stability in the region. NEPAD As a founding member country of the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD), Nigeria also remains fully committed to the objectives and priorities of this visionary regional initiative. Efforts are being made to actively mobilise the private sector as part and parcel of the ownership of this initiative. The objectives of NEPAD are similar to the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), especially in the areas like the eradication of poverty and launching Africa on the path of sustainable economic growth and development. The three key themes NEPAD are: sectoral priorities in domesticating production of essential raw materials and provision of efficient infrastructure, human resources development for skilled manpower, etc; resource mobilisation that would enable the achievement of annual GDP growth rate of 7.0per cent; and the Peer Review Mechanism. Significant progress has been made in the implementation of the NEPAD in Nigeria. An extensive programme of sensitisation is currently being carried out by the NEPAD Secretariat, while the articulation of projects for funding and the supporting institutional structures are also being developed. Bilateral trade agreements Bilateral trade agreements (BTAs) remain one of the most potent ways for countries to pursue matters of mutual self-interest and benefits in terms of inflow of foreign investment, access to technology, capital, industrial inputs and consumer goods. It also provides vital markets for a country's own products and thus enhances its trade, economic growth and development. Given these advantages, Nigeria like every other country continues to explore and maintains mutually beneficial bilateral relations with other trading partners. Currently, Nigeria has negotiated and signed BTAs with the United States, Tunisia, Egypt, Cuba Vietnam, Niger, Canada, Indonesia, South Africa, Iran, Algeria, Peoples Republic of China, the Gambia and Republic of Benin. Arrangements are also being made for the negotiation of Free Trade Agreement with Egypt and South Africa. V. NEW INITIATIVES Economic and trade activities during the next few years will be greatly influenced by the reform policies contained in the NEEDS. The three pillars of NEEDS are, namely, empowering people, promoting private enterprise and changing the way government does its work. Empowering people aims at creating opportunities for them as producers and consumers. By implication, this means creating employment and alleviating poverty. Both of these are best done through the prosperity of the private sector. In promoting private enterprise, the on-going policies of privatisation and deregulation will continue to be fostered. In this regard, government-owned enterprises e.g., NITEL, NEPA, the Steel Mills, the Refineries, etc. are being prepared for privatisation. Government is determined to divest from them. At the end of the process it is expected that the private sector would become the dominant driving force for economic growth and development, while the role of government would largely be reduced to that of a facilitator. The third pillar, changing the way government does its work, will yield beneficial results including cutting down on waste, maintaining the rule of law, ensuring security, economic stability and good relations with foreign partners. Active participation at multilateral, regional, sub-regional and bilateral trade negotiations will continue. Nigerias active participation in the ongoing "Doha Development Agenda" will be strengthened. The actualisation of NEPAD's objectives, the economic integration of ECOWAS and evolution of a common currency for the sub-region is a cardinal policy. All these are expected to create a large economic space needed for the prosperity of private businesses. The financial and banking reforms are focused on achieving a sound financial foundation for the economy. First, the shift from annual monetary policy circular, to a two-year medium-term policy framework since 2002/2003 is aimed at providing a more stable framework for monetary and financial policy implementation in order to minimise over-reaction due to temporary shocks. This will bring about a measure of stability and predictability to both government and private business planners. The banking sector reforms whereby bank capitalisation will increase from N2.0 billion to N25.0billion will achieve the much needed strength and stability in the banking sector, and enhance its ability to fully meet the needs of the private sector in a developing economy. The reforms at the ports are geared towards promoting stability and efficiency with the resultant beneficial results to the economy. The enactment of the Coastal and Inland Shipping (Cabotage) Act of 2003 is meant, among others, to create more opportunities, empower Nigerians and promote value creation in a co-ordinated and consolidated framework that is consistent with the objectives of NEEDS. Further operational improvements for effective supervision and surveillance, including the establishment of Vessel Traffic Management (VETMA) would enhance the benefits of the new policy. As regards customs operations, reform measures will continue to be introduced to further sanitise the Service. The immediate benefits of the comprehensive examination policy include enhanced revenue; correct quality and quantity of imports; 48-hour port clearance; and enhanced competitiveness of domestic manufactures. The political and civil service reforms remain a top priority of Government. A new service delivery culture through SERVICOM has produced some beneficial results in some public establishments like the Corporate Affairs Commission (CAC), NAFDAC, NIPOST, and the Passport Office. As at the end of September 2004, the Due Process procedures had saved over N118.0 billion, which resulted from enhanced screening of government procurement contracts. The ICPC and EFCC have successfully prosecuted many cases of fraudulent practices and money laundering; and the Federal Government has successfully retrieved some of the countrys money illegally siphoned away to foreign banks. The President recently inaugurated an 18-member Committee to facilitate the implementation of reforms in the nations civil service, in line with the proposed reforms in NEEDS. The scope of the Committee's assignment includes the review of recruitment/appointments, development, deployment, discipline, performance management and incentives as well as voluntary exit incentives. The Committee is to also incorporate into the proposed revised Public Service Rules and Financial Regulations, other relevant rules and procedures that will ensure strict observance of transparency, justice, equity and accountability in government business. A National Political Reforms Conference, (NPRC) has also been establishment by Government to bring together Nigerians from all segments of the society to discuss fundamental constitutional issues regarding nationhood. The outcome of the dialogue would ultimately be incorporated into the ongoing of constitution review process, with a view to among others, achieving national unity, peace and progress. __________ WT/TPR/G/147 Trade Policy Review Page  PAGE i NIGERIA WT/TPR/G/147 Page  PAGE i WT/TPR/G/147 Trade Policy Review Page  PAGE 2 Nigeria WT/TPR/G/147 Page  PAGE 3 WT/TPR/G/147 Trade Policy Review Page  PAGE 18 Nigeria WT/TPR/G/147 Page  PAGE 19 $()*ABNOPX]^acdeikoV b ! ýýɭɭɄyyph]=ho!aJjhho!U hh4VhhDf; h;hh;jhh;U hhDfh', ho!5 h',CJ ho!CJ hho!hhv6 h5jh5U ho!:CJ,ho! ho!>*ho!5:CJ,, $%&'()HJkdo$$Ifl40+p# E 4 lazf4$d$Ifa$Hkd$$Ifl40+p#`E 4 lazf4 $$Ifa$ $dh$Ifa$ @)P^_`aklmngEkdQ$$Ifl0+p#E 4 lazHkd$$Ifl40+p# E 4 lazf4 $$Ifa$ no[YYYYYYEkd+$$Ifl0+p#E 4 laz $ @$Ifa$ $$Ifa$Gkd$$Ifl`0+p#E 4 laz  $Ifikd$$Ifl  04 laQp F$If^  ) xxx? "p^pgd > "gd = "gd$a$gd $a$gdGBkd/$$Ifl  4 laQp ! 6 b c x y q r s ǽooooooohh:CJmHnHuhCJmHnHuh4PCJmHnHuhh;CJmHnHuhhCJmHnHuhho!6CJhh6CJh]=ho!5CJ hho!h]=h8aJjh]=ho!UaJh]=ho!aJh]=h}WaJ+) 9 F ] n - H ~   > U"^gd> U"`gd = U"gd? U"p^pgd? "p^pgd  , - 0 1 G H K L } ~    ! $ 0 1 V_Wwj####%ⱪ{hh %Kh< hD,h-Zho! hb8ho!hb8hyhh CJ hhhCJmHnHuhCJmHnHuhh;CJmHnHuh4PCJmHnHuhhCJmHnHuhh:CJmHnHu/  ! 1  !s"%& &)*.03444T9<gd7\gd7\gd7\ & Fgdb8gdb8gdb8gdygd%%&&&&['\'t(u(,,44<<JJKK)^I^ugghhii?j@jPjQjgjnjojvjwjkk l lmmmmnnqqTrUrttwxxxxxxxhYGS h0h-ZhD,h-ZaJh+kh-Z0JMh0h-ZhD,h-Z>* h\h-ZhD,h-ZS*hyXhE?h-b hb8h-Zh %Khb8 hD,h-Zh@Q<<m???#ƿƷ﨤h!o h0h-ZhD,h-Z5h h9h-ZhD,h-ZH*hD,h-Z>* hoho hoh-Zho hD,hoh+h@Q h+h-ZhYGSh %K hD,h-ZhD,h-Z569&~D^ГrӗߙK"Ӥbƭ & Fgdogdo & Fgd+gd+gd+gd+gdRƭέ<Ddn=Ql gd,gd-Zgd| gd0'gd0gd0gd0gd9gd9gd=gd gd  & Fgdo#CQkl #$ " FGMNOPQRTUpqwxyz{|~пиh(hh(5hh(mHnHujhh(U hh( h,h, h,5ho!h %Kh!oh, hXaJhD,h-ZaJhX h| h-Z h0h-Z hD,h-Zh07 $^ Q $Ifgd $ & Fa$gd, & Fgd,gd,QRSTU{ $Ifgdgddkd$$IflD#$04 lap {|}~ $Ifgdgddkd*$$IflD#$04 lap  /0679:;<>?@A h,h,h',h(hh(5 hh(jhh(Uh',mHnHu& $Ifgd %dOgddkd$$IflD#$04 lap  $IfgdgddkdF$$IflD#$04 lap ; $Ifgdgddkd$$IflD#$04 lap ;<=>?@A & Fgd,gddkdb$$IflD#$04 lap . 00&P . A!"#n$%n+ 0&P . A!"#n$%n1 0&P :py. A!"#n$%n(&P . A!"#n$%nm$$Ifz!vh55E #v#vE :V l4+55E 4azf4q$$Ifz!vh55E #v#vE :V l4+55E 4azf4m$$Ifz!vh55E #v#vE :V l4+55E 4azf4p$$Ifz!vh55E #v#vE :V l55E / 4azf$$Ifz!vh55E #v#vE :V l`55E 4azb$$Ifz!vh55E #v#vE :V l55E 4az$$IfQ!vh5#v:V l  054aQp k$$IfQ!vh5#v:V l  54aQp $$If!vh5$#v$:V lD0,5$4p $$If!vh5$#v$:V lD0,5$4p $$If!vh5$#v$:V lD0,5$4p $$If!vh5$#v$:V lD0,5$4p $$If!vh5$#v$:V lD0,5$4p $$If!vh5$#v$:V lD0,5$4p NJ@J Normal$ a$CJ_HmH sH tH F@"F b8 Heading 1$ @&5;^@2^ Heading 2+$ & FH 0@&^`05:\@B\ L Heading 3+$ & FI 0@&^`05X@RX Heading 4+$ & FJ 0@&^`0@@@ Heading 5 & FK@&66@6 Heading 6 @&6@6 Heading 7 @&DA@D Default Paragraph FontVi@V  Table Normal :V 44 la (k(No List BB@B M Body Text & FD DT@D Block Text]^FP@F Body Text 2 & FE FQ@"F Body Text 3 & FF ^M@2^ Body Text First Indent & F `HC@BH Body Text Indent^TN@ART Body Text First Indent 2 `RR@bR Body Text Indent 2d^PS@rP Body Text Indent 3^CJ>+>  Endnote Text htH uh$@h Envelope Address!@ &+D/^@ CJOJQJ@V@@ FollowedHyperlink>*B* 4 @4 Footer  !@&@ Footnote ReferenceH*BB  Footnote Text `CJ@@@ Header$ "a$5CJ0U@0 Hyperlink>*B*: : Index 1 #^`#6!6  Index Heading!4/@"4 List"0^`082@28 List 2#0^`083@B8 List 3$^`84@R8 List 4%p0^p`085@b8 List 5&^`:0@r: List Bullet ' & FLT6@T List Bullet 2 ( & FM 0^`0X7@X List Bullet 3#) & FN @^`X8@X List Bullet 4#* & FO p0^p`0X9@X List Bullet 5#+ & FP ^`BD@B List Continue,^NE@N List Continue 2-^`FF@F List Continue 3.^NG@N List Continue 4/^`NH@N List Continue 50p0^p`0@1@@ List Number1 & FQ hT:@"T List Number 2 2 & FR 0^`0T;@2T List Number 3 3 & FS ^`T<@BT List Number 4 4 & FT p0^p`0T=@RT List Number 5 5 & FU ^`.)@a. Page Number<Z@r< Plain Text7 CJOJQJ6J@6 Subtitle 8$@&a$D,D Table of Authorities9D#D Table of Figures : 6>@6 Title;$a$ 5;KH6.6  TOA Heading<5T@T TOC 1,=$ p# 0]^`0a$;T@T TOC 2,>$ p# 0x]^`0a$:P@P TOC 3+?$ p#@J0]^`0a$LL TOC 4(@$ p# p0]^p`0a$PP TOC 5+A$ (p# 0]^`0a$HH TOC 6 B$ p# o]^oa$CJHH TOC 7 C$ p# L]^La$CJHH TOC 8 D$ p# )]^)a$CJHH TOC 9 E$ p# ]^a$CJPObP TPR1st page titleF$a$ 5CJ$KH$DOrD Tpr-Note 1st pageG&d@Y@  Document MapH-D OJQJ4O4 Title 2I$a$>*4O4 Title 3J$a$6@O@ Title CountryK$a$;LOL \Heading 3 Char5CJ_HmH sH tH HOH +kBody Text CharCJ_HmH sH tH  !A  0 ]  $%&'()P^_`aklmno)9F]n-H~ !1 s !*&(+,,,T14m777<:=BB\EFIIJKKMMxPR*UVV]X[q]_.agbob deeefhk lJllllppprtvFy{&{|~~D^ЋrӏߑK"ӜbƥΥ<Ddn=Ql $^ QRSTU{|}~;<=>?B0000 000 0000000000000 0000000F0F0F0F0F0F0F000000F00G00000=0=0>0>0?0@?0@?0@?0@?0@?0?0=0>0>0>0>0=00>0>0>0?0?0?0?0?00?0=000000D 0!D 0!D 0!D 0!D 0!D 0!D 0!D 0!D 0!00D 0 D 0 D 0 D 0 D 0 H 0(I 0,,D 0,,D 0,,D 0,,D 0,,(I 0,,D 077D 077D 077(I 0,,D 0BBD 0BBD 0BB(I 0,,D 0IID 0IID 0II(I 0,,D 0MMD 0MMD 0MMD 0MM(I 0,,D 0VVD 0 VVD 0!VVD 0"VVD 0#VVD 0$VV(I 0,,D 0%gbgbD 0&gbgbL '0gbL '0gbL '0gbD 0'gbgbD 0(gbgbL '0gbL '0gbL '0gbL '0gbL '0gbD 0)gbgb00pD 0*gbpD 0+gbpD 0,gbpD 0-gbpD 0.gbp0pD 0/gb{D 00gb{D 01gb{H 0pD 02D 03H 0pD 04DDD 05DDD 06DDD 07DDD 08DDD 09DD00D 0:DD 0;DD 0<DD 0=DD 0>D0D 0?D0D 0@Db(0bD 0ADƥD 0BDƥ(I 0DbD 0CD 0D(I 0DbD 0Edd(I 0DbD 0F(I 0DbD 0GD 0HL '0L '0 L '0 D 0I(I 0DbD 0J0D 0K D 0L D 0M D 0N D 0O D 0P D 0Q D 0R D 0S D 0T 0000\~00z00 @0z00kz00k\~00z00 z00kz00kz00k@0h @0l @0@0z00k@0h @0l @0@0z00k@0h @0l @0@0z00k@0h @0l @0@0z000h $%&'()P^_`aklmno)9F]n-H~ !1 s !*&(+,,,T14m777<:=BB\EFIIJKKMMxPR*UVV]X[q]_.agbob deeefhk lJllppprtvFy{&{|~~D^ЋrӏߑK"ӜbƥΥ<Ddn=Ql ^B0000 000 00000000000000000000F0F0F0F0F0F0F000000F00G0000H0=0=0>0>0?0?0?0?0?0?0?0=0>0>0>0>0=0>0>00>0?0?0?0?0?00?0=00000D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 000D 0 D 0 D 0 D 0 D 0 H 0(I 0,,D 0,,D 0,,D 0,,D 0,,(I 0,,D 077D 077D 077(I 0,,D 0BBD 0V@V@D 0V@V@*I 0H*H*D 0FFD 0FFD 0FF*I 0H*H*D 0vKvKD 0vKvKD 0vKvKD 0vKvK*I 0H*H*D 0VTVTD 0 VTVTD 0!VTVTD 0"VTVTD 0#VTVTD 0$VTVT*I 0H*H*D 0%``D 0&``L '0`L '0`L '0`D 0'``D 0(``L '0`L '0`L '0`0` 003nD 0)`JnD 0*`JnD 0+`JnD 0,`JnD 0-`Jn03nD 0.`xD 0/`xD 00`xH 03nD 01K~K~D 02K~K~H 03nD 03D 04D 05D 06D 07D 08 00>D 09PD 0:PD 0;PD 0<PD 0=P0>D 0>0>D 0?*0D 0@dD 0Ad*I 0D 0BD 0C*I 0D 0D*I 0D 0E*I 0D 0FD 0GL '0L '0L '0 D 0H*I 0D 000000@0@0@0@0@00Rl5_____"! %x#Aqxz|)n )  <.i&ƭ Q{;Artuvwy{}~@s)ANbxAUUTUT&-/PWY"!!!!!!8@0(  B S  ? _Toc97689612 _Toc97689613 _Toc97689614 _Toc97689615 _Toc97689616 _Toc97689617 _Toc97689618 _Toc97689619 _Toc97689620 _Toc97689621 _Toc97689622 _Toc97689623 _Toc97689624 _Toc97689625 _Toc97689626 _Toc97689627 _Toc97689628 _Toc97689629 _Toc97689630 _Toc97689631 _Toc97689632 _Toc97689633 _Toc97689634 _Toc97689635 _Toc97689636 _Toc97689637 _Toc97689638!,,7BIMVgbpp{Dbƥd B 0 ,,7BIMVnbpp%{]ޑͥCmB ^ l ,   5" " "! d$"" l"# |Z"$ V"% 0"& TB"' <<"( J") lH"* ,o"+ Q", \"- Y". |o"/ |0 "1 d"2 d"3 "4 T'"5 $H"6 P"7 o"8 \|9 r: $; ,c< = "> &"? &"@ /"A \"B ]"C D E |F G  !H L!I B"J B"K  "L \ "M  "N !"O T!"P "Q "R $"S )"T  *"U L*"V L2"W 2"X 2"Y M"Z M"[ ,N"\ S"] S"^ ,T"_ !` !a 4!b !c !d 4!e !f ?@ACBDEFGHIJKLMNOPRQSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~]KKzz99t t 44u4u4HCHCCC$I$IzNzNiUiUWWXX__4_``avbvbcc dhhTjTjuuKKЂЂ++ڜڜggʤʤX__CC--ˮˮ{{Z&&hhWW55gg119XXBB 22::EESSYYbbktt}} \\B  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ACBDEFGHIJKLMNOPRQSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~8*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsdate9*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsplaceB*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagscountry-region8*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsCity8*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagstime=*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags PlaceName=*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags PlaceType  1132005200844951DayHourMinuteMonthYear      BK Z b  . 4 =A@Egm ,,}1122_2c2h2l24455<<==9EBEOEZEHH NNQQ(R+RRRSS TTTT.T2TUUVV"V&VXXAZFZA[G[\\A\D\J\P\8]C]]]^^^^___(_}____%`(`-`3````` aavvwv|v&z)zM{P{{{)~-~ă΃҃݅Ć69696=ޔKQ{ǥȥ! %&-gkvyܱ߱EHim}׶۶"(INGL27=E ̿п$LRTZ $)- ?Bnr<2C2JJQQ(R+RRR\\_`dd}}x̳ϳQTdk ?B333333333333333)Ocdei''((7788DDEEZZ\\kkmmqr**,,EEGG{{}}44555555``aallppgh FPSUpz}/:=?B ?B|PQfZ5}x:V4~5*32\+d"*KK)tL(]9zu B47 'z(f]<"1 >%̃'2ct&Et)qnD6xx^`.^`.^`.^`. ^`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(hh^h`. hh^h`OJQJo(^`.h^`()^`()h^`(a)^`h^`.h^`-0^`0-0^`0()0^`0.0^`0.0^`0.0^`0()h^`.0^`0()p0p^p`0()^`()p@ ^p`()h^`o(0^`0o(()p0p^p`0o(()p0p^p`0o(-0^`0o(()0^`0o(()0^`0o(-p0p^p`0o(()@ 0@ ^@ `0o(()h^`o(. 0^`0OJQJo(-^`.h^`()^`()h^`(a)^`h^`.h^`-0^`0-0^`0()^`.^`()^`()^`()^`^`.^`-0^`0-0^`0()0^`0o(()p0p^p`0o(()  L ^ `LhH.   ^ `hH. xx^x`hH. HLH^H`LhH. ^`hH. ^`hH. L^`LhH.0^`0o(()^`. L ^ `L.  ^ `.xx^x`.HLH^H`L.^`.^`.L^`L.Wu u u u 47 u u u u u >%<~~}}||'z22222222 >%<~}|ct&Ect&Ect&Ect&Ect&Ect&Ect&Ect&E >%<~}|ct&Ect&Ect&Ect&Ect&Ect&Ect&Ect&E >%<~}|)qnx>=a+kv6| X\0R0Sz (!o!',b8]= %K4P@QYGS}WyX-Zf[7\nG\-b(c'i!ow}zwE?) ao\N"Df 4V}}v^9+<y,(+8=g$%&'()_`aklmno9~ QRTU{|~;<B+Ku@A@UnknownGz Times New Roman5Symbol3& z Arial?5 z Courier New5& z!Tahoma#qhX⑦\Z&\Z&4I m m2dIo+3QH)?DfHC:\Program Files\Microsoft Office\Templates\1033\Publications\TPRG-E.dot WORLD TRADEDorange gabrielliX              Oh+'0t  $ 0 < HT\dl WORLD TRADEORLDorangeora TPRG-E.dot gabrielli52rMicrosoft Word 10.0@2 @,g>@(U @,g> ՜.+,D՜.+,@ hp   OMC - ϲʹ1mO  WORLD TRADE Title|(LTdCountrySymbol1NIGERIA WT/TPR/G/1477  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~Root Entry Fhh>Data 1TablețWordDocumentSummaryInformation(DocumentSummaryInformation8CompObjj  FMicrosoft Word Document MSWordDocWord.Document.89q