ࡱ> q Objbjt+t+ 1\AA-]&&&*P00008h$0o,:....$R\0nnnnnnn$Ap5ro..o:..:::..n00n::2!bgn.hPP300jnVTRADE AND INVESTMENT REGIMES Institutional Framework The constitutional reform, put to a referendum on 13 September 1996, introduced innovations that responded to the need to adapt to the new political and administrative and socioeconomic context. This meant reforming the representational system and extending parliamentary prerogatives. The new constitutional provisions of a socio-economic nature include the affirmation of freedom to do business; introduction of the concept of a "development plan" instead of an "economic programme" (it is intended that the State should become less involved in economic matters); and putting the Court of Audit on a constitutional footing. The regions are now considered to be local authorities. The new Constitution has also introduced a bicameral system. According to the Constitution, the King is the Head of State. He appoints the Prime Minister and, on the latter's proposal, he also appoints the other members of the Government. The King signs and ratifies treaties and chairs the Supreme Council of the Judiciary. The King has given full authority to negotiate and sign treaties to the Minister for Foreign Affairs and Cooperation (MAEC), who may in turn give authority to ministers to sign international agreements within their respective areas of competence; for example, the Minister for Trade may sign trade agreements. At the political level, the MAEC coordinates negotiations on Morocco's external commitments in the economic, trade, financial, social, cultural and technical spheres. The King and the Government hold executive power, while the bicameral Parliament, consisting of the Chamber of Representatives and the Chamber of Counsellors, holds legislative power. It oversees Government action, notably by adopting the laws on finance and budgetary control. The King and the two Chambers are responsible for proposing revisions to the Constitution. The Chamber of Representatives is composed of 325 members elected by direct universal suffrage for a five-year term. Of these 325 members, 295 are elected from constituencies and 30 seats (reserved for women) are based on national lists. The 270 members of the Chamber of Counsellors are elected on the basis of a list with proportional representation. Three-fifths of the members are elected in the regions by electoral colleges (one per region) composed of representatives of local authorities and the remaining two-fifths by electoral colleges composed of persons elected by professional Chambers and members elected at the national level by an electoral college composed of representatives of wage-earners. Members of the Chamber of Counsellors are elected for a nine-year term; one-third of the Chamber is renewed every three years. The last parliamentary elections in Morocco were held on 27 September 2002. A Constitutional Council has been set up to verify the legitimacy of parliamentary elections and referendums, as well as the constitutionality of all legislation, especially basic laws, and the regulations of each Chamber. Legislation may be submitted to the Constitutional Council before it is enacted. The Council is composed of 12 members (six appointed by the King, three by the President of the Chamber of Representatives, and three by the President of the Chamber of Counsellors) appointed for a term of nine years. One third of each category of members is renewed every threeyears. The President of the Constitutional Council is appointed by the King from among the Council's members. The judicial structure comprises ordinary law courts (837 communal courts, 68 courts of first instance with 183 centres with resident judges, 21 courts of appeal, and the Supreme Court; special courts (seven administrative tribunals, eight commercial courts, three commercial courts of appeal, and the High Court); and special jurisdiction (the Special Court of Justice). Commercial courts were set up in 1997 and have been in operation since May 1998. They have responsibility for hearing all commercial disputes, including those relating to intellectual property. They consist of regular commercial courts, on the one hand, and commercial courts of appeal, on the other. Commercial courts are responsible for hearing: cases relating to commercial contracts; cases between business persons relating to their commercial activities; cases relating to the effects of trade; disputes between partners in a commercial company; and disputes relating to a business. Articles 204 to 306 of the Customs and Indirect Taxation Code contain provisions on disputes, allowing for the possibility of taking cases to the courts. The Court of Audit, responsible for overseeing the implementation of finance laws and evaluating the management of entities under its control, has had constitutional status since 1996. The new Constitution also provides for the creation of regional audit courts in order to strengthen decentralization. Trade Policy Formulation and Implementation All policies (economic, including commercial) are formulated and implemented by means of legislation. The initiative of legislation lies with the Government and Parliament and draft laws are put before the bureau of one of the two Chambers. After it has been adopted by one Chamber, a draft law must be transmitted to the other Chamber. A joint committee may be set up if there is any disagreement. A final decision is taken by the Chamber of Representatives, which may adopt the text definitively by a vote by absolute majority of its members. Likewise, the Government's programme must be put before both Chambers, but only the Chamber of Representatives votes on it, while the Chamber of Counsellors simply discusses it. Depending on the importance of the matters voted on by Parliament, the required majority may vary; two-thirds of the members of both Chambers for proposed revisions to the Constitution; an absolute majority for a motion of censure or a vote of confidence by the Chamber of Representatives; an absolute majority and a two-thirds majority of the Chamber of Counsellors for a warning or motion of censure of the Government; and an absolute majority of the members of both Chambers for all draft and proposed laws. Draft laws are enacted within 30 days following their transmission to the Government. They enter into effect when they are published in the Official Journal, unless another date is specified in the law itself. The Prime Minister has regulatory authority over all matters other than those within the domain of the law. An enabling law may authorize the Government to take measures that are usually within the domain of the law by means of a decree, but for a limited period and for a defined purpose. Decrees enter into force upon publication, but within the period fixed in the enabling law they must be submitted to Parliament for ratification. The enabling law becomes null and void if at least one of the Chambers of Parliament is dissolved. The Ministry responsible for foreign trade formulates Government policy in this sphere. Depending upon the subject, it coordinates policy with the other ministries concerned. Changes to the customs tariff are made in the form of a law; they may be implemented by decree, on a proposal by the Government, but they must then be endorsed in the finance law for the year following their adoption and, consequently, approved by the two Chambers a posteriori. Before any draft foreign trade law is drawn up, the private sector is consulted through professional associations. The National Foreign Trade Council (CNCE), created in 1993 and put in place in July 1996, is composed of representatives of the Government and economic operators. Its task is to provide advice on any matters relating to foreign trade relations and to make suggestions with a view to improving the competitiveness of Moroccan products and services. The Council provides its advisory services either at the request of the Government or on its own initiative. An Advisory Commission on Imports (CCI) was set up in 1993 under the Minister responsible for foreign trade in goods. It provides advice on all matters relating to requests for tariff protection or the adoption of contingency trade measures. The Commission is chaired by a representative of the Minister responsible for foreign trade and is composed of representatives of several ministries (including a representative of the Customs and Indirect Taxation Authority), a representative of each of the professional associations considered to be those most concerned, and a representative of the Federation of Chambers of Commerce, Industry and Services, the Federation of Chambers of Agriculture, and the Federation of Chambers of Handicrafts. The President of the CCI may call on any person whose advice could prove useful. Each year, several ministries responsible for financial matters, foreign investment, foreign trade, and other economic matters, together with the Al-Maghrib Bank, undertake an evaluation of Morocco's economy, under the supervision of the Prime Minister. Study days and seminars are regularly organized in order to exchange views among the authorities, university bodies (research institutes and centres), and associations of economists specializing in trade issues. Morocco also consults its trade partners on trade-related issues through joint commissions, established under bilateral agreements, as well as regional and multilateral forums such as the ϲʹ, the Euro-Mediterranean process, the League of Arab States, the UNCTAD, and the Group of 77 and China. In principle, these agreements provide for consultation procedures. Main Trade Laws and Regulations The overriding principle governing Moroccan law is the prevalence of international legal instruments, including the ϲʹ Agreements, over domestic law. Treaties liable to affect constitutional provisions may be signed subject to the necessary constitutional amendments, which must be adopted prior to their ratification. Since the last review of its trade policy in 1996, Morocco has revised or amended some of its trade-related legislation. In order to adapt Law No. 13-89 on foreign trade to the provisions of the ϲʹ Agreements, particularly the Agreement on Agriculture and the Agreement on Safeguards, it was amended by Law No. 3-96 (enacted on 12 February 1997) establishing the protection of agricultural commodities through tariff equivalents and the possibility of imposing safeguard measures when imports cause or threaten to cause serious injury to the domestic production of like or directly competitive goods. Dahir No. 1-96-83 of 1 August 1996, enacting Law No. 15-95 containing the Commercial Code, lists the activities that bestow the status of trader on any person who exercises them on a regular and professional basis, and defines the resulting obligations. It also covers the organization of the commercial register, particularly the declaration relating to entries in the register, which must indicate, inter alia, the patents worked and the trademarks or service marks filed by the trader. The 1996 revision of the Constitution enshrines the principle of freedom to do business, which served as the basis for Law No. 06-99 on pricing freedom and competition (which came into effect on 6 July 2001), and its implementing Decree No. 2-00-854 of 17 September 2001. This Law replaces Law No. 008-71 and outlines a new legal framework for the economic regulation of markets. Its aim is to ensure "healthy and fair" competition in economic relations and to protect consumers. The Dahir containing Law No. 1-77-339 of 9 October 1977, endorsing the Customs and Indirect Taxation Code, has been amended and supplemented, notably by Law No. 02-99, enacted by Dahir No. 1-00-222 of 5 June 2000 (and the implementing texts for the Customs and Indirect Taxation Code). The Code and its implementing texts govern the competence of the Customs and Taxation Authority at the border as regards imports and exports. Since 1998, the Code has also incorporated the provisions of the ϲʹ Customs Valuation Agreement. Laws and regulations have been adopted to improve governance and combat corruption. Government procurement legislation was accordingly revised, institutions have been set up (for example, the National Ethics Commission and the Competition Council), the holding of several public posts concurrently is prohibited, and campaigns have been undertaken to raise awareness, with the assistance of development partners such as the World Bank. The Customs and Indirect Taxation Authority has also implemented a strategy to combat corruption with the aim, inter alia, of limiting contacts between those filing customs declarations and the customs authority by making intensive use of computerization and automation, simplifying procedures, and reinforcing the disciplinary system applicable to customs officials. Table II.1 below shows the main Moroccan trade-related legislative texts in force. Table II.1 Main Moroccan trade-related legislative texts in force, March 2003 AreaLegislative textDate of entry into forceImport and export of goodsLaw No. 13-89 on foreign trade Implementing decrees for Law No. 13-89 on foreign trade 1992, amended in 1997 1993, 2000Customs regulationsCustoms and Indirect Taxation Code Seven implementing decrees for the Customs Code Finance Law (simplification of customs clearance procedures) Decree determining the procedures for implementing the new free industrial warehouse customs regime established under the Finance Law Two Dahirs determining the rate of the customs tariff on imports and the amount of import duty; Decree amending the amount of duty imposed on the import of certain goods Decree suspending import duties and value added tax on the import of certain types of barley 16 Decrees amending the amount of customs duty imposed on the import of certain products Two Decrees suspending import duties and value added tax on the import of certain products Law No. 30-85 on value added tax (establishment of value added tax) 10 Decrees implementing Law No. 30-85 on value added tax1977, amended in 2000 1977, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002 1995 1995 1957, 1961, 1998 2002 1997, 1998, 1999,, 2000, 2001 2001 1985 1986, 1992, 1994, 1996, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002Table II.1 (cont'd)Parafiscal import taxDecree establishing the parafiscal import tax for economic financing and the inspection of exports at a rate of 0.25 per cent ad valorem Decree determining the products exempt from the parafiscal tax1994 1995Veterinary sanitary inspection upon import and exportDecree determining the rate of veterinary sanitary inspection fees for the import of animals, animal foodstuffs, freshwater and marine products 1996"Industrial" fishDahir establishing the special tax on "industrial" fish1952Dried beet pulpCommercial CodeLaw No. 15-95 containing the Commercial Code 1996Pricing and competitionLaw No. 06-99 on pricing freedom and competition and its implementing decree 2001Free export zonesLaw No. 19-94 on free export zones and its implementing decree Decrees Nos. 2-96-511 and 2-96-512 on the creation of the Tangiers and Nador free export zones Decree No. 2-98-99 granting the concession for the development and management of the Tangiers free export zone to the "Tanger Free Zone" company Decree-Law No. 2-02-644 creating the Tanger-Mditerrane Special Development Zone1995 1997 1998 2002Government procurementDecree on government procurement1999Commercial courtsLaw establishing the commercial courts1997SPSLaw No. 24-89 laying down veterinary sanitary control measures for the import of animals, animal foodstuffs, products, products of animal origin, animal reproduction products, freshwater and marine products, and its implementing decree determining veterinary sanitary control measures for the import of animals Decree No. 2-94-74 fixing the fees for veterinary sanitary inspection for the import of animals, animal foodstuffs, products of animal origin, animal reproduction products, freshwater and marine products Decree No. 2-94-729 on the suspension of duties and taxes on the import of pure-bred live breeding animals of the camelidae species1993 1996 1994 New varieties of plantsLaw No. 9-94 on the protection of new varieties of plants and its implementing texts Decree No. 2-01-2324 implementing Law No. 9-94 on the protection of new varieties of plants Dahir No. 1-73-439 enacting the International Plant Protection Convention done at Rome in 1951 Four Dahirs regulating the sanitary inspection of plants Law No. 1-76-472 amending Dahir No. 1-69-69 (1969) regulating the production and marketing of seeds and seedlings Law No. 42-95 on the control and organization of trade in pesticides for agricultural use Dahir on the import of cotton seeds and the growing of cotton 1997 2002 1974 1927, 1949, 1950, 1954 1969, 1977 1997 1939 Table II.1 (cont'd)Decree No. 2-63-369 banning the import and transit of all plants or parts thereof belonging to the eucalyptus genus Herit, Myrtacea family Decree No. 2-97-512 on security for the proper conduct of import operations for cereals and pulses. Dahir fixing the fee for sanitary inspection of imports and exports of plants, parts thereof, or plant products Dahir on the control of exports of fruit and early fruit and vegetables of Moroccan origin 1963 1997 1933 1932 LabellingDecree fixing the labelling requirements for foodstuffs2002Intellectual propertyDahir on industrial property rights Law No. 17-97 on industrial property protection, enacted in 2000 Law No. 13-99 establishing the Moroccan Office for Industrial and Commercial Property (OMPIC) Law No. 2-00 on copyright and related rights Decree No. 2-64-406 creating the Moroccan Copyright Bureau1916 Not yet in force 2000 2000 1965InvestmentFramework Law No. 18-95 constituting the Investment Charter Decree No. 2-00-895 implementing Articles 17 and 19 of Framework Law No. 18-95 Decree No. 2-02-350 approving the single form for the creation of enterprises 1995 2001 2002Agricultural investmentDahir No. 1-69-25, as amended and supplemented by Dahir No. 1-97-171 and Dahir No. 1-01-55 constituting the Agricultural Investment Code Decree No. 2-98-365 establishing a premium for certain agricultural investment Decree No. 2-98-366 establishing a premium for the upgrading of citrus fruit products Decree No. 2-98-367 supplementing Decree No. 2-85-891 determining the procedure for distribution of the financial support granted by the State in order to intensify agricultural production Decree No. 2-85-891, as subsequently amended Decree No. 2-69-313, as amended and supplemented by Decree No.2011966 regulating State incentives for the purchase of agricultural equipment1969, 1997, 2001 1999 1999 1999 1985, 2002 2002Special regulations:HandicraftsLaw No. 1-73-653 on technical control of the manufacture, packaging and export of Moroccan handicrafts 1975Cereals and pulsesDahir No. 1-95-8 enacting Law No. 12-94 on the organization of the National Interprofessional Cereals and Pulses Board and the organization of the market for cereals and pulses Dahir No. 1-96-101 enacting Law No. 17-96 supplementing Law No. 12-94 Decree No. 2-97-512, as amended by Decree No. 2-02-327 fixing the amount of security for the proper conduct of important operations for cereals and pulses Convention on Trade in Cereals 1995 1996 1997, 2002 1995Table II.1 (cont'd)PharmaceuticalsDahir No. 1-59-367 of 19 February 1960 regulating the exercise of the profession of physician, pharmacist, dental surgeon, herbalist, and midwife Decree No. 2-76-266 of 6 May 1977 on approval of authorization for the sale of pharmaceutical specialities and advertising of special medicines in dispensaries and of pharmaceutical specialities 1960 1977HydrocarbonsDahir No. 1-95-141 enacting Law No. 4-95 amending and supplementing Law No. 1-72-255 Decree No. 2-72-513 implementing Law No. 1-72-255 Decree No. 2-95-699 1995 1973 1996Dahir No. 1-99-340 enacting Law No. 27-99 amending and supplementing Law No. 21-90 on prospecting and exploiting hydrocarbon deposits Decree No. 2-99-210 amending and supplementing Decree No. 2-93-786 implementing Law No. 21-90 on prospecting and exploiting hydrocarbon deposits 2000 2000 Source: Trade and Industry Department of the Ministry of Industry, Trade and Telecommunications (undated). Trade Policy Objectives Since the last review of its trade policy in 1996, Morocco has pursued its economic reform so as to become better integrated in the global economy. It has continued to liberalize its trade regime, signing new trade agreements (section (4)(iii)), and dismantling its tariffs. It has also continued to upgrade industrial enterprises with a view to the entry into force of trade agreements. Together with economic policy, of which it forms part, trade policy's long-term objectives are poverty reduction and sustainable human development, and in the short and medium terms to achieve strong economic growth that creates jobs by boosting the economy, promoting investment, developing rural areas, and bridging the gaps between regions. The authorities consider that the achievement of the planned economic and social objectives by 2004, in particular reducing unemployment and improving social well-being, will need sustained annual growth of 5 per cent. Exports are considered to be the motor for development and economic activity in general and are thus the subject of special attention by the Government. In order to achieve the growth objectives, a programme has been elaborated incorporating measures that focus on the following: export incentives and promoting Morocco abroad; infrastructure; competitiveness of enterprises; business climate; and investment incentives. In order to boost exports, Morocco is considering, inter alia, extending fiscal benefits to "indirect exporters" and preparing a study on the export potential of services in order to draw up an action plan to promote this sector. It is also planned to reform the institutional framework for Morocco's economic promotion abroad. This will consist of the creation of a Moroccan Foreign Economic Promotion Agency (AMPE). Combating unfair trade practices will also be strengthened. Morocco is determined to pursue the programme to simplify foreign trade procedures. Morocco recognizes the role played by the infrastructure in achieving its economic growth objectives. It intends to improve its technological infrastructure, and its investment and trade support facilities. As regards investment facilities, a programme has been implemented, inter alia, to provide investors with industrial land and high-quality services for the efficient conduct of their activities. Concerning the technological infrastructure, a series of projects has been initiated, including technical centres, promotion of quality, the reinforcement of quality control structures by establishing a Moroccan Standardization Institute, and updating the relevant legislative framework. Action is also planned to develop the physical infrastructure in support of trade, for example, by revising texts on the wholesale marketing of fruit and vegetables, improving the marketing channels for meat and fish, and establishing commissions on commercial equipment and infrastructure. The action envisaged to improve the competitiveness of enterprises involves, inter alia, the establishment of a strategy to encourage innovation within enterprises; the diversification of financing sources and the promotion of information technology; and environmentally sustainable industrial development. The action to be taken to improve the business climate involves not only simplification of foreign trade procedures but also the strengthening of the support structures for enterprises, particularly chambers of commerce, industry and services (CCIS) and professional associations; and the promotion of advisory and engineering services. Revision of the incentive regime for investment is also planned; it will include reforming fiscality, lowering the cost of production factors, and accelerating the establishment of the National Investment Promotion Agency. Trade Agreements and Arrangements Since the last review of its trade policy, Morocco has continued to liberalize its trade through new bilateral and regional trade agreements. Since 1996, the following have entered into force: the Free-trade Agreement with the EFTA, the Association Agreement with the EU, the Free-Trade Agreement between members of the Arab League (Arab Free-trade Area), as well as several other bilateral agreements. Negotiations are taking place on a free-trade agreement with the United States. Morocco also plays an active role in the ϲʹ's activities. At March 2003, Morocco had not been directly involved either as a complainant or defendant in any trade dispute settlement procedure. World Trade Organization (ϲʹ) Morocco is an original Member of the ϲʹ and grants all its trading partners at least MFN treatment. It is not party to any of the plurilateral agreements concluded under ϲʹ auspices. Morocco's notifications to the ϲʹ are listed in Table AII.1. At the Doha Ministerial Conference, Morocco reaffirmed its attachment to the multilateral trading system and to trade liberalization, which it considers beneficial for growth, development, and the well-being of peoples. It emphasized, nonetheless, that it was urgently necessary for the benefits to be equitably distributed amongst all countries. Morocco endorsed the Doha Development Agenda adopted in November 2001. It regretted that the issue of the implementation of certain agreements did not meet with an adequate response in the draft decision on implementation issues and concerns, but it nevertheless accepted the global approach proposed in the draft. In addition, Morocco underscored the need to regulate the trade liberalization process to make it more orderly and well-considered, but above all more diversified and flexible, so that the various economies, whether developed or developing, could find adequate responses to their national concerns. It underlined the importance of special and differential treatment which, in its view, should be considered a fundamental component of negotiations. Morocco considered that the negotiations should allow the shortcomings still affecting world trade in agricultural products to be corrected. It therefore supported all proposals aimed at substantially reducing escalating tariffs, a reduction and eventual elimination of domestic support measures, and the removal of export subsidies within a reasonable lapse of time. Morocco supported the elimination of subsidies that led to the over-exploitation of fisheries resources and proposed the creation of a working party on subsidies accorded in the fishing industry. Morocco was also in favour of including market access for non-agricultural products in the negotiations. Regarding trade in services, Morocco emphasized the need to further liberalize the movement of natural persons. In regard to intellectual property, it considered that, in order to limit unfair practices, it was necessary to launch negotiations aimed at extending the additional protection given by geographical indications for wines and spirits to other products. In addition, Morocco welcomed the initiative on a separate Ministerial Declaration on Intellectual Property and Public Health (access to medicines), and considered that Members should have reasonable and sufficient leeway for adopting appropriate measures such as compulsory licensing for the purposes of national health objectives. Regarding the Singapore topics, more specifically investment and competition, Morocco wished to see a compromise solution that would clarify the interaction between trade, on the one hand, and investment and competition policy, on the other, and allow well-informed decisions to be adopted by consensus. Concerning the environment, Morocco was in favour of maintaining the work programme under the current mandate of the Committee on Trade and Environment. Morocco noted with satisfaction the strengthening of the provisions in the draft ministerial declaration on technical cooperation and capacity building, special and differential treatment, and measures in favour of LDCs. It underlined the need to revise the way in which the procedures currently functioned in order to make them more effective and operational. Regional agreements Arab Maghreb Union (UMA) The UMA was created on 17 February 1989 at a meeting of the Heads of State of Algeria, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Mauritania, Morocco, and Tunisia, held in Marrakesh. The UMA's institutions comprise the Council of Heads of State, the Council of Foreign Ministers, the Follow-up Committee, the Court of Justice, composed of ten members (two per country), with responsibility for hearing disputes between citizens of member countries, an Advisory Chamber composed of 30delegates from each country, and four Expert Ministerial Commissions. It does not have a permanent Secretariat and for the moment it is presided by a different Head of State each year. The UMA's objectives are the free movement of goods and persons and the revision of customs regulations with a view to establishing a free-trade area. To date, around 20 conventions and agreements have been signed within the UMA framework. Future projects include the introduction of an accounting unit to be used for intra-Maghreb trade, the establishment of a Maghreb investment and international trade bank to finance joint projects in the agricultural and industrial spheres, the upgrading of the rail network, and the creation of a motorway linking member countries. In practice, the UMA does not appear to be functioning, despite the recent efforts made to revive it. The UMA's share of Moroccan trade is low. In 2000, its share of Morocco's total imports and exports was 2.5 and 1.9 per cent respectively. A number of external factors such as the international embargo imposed on the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya up until 1999, Algeria's domestic crisis, and certain disagreements among member countries concerning the Western Sahara issue have halted the integration process. Arab free-trade area This is a programme of 19 February 1997 intended to implement the Agreement on Facilitation and Development of Trade among Arab Countries, and it entered into force on 1January1998. It encompasses all the members of the Arab League and its aim is to create a vast Arab freetrade area within ten years by dismantling customs tariffs by 10 per cent annually over a decade. The principal entity responsible for implementing the programme is the Economic and Social Council of the Arab League. Currently, 17 members are implementing the programme (Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Morocco, Oman, Palestinian Authority, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen). Bilateral agreements and arrangements Since the last review of its trade policy, Morocco has signed bilateral agreements with regional groups and other trade partners. Regional groups Morocco-EFTA Free-trade Agreement The Morocco-EFTA Free-trade Agreement was signed on 19 June 1997 and entered into force on 1 December 1999. It covers industrial products in Chapters 25 to 97 of the Harmonized System (HS), fish and other marine products (Chapters 3, 15 and 23 of the HS) and processed agricultural products (Protocol A). The agricultural component consists of bilateral arrangements between contracting parties. Upon entry into force of the Agreement, the EFTA States eliminated all customs tariffs on imports and all charges having equivalent effect on industrial products from Morocco. Morocco must eliminate import tariffs and charges having equivalent effect on industrial products from EFTA countries, according to the terms fixed in the Agreement. The Agreement provides that Morocco shall benefit from a transitional period not exceeding 12 years for the elimination of duties and other restrictions on trade in certain products. The Agreement also provides that no new quantitative restrictions on imports or exports and no measure having equivalent effect shall be introduced in trade between the parties. The EFTA countries abolished such measures upon entry into force of the Agreement. Morocco is allowed to maintain quantitative restrictions on a limited number of products, but it must not introduce any new trade restriction or increase the levels of those already applied. The Agreement defines rules of origin and allows the cumulation (bilateral) of origin between parties so materials originating in one party are deemed to originate in the other party when they are incorporated into a product originating in the latter. Origin in one of the parties is applied to products wholly obtained from or containing materials that have not been wholly obtained provided that they have been sufficiently worked or processed in an EFTA country or Morocco. As a general rule, working or processing is deemed sufficient if the product obtained is classified in a heading other than that in which all the non-originating materials used in its manufacture are classified. For several products, however, special criteria on working and processing are defined in the Agreement (Annex II to Protocol B). The rules of origin for agricultural products are defined in the bilateral arrangements. Products that are wholly obtained or have undergone the sufficient working or processing defined in the arrangements in EFTA countries or in Morocco are deemed to be originating products. In the majority of cases, it is compulsory to use raw materials wholly obtained in the country concerned. The Agreement also contains other cooperation and/or non-discrimination provisions relating, inter alia, to technical regulations, standards, and conformity assessment, sanitary and phytosanitary regulations, customs cooperation, protection of intellectual property, State monopolies, and liberalization of government procurement. Article 18 of the Agreement provides that State subsidies and aid that distort competition are incompatible with the proper functioning of the free-trade area. The Agreement also provides a procedure for arbitrating disputes among the parties concerning its interpretation. Morocco-EU Association Agreement The Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an association between the European Communities and their Member States and the Kingdom of Morocco was signed on 26 February 1996 and entered into force on 1 March 2000. It provides for the establishment of a free-trade area within 12 years and covers all products (Chapters 1 to 97 of the HS). Quantitative restrictions and measures having equivalent effect between Morocco and the EU were abolished when the Agreement entered into force, except for Moroccan imports of used goods such as tyres, vehicles, domestic appliances, bicycles, and motorized bicycles (Annex 6 to the Agreement), to which this requirement will only apply after the end of the transitional period. For industrial products originating in the EU, Morocco's dismantling of tariffs draws a distinction between: products exempt from customs tariffs and taxes having equivalent effect upon the date the Agreement entered into force; products for which tariffs will be phased out over three years as of the entry into force of the Agreement at an annual rate of 25 per cent; and products for which tariffs will be phased out at an annual rate of 10 per cent over 12 years, with a three-year grace period, at an annual rate of 10 per cent. The gradual elimination of customs tariffs and taxes having equivalent effect does not apply to the used goods mentioned above. The regime applicable to these products will be reviewed by the Association Council three years after the entry into force of the Agreement. The Agreement also provides that Morocco shall dismantle the industrial component of duties on food industry products at an annual rate of 25 per cent upon entry into force of the Agreement for products listed in Annex 3; or at an annual rate of 10 per cent for products in Annex 4, three years after entry into force of the Agreement. Moroccan industrial products exported to the EU are exempt from import duties. Moroccan imports of agricultural products of EU origin are subject to preferential tariff quotas (with lower customs duties) covering 125 tariff lines. Morocco applies MFN rates on fish, crustaceans and molluscs of EU origin. EU imports of agricultural products of Moroccan origin are subject to a tariff quota, with zero or lower customs duty, with or without an export calendar and import price. Customs duties are zero or reduced on over 240 eight-digit tariff lines in the HS, including fruit and vegetables of Moroccan origin. For some products, customs duties are only zero within the limits of the quota. Fisheries products from Morocco (Chapter 03, and parts of positions 1604, 1605 and 1902 of the HS) enjoy free access to the EU market, with the exception of sardine preparations, for which a tariff quota has been set. The Agreement specifies that the EU and Morocco shall gradually liberalize a greater share of their trade in agricultural and fisheries products. For this purpose, negotiations began on 23January2002 and respective offers of concessions were submitted on 18 June 2002. Title II of Protocol 4 defines "originating products" and lays down rules on bilateral cumulation, cumulation with materials originating in Algeria or Tunisia, and cumulation of working or processing in the EU, Algeria, Morocco, or Tunisia. Origin in one of the parties is applied to products wholly obtained from or containing materials that have not been wholly obtained provided that they have been sufficiently worked or processed in the EU or Morocco. As a general rule, working or processing is deemed sufficient if the product obtained is classified in a heading other than that in which all the non-originating materials used in its manufacture are classified. Nevertheless, for many products, special criteria on working or processing are defined in the Agreement (Annex II). The Agreement does not allow the application of customs tariffs and quantitative restrictions on exports by one of the parties (EU or Morocco) and declares that any State subsidies which distort or threaten to distort competition are incompatible with the Agreement. It also includes provisions on standards, anti-dumping, countervailing and safeguard measures, State monopolies of a commercial character, intellectual property rights, and procedures for the settlement of disputes. Other trade partners The three bilateral agreements with Egypt, Jordan and Tunisia entered into force in 1999. The agreements with Egypt and Jordan provide for the creation of a free-trade area over a period of 12years. The agreements contain two lists of manufactures (one for each country) for which import duties and charges having equivalent effect were abolished upon the agreement's entry into force. For other manufactures, there will be gradual dismantling over a period of five years to reach a figure of 0per cent at the end of the fifth year for products whose import duty is less than 25 per cent, and a figure of 25 per cent for those subject to an import duty exceeding 25 per cent; the phasing-out will take place over seven years as of the sixth year in which the agreements on 25 per cent of the remaining import duties come into effect. The agreements also contain a negative list of manufactures that are not covered by the dismantling. Trade in agricultural products is not covered by the agreements and will be considered subsequently. The free-trade agreement with Tunisia establishes four different lists of Moroccan products exported to Tunisia and three lists of Tunisian products imported into Morocco. These lists are divided into three groups: products that can be traded freely (VAT is applicable); products that can be freely traded subject to payment of a single duty of 17.5 per cent; and products subject to gradual dismantling of customs tariffs and charges having equivalent effect, to arrive at a zero rate on 1January 2008. The agreement also contains a negative list of manufactures not covered and agricultural products are not covered either. Morocco's trade with countries such as Algeria, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Mauritania, Republic of Guinea, and Saudi Arabia are covered by bilateral trade and tariffs agreements. These provide for exemption from duty, and sometimes from charges having equivalent effect. Two of these agreements have been signed since the last review of Morocco's trade policy, namely, those with Chad and the Republic of Guinea (not yet in force), concluded in 1997. The trade and tariff agreement with Senegal is applied unilaterally by Morocco while awaiting the conclusion of an agreement with the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU). Other agreements and arrangements Morocco benefits from the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) on a non-reciprocal basis from countries such as Australia, Belarus, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Hungary, Japan, New Zealand, Poland, Russian Federation, Slovakia, and the United States. Moroccan exports of products covered by the GSP are totally or partially exempt from customs tariffs in those countries. Morocco was one of the first developing countries to sign the agreement on the Global System of Trade Preferences among Developing Countries (GSTP) in April 1988. It only ratified the agreement in 1993, however. Products originating in 48 countries signatory to the agreement receive tariff preferences on a reciprocal basis. The agreement also provides for special treatment for LDCs. The framework agreement on the Trade Preferences System (TPS) among Islamic countries, which covers products originating in member countries of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), was signed in 1993 and entered into force in 2003 following its ratification by ten member States. The relevant bilateral negotiations will begin in mid-2003. Morocco has also signed trade agreements based on the MFN principle with several countries that are not members of the ϲʹ, namely, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Equatorial Guinea, Iraq, Islamic Republic of Iran, Russian Federation, Seychelles, Sudan, and Yemen. Investment Regime The Government's aim is to promote foreign investment in order to boost Morocco's economic growth and development. Since the last review of its trade policy, Morocco has undertaken reforms intended to attract foreign direct investment (FDI). It has adopted a new Investment Charter and several implementing texts to improve the investment climate and conditions. These provisions are supplemented by instruments to encourage investment in the form of contributions and benefits granted by the State to investors. In 1996, a Foreign Investment Department was set up under the Ministry of the Economy, Finance, Privatization and Tourism, in order to promote foreign investment in Morocco. In 1998, the Interministerial Investment Commission (CII), chaired by the Prime Minister, was established for the purpose of appeals and arbitration. It is responsible for ruling on obstacles to investment projects and for implementing measures to enhance the investment climate. Commercial courts were established to deal with trade disputes and they have been functioning since May 1998. The purpose of the regional investment centres, established by the Royal Letter of 9January2002, is to decentralize and simplify procedures and lessen the number of persons involved at the regional level. Their two main tasks are to assist the creation of enterprises and help investors, each with its own special counter. The counter that assists the creation of enterprises is the sole interlocutor for those wishing to set up a business. It furnishes applicants with the information required by the law and undertakes the relevant procedures to collect the documents needed in order to set up a business. The counter assisting investors provides interested persons with all the necessary information and proposes amicable solutions to any disputes between investors and the authorities. The regional centres also deal with requests for administrative authorizations for investment projects not exceeding DH 200 million and draw up the instruments needed for their implementation. In the case of investment exceeding DH 200 million, the centres deal with the administrative aspects of the project, but the State has the right to take decisions regarding any obstacles. The legal framework for investment in Morocco is based on the Investment Charter (framework law of 8 November 1995) and its supporting and implementing texts. The Charter sets the orientations for State action up to 2005. It has replaced all the (special) sectoral texts that previously existed, except those concerning sectors such as agriculture, whose taxation regime is the subject of special legislation. The Charter does not discriminate between foreigners and Moroccans. As far as exchange regulations are concerned, the transfer of investment income (profits, dividends, capital) and the earnings from sale or liquidation, are guaranteed under the Charter without any limitations on the amount or duration. The Charter's aim is to assist the promotion of investment by enhancing the investment climate and conditions, including investment incentives. The latter include the following: a reduction of a maximum of 2.5 to 10 per cent in customs tariffs on capital goods, equipment and tools, and exemption from the fiscal levy on the import of such goods; exemption from or refund of value added tax (VAT) on capital goods, equipment and tools; exemption from registration duties on land purchase deeds (with the exception of land to be used for building houses and other construction, for which the purchase deeds are subject to a rate of 2.5 per cent); and application of a maximum rate of 0.5 per cent on contributions to the constitution or increase of capital in companies. Exporting enterprises are exempt from corporation tax (IS) and the general income tax (IGR) for a period of five years, after which there is a 50 per cent reduction in these taxes. For enterprises exporting services, including hotels, the exemption or reduction only applies to turnover in foreign currency. Enterprises established in prefectures or certain provinces covered by a decree and handicrafts enterprises are eligible for a 50 per cent reduction in the IS or IGR for a period of five years. Large-scale investment (exceeding DH 200 million) is also exempt from import duty and VAT on imported capital goods, equipment and tools. The State contributes 5 per cent of the total amount of the investment, assists with land purchase costs, external infrastructure and training costs in the case of investment that meets the following criteria: creation of 250 or more permanent jobs; transfer of technology; or contribution to protecting the environment. For companies investing in the provinces covered by Decree No. 2-98-520 or in semi-urban areas, the sum rises from 5 to 10 per cent of the total amount of the investment. In order to boost regional development, the State also assumes part of the cost of developing industrial zones. Foreign investors, whether resident or non-resident, and Moroccan investors resident abroad are eligible for a convertibility regime that guarantees total freedom to transfer profits without tax and the revenue from the sale or total or partial disposal of their investment, including capital gains. In order to benefit from this regime, the investment must be financed by repatriating currency to Morocco or by a similar method. The transfer of the revenue from the sale or disposal of investment is not subject to authorization by the Foreign Exchange Board, but a record must be drawn up. The preferential fiscal regimes available to foreign investors are subject to the issue of an administrative authorization and the conclusion of an agreement between the investors and the Moroccan State. Investors may also take advantage of a number of benefits granted under customs regimes, such as temporary entry for inward processing, in-bond warehousing and storage, as well as those provided under the free export zone regime and the offshore financial centre regime (ChaptersIII(3)(v) and IV(5)(iv)(b)), as well as the Hassan II Fund for economic and social development (Chapters III(4)(i)and IV(4)(i)). Appeals may also be lodged in relation to national and local taxation. The priority given to large-scale investment, the ban on the purchase of agricultural land by foreigners, and the slowness and hazards of developing industrial zones are currently the main obstacles to investment, particularly foreign investment. Morocco has signed 42 double taxation agreements, of which 26 are currently in effect (Bahrain, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Korea, Romania, Russian Federation, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, and UnitedStates). Within the UMA, there are provisions on double taxation among the five member countries. Bilateral agreements on the promotion and reciprocal protection of investment are in effect with European countries such as Austria, Bulgaria, France, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom; with countries in Africa, Asia and the Middle East such as China, India, Indonesia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Mauritania, Oman, Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic, and Turkey; and with countries in America such as Argentina, and the United States. Similar agreements have been signed in the context of regional arrangements such as the UMA, OPEC, and the Arab League; however, only the agreement with the UMA is currently in force. Morocco has signed several multilateral trade and investment agreements, for example, the Washington Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) and the Convention Establishing the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA).  The Constitution was enacted through Dahir No. 1-96-157 of 7 October 1996.  Local authorities consist of regions, prefectures, communes, and any entity deemed to be such according to the law. They elect assemblies responsible for administering their affairs and settling, through deliberation, administrative and economic matters affecting their particular territory. Provincial or prefectoral assemblies are composed of representatives of professional associations and elected members.  Up until then, the Parliament was composed of a single chamber (the Chamber of Representatives) with 333 members.  Treaties that affect the State's finances cannot be ratified without prior approval by Parliament.  The MAEC also conducts negotiations on treaties, conventions, agreements, protocols and other international legal instruments of a political or diplomatic nature.  The law on budgetary control records annual financial performance and makes it possible to verify whether the budget has been implemented in accordance with the approval given and to see whether there any differences between the estimates and the final figures.  Article 103 of the 1996 Constitution.  A draft law on the composition of the Chamber of Counsellors is currently being prepared.  The Constitution also provides for an Economic and Social Council, but it is not yet functioning.  The Supreme Court is the highest judicial authority. It has six chambers (civil; personal and inheritance matters; commercial; administrative; social; and criminal). Its role is, however, limited strictly to questions of law.  It is planned to establish two additional commercial courts.  The Special Court of Justice is responsible for punishing crimes committed by civil servants, including magistrates, such as misappropriation of public funds, corruption, peddling of influence, misappropriation of public or private monies, involving an amount of DH 25,000 or more. It also punishes the acquisition of shares in certain enterprises by civil servants. Ministry of Justice (2002).  They were created under Law No. 53-95 of 6 January 1997, enacted by Dahir No. 1-97-65 of 12February 1997.  Draft laws by the Prime Minister must first be discussed in the Council of Ministers.  Where a draft law or a proposed law has not been adopted after two readings by each Chamber, or in cases of emergency, the Government may convene a meeting of a joint committee to propose a text on the provisions that are still at issue. The text prepared by the commission may be submitted to the two Chambers by the Government. No amendment may be accepted, unless the Government agrees. If the joint commission is unable to adopt an agreed text or if the latter is not adopted by the Chambers, the Government may submit the draft or proposed law to the Chamber of Representatives, as amended where applicable during parliamentary debates and then resubmitted by the Government.  The Chamber of Representatives may oblige a Government to resign by refusing a vote of confidence or by adopting a motion of censure. The Chamber of Counsellors may adopt a motion on a warning or censure, and the latter also results in the collective resignation of the Government.  The domain of the law includes, inter alia, the system of commercial and civil obligations, the creation of public establishments, the nationalization of enterprises and the transfer of enterprises from the State to the private sector (Article 46 of the Constitution).  The CNCE currently has 65 members: 16 members of the Government, the Governor of the AlMaghrib Bank, and the Director General of the Customs and Indirect Taxation Authority (or their representatives); 14 Directors of State boards or establishments; 15 representatives of federations of chambers of commerce, industry and services, agriculture, and handicrafts; and 20 representatives of economic operators or professional associations concerned, appointed by the ministry responsible. CNCE (undated).  According to the 2002 Corruption Perceptions Index drawn up by Transparency International, Morocco occupies the 52nd place, with 3.7 points out of 10 (10 points if there is no corruption) in a list of 102countries.  This section is mainly based on: Trade and Industry Department of the Ministry of Industry, Trade, Energy and Mining (undated).  A further tariff reform is planned.  Statement by H.E. Mr. Mustapha Mansouri, Minister for Industry, Trade, Energy and Mining, at the Doha Ministerial Conference, 9-13 November 2001. ϲʹ document WT/MIN(01)/ST/21 of 10November2001.  European Institute for Research on Mediterranean and Euro-Arab Cooperation (1999).  This Agreement dates from 27 February 1981.  The 22 members are: Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Palestinian Authority, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.  Because of the different agricultural policies in the EFTA countries, bilateral arrangements have been made with each of them (Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein). These arrangements form part of the provisions establishing the free-trade area.  For agro-industrial products, it is planned to separate the agricultural and industrial components.  Switzerland and Liechtenstein may maintain customs tariffs and taxes having an equivalent effect on imports of certain fish fats and oils for human consumption and certain prepared animal feeds.  Morocco has been given transitional periods ranging from two to eight years and waivers for fish and other marine products. For some of these products (smoked salmon and fish meal), Morocco has set tariff quotas; these products will be allowed outside the quotas and exempt from customs tariffs ten years after the Agreement's entry into force.  The Agreement contains provisions on the establishment and functioning of the arbitral tribunal. If a dispute has not been resolved within six months, the parties may refer it to arbitration. The arbitral tribunal settles the dispute in accordance with the rules of international law, and its ruling is final and binding.  The purpose of the Association Agreement goes beyond the establishment of a free-trade area; there is also provision for a partnership to support Morocco's efforts to achieve sustainable economic and social development.  A first reduction of 25 per cent upon entry into force of the Agreement, then an annual reduction of 25 per cent over three years.  The provisions on free movement of goods do not prevent the EU from maintaining an agricultural component for the import of certain processed agricultural products of Moroccan origin, for example: dairy products; sweet corn; margarine; confectionery not containing cocoa; chocolate and other food preparations containing cocoa; malt extracts; food preparations of flour, semolina, starches; edible pasta; cereal-based products; bakery products or biscuits; potato flour, semolina or flakes; "muesli"-type preparations; roasted coffee substitutes; ice cream; non-alcoholic beverages; and sorbitol (Annex 1). Likewise, Morocco may separate the agricultural component in the duties imposed on the import of certain agricultural products of EU origin, for example: confectionery not containing cocoa; chocolate; edible pasta; bakery products or biscuits; ice cream; malt beers; sweet corn; industrial monocarboxylic fatty acids; acid refinery oils; glycerine; maltose; malt extracts; certain cereal-based products; prepared vegetables; "muesli"-type preparations (Annex2). The agricultural component may be in the form of a fixed sum or an ad valorem duty.  The agricultural component of the Agreement has been applied in advance, even before the Agreement's entry into force, to certain sensitive products (tomatoes, oranges, zucchini, artichokes and cucumbers).  Proof of the origin of products is given by the EUR1 certificate for the movement of goods.  For a period of five years as of the date of entry into force of the Agreement, Morocco is exceptionally authorized to grant State aid for the restructuring of the steel industry.  Each party may bring any dispute regarding application or interpretation of the Agreement before the Council of Association. The dispute may be settled by means of a decision. If this is not possible, three arbitrators are appointed (one by each party and one by the Council of Association). The arbitrators' rulings are adopted by majority.  The agreement with Egypt (signed on 27 May 1998) entered into force on 29 April 1999; the agreement with Jordan (signed on 16 June 1998) on 21 October 1999; and that with Tunisia (signed on 16March 1999) on 16 March 1999.  The Additional Protocol of 23 May 2000 provides for total exemption from import duties on certain products (list 7 for Egypt and list 8 for Morocco), but has not yet entered into force.  Morocco's list of accession to the GSTP came into effect on 16 March 1997.  At its 26th meeting held in November 2002, the Interministerial Investment Commission stated that the obstacles encountered by approved investment projects mainly concerned property questions and urbanization, followed by administrative authorizations and procedures, taxation, financing, and the interpretation of the regulations.  All the 16 centres planned were set up in 2002 under the supervision of the Department of Coordination and Economic Affairs of the Ministry of the Interior.  Investment in the agricultural sector is governed by Dahir No. 1-69-25 of 25 July 1969, amended and supplemented by Dahir No. 1-97-171 of 2 August 1997, enacting Law No. 23-97, and by subsequent decrees. This legislation defines the financial (subsidies, investment premiums) and fiscal incentives available to investors and operations eligible for financial support from the State. Agricultural revenue is exempt from direct taxation until 2010. The fiscal incentives under ordinary law include the application of minimum (reduced) duties and taxes on imports of the majority of agricultural products and machinery; exemption from VAT on products and equipment subject to the minimum (reduced) rate; exemption from corporation tax (IS) for companies raising livestock and cooperatives; exemption from IS of 50 per cent on company profits earned from growing cereals, oilseeds, sugar-producing crops, fodder, and cotton; total exemption from IS on turnover on exports for the first five years and a reduction of 50 per cent subsequently. Ministry of the Economy, Finance, Privatization and Tourism (2002)  Article 7-1 of the 1998-1999 Finance Law, as amended by Finance Laws Nos. 25-00 and 55-00.  Foreign Exchange Board (undated).  An administrative authorization is deemed to have been granted when there is no response from the authorities within a period of 60 days as of the date of the application.  MINEFI-DREE (2002)c.  Fifteen other agreements are being finalized with the following countries: Austria, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Gabon, Greece, Indonesia, Kuwait, Lebanon, Malaysia, Malta, Qatar, Senegal, South Africa, and Turkey.  Agreements have also been signed with Canada, Chad, Czech Republic, Dominican Republic, ElSalvador, Finland, Gabon, Germany, Pakistan, Republic of Guinea, Republic of Korea, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Ukraine, and Yemen, but have not yet entered into force.  WT/TPR/S/116 Trade Policy Review Page  PAGE 12 Kingdom of Morocco WT/TPR/S/116 Page  PAGE 19 Page II. PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 1 xy$%/0  ( ) NO01$!0!##:/D/33557M7N7}7~778)8@<W<m<<<C=y=>">`>p>s>>>>#?5?@@A%ARAVACDFFFFFFHHHI\J6CJ 5CJmH CJ5CJ55CJ6 j0JUX5& v Rrx{Ni2!r#&() *M+-/t1u135& v Rrx{Niɼ{m`SF9$8  $8  8  8  8   v8   v8   D8   D8   8   8    8   8   8  8  8 i2!r#&() *M+-/t1u1367 7N7S7d7}7~7˾|yl_ROLGB=9o      ?8   ?g8   gw8   wxZ8   ZD8   D8   8   8   8   8   8   @8   @ 8  367 7N7S7d7}7~7777778 88\$x$$x$=$$l4 tFy,"$$~7777778 888)8L8M8}8~888B9C999L:M:::;;G;H;;;;;;Ŀ~ytoje`[  1  T  U  k          E  F              0  1  n  o                  3  4  S  n!88)8L8M8}8~888B9C999L:M:::;;G;H;;;ì$;$$l tFy,"hA ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<< < <<<?<$;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<< < <<<?<@<A<B<V<W<m<<<6=;=<===B=C=þzupkfa\X                                                      $  %  &  +  ,"?<@<A<B<V<W<m<<<6=;=<===B=\zzttzttt$$$$$x$;$$l tFy,"hA $$;$$l tFy,"hA B=C=y= > >>>">Z>_>4w@p$x$;$$l tFy,"hA $x$$$x$;$$l tFy,"hA C=y= > >>>">Z>_>`>p>q>r>s>>>>>>>??"?#?5?t?u???f@g@@@@@}xsnid_Z  -  .  3          w  x            56  ;  <  i  yz  {  |              s  "_>`>p>q>r>s>>>>>>>??L}xxx}s$$x$;$$l tFy,"hA $$x$;$$l tFy,"hA ?"?#?5?t?u???f@g@@@@@@@@@@@@@$$;$$l tFy,"hA $@@@@@@@@@@@ AAA%ALAQARAVABBZC[CCCCCCCCCCCCC{vqlgb]X                            ^  _                          %  &  '  ,"@@@ AAA%ALAQARAVABBZC[CCCCCCCØ $x$$x$;$$l tFy,"hA CCCCCCCCCDeDfDDD"E#E\E]EEE*F x$$x$=$$l( tFy,"hA $CCCDeDfDDD"E#E\E]EEE*F+FiFjFoFpFqFvFwFxF}F~FFFFFFFFFĿ~ytoje`[  C  H  I  J  U  V  m  n  o  t  u  v  {  |  }                      )  *          !*F+FiFjFoFpFqFvFwFxF}F~FFFFFFFFFFFFx$$FFFFFFFFFFUGVGGG+H,HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHI&Izvqlgc^Y        >  HI  J  O  P  Q  V  W  X  ]  ^  _  d      1  2      "  #$  8  9  :;  <  A  B"FFFFFFFUGVGGG+H,HH\l{xxxxxxx$$x$;$$l tFy,"hA $$;$$l tFy,"hA  HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH x$;$$l tFy,"hA $HHI&I'IhIiIIIII1J6J7JHJIJNJOJPJUJVJ[J$x$;$$l tFy,"hA &I'IhIiIIIII1J6J7JHJIJNJOJPJUJVJ[J\JgJJJJJBKCKHKIKNKOKPKUKVKnKþ~ytoje`\W                      H  I                              $  %        "[J\JgJJJJJBKCKHKIKNKOKPKUK$x$;$$l tFy,"hA \JgJVKnKVNkNnNzNNNPPPPPP]RjRSSBTCTITTTTUUbZlZz]]``hhgyhy||f|g|%Hz{‰̉Ëċŋۋ=>,-ƘǘϜМ?@XYde ɼʼ~6mH  j0JUj0J5U6CJ6CJ5CJXUKVKnKKKGLHLLL\M]MMMN,N-N.N3N4N5N:N;N`sabcceoffgkn>qsrttt*wiyf{{{m~~ & FOTWY/Ze\>`sabcceoffgkn>q˾th[NA48  & 8  % 8  $ 8  # 6O  68  " 8  ! 8  8  =8   =r8   rK8   K8   8   8   8   >qsrttt*wiyf{{{m~~%GH؀˾{nb_\OB5,8  0 ,=8  / =8  . XP  X8  - 88   88  ,  8   8  + \8  * \8  ) 8  38   3g8  ( g18  ' 1%GH؀eŋ4gƖ֗ќt$$ & FPeŋ4gƖ֗ќŸwj]PB58  > 8   *8  = *?8  < ?O8  ; O)8  : )8  9 8  8 8  7 28  6 2[8  5 [-8  4 -.P8  3 18  2 1f8  1 ftvկqAH@-Nʽ}pcVI8  J >E8  I E8  H 8  G 8  F 8  E 8  y8  D y8  C a8  B a8  A 8   ]8  @ ]8  ? vկqAH@-N(x%M 7~LM&'xy%&MN 78349:VWxefbc<=01ABFGqryz LM]^@AH*6 j0JU`N(x%M 739Veb<0AFqyL]@I6 !"#MNO     ^8  N ^88  M 8J39Veb<0AFqyL]@IIJTV67 ./EFGHO5mH jUH* j0JU-6 !"#%I"$$$$lD#$IJKLMNO'$$lD# /0&P P . A!"#n$%nL [4@4Normal $ CJmH L@"L Heading 1#$ & F80@& 5N@2N Heading 2#$ & F80@& 5:L@BL Heading 3#$ & F80@& 5H@RH Heading 4#$ & F80@& @@ Heading 5 & F8@& 6.. Heading 6 @&.. Heading 7 @&<A@<Default Paragraph Font:B@: Body Text & F8 6@6Header$ "5CJ, ,Footer  !&)@!& Page Number4T24 Block Text>PB> Body Text 2 & F8 @QR@ Body Text 3 & F8 LMbLBody Text First Indent  & F<Cr<Body Text Indent HNqHBody Text First Indent 2FRFBody Text Indent 2dDSDBody Text Indent 3 CJ4+4 Endnote TexthnH 8&@8Footnote ReferenceH*6@6 Footnote TextCJ* *Index 1 #.!. Index Heading$/$List 0(2(List 2 !0(3"(List 3 "(42(List 4 #p0(5B(List 5 $20R2 List Bullet % & F D6bD List Bullet 2& & F0 H7rH List Bullet 3' & F @H8H List Bullet 4( & Fp0 H9H List Bullet 5) & F 6D6 List Continue *>E>List Continue 2+:F:List Continue 3 ,>G>List Continue 4->H>List Continue 5.p0818 List Number/ & F. hD:D List Number 20 & F0 D;D List Number 31 & F D<"D List Number 42 & Fp0 D=2D List Number 53 & F 4ZB4 Plain Text4 CJOJQJ*JR*Subtitle5$@&<,<Table of Authorities6<#<Table of Figures 7 ,>,Title8$ 5;KH8V@8FollowedHyperlink>*B* ... TOA Heading:5@@TOC 1;$0 "9# ;mH::TOC 2<$0x " :88TOC 3=$0 "@JmH22TOC 4>$p0 " 88TOC 5?$0 (" mH**TOC 6 @$pCJ**TOC 7 A$LCJ**TOC 8 B$(CJ**TOC 9 C$CJ(U@A( Hyperlink>*B*\$R\Envelope AddressE&@ /+D CJOJQJ8Yb8 Document MapF-D OJQJ*r*Title 2G$>***Title 3H$666 Title CountryI$;FFTPR1st page titleJ$ 5CJ$KH$<<Tpr-Note 1st pageK&dx$/( N0/PQdguxfx{z|}~Ç=,ƔϘ?Xd ɸ~L&O  !"#$%&'()*+,-./01M`jrZE  2O}aAk;O !"I##$%);*_* +$+,--O \9ooo\J~O~38;?<B=_>?@C*FHڴqNO)03_fiz!t!t! _Toc40678451 _Toc40678452 _Toc40678453 _Toc40678454 _Toc40678455 _Toc40678456 _Toc40678457 _Toc40678458 _Toc40678459 _Toc40678460 _Toc40678461r%P_obrpmzP 4 &P_bpzPp"s">###;%>%%%&&(())--(.-.//558888":':;;<L<R<<<R=U=??@@(A.AwA|A+B0B>CCCECMCCC,D1DEEEEEnGsGGGGGJKKKLLjNoNO!OQQQQQWWWf^g^k^!_*_``bbbbbbb:c=chckcpppppHqMq.s3s ttzu}uuuŇχac-0\^gihjjkm LMPϥХӥ #\_VW\6A~ koRVz}szmo!%mrMP!""MPEngtemp37\\hudson20\MDrive\ReOffice\2902.3\E\Final\03_2902e2.docEngtemp36C:\TEMP\autorecover\AutoRecovery save of 03_2902e2.asdEngtemp36C:\TEMP\autorecover\AutoRecovery save of 03_2902e2.asdEngtemp36C:\TEMP\autorecover\AutoRecovery save of 03_2902e2.asdEngtemp36C:\TEMP\autorecover\AutoRecovery save of 03_2902e2.asdEngtemp36C:\TEMP\autorecover\AutoRecovery save of 03_2902e2.asdEngtemp37\\hudson20\MDrive\ReOffice\2902.3\E\Final\03_2902eC.docJames7\\hudson20\MDrive\ReOffice\2902.3\E\Final\03_2902eC.docCostello7\\hudson20\MDrive\ReOffice\2902.3\E\Final\03_2902eC.docCostello.\\GAMA\DFSRoot\Common\#Lsdd\Pool\03_2902eC.doc(|\3}4&2~1pkR0ҽ)v^(z',;&]9z hAR#u B47 'z(fNxgdHQ'@?x]<+/ $S%h. >%rTQ%2-h\q6 %9bE@; ct&EʧfHDvx$QHvrTI,O(oDM|.O*JPJV)cjJDgcF0)cؾ["|e S }jdam #%p>qdUrx8B~$.... OJQJo( OJQJo( OJQJo( OJQJo(hh. hhOJQJo( ^`o(hH()B7^`56o(hH. 7^`o(hH() @ @ ^@ `hH. ^`hH. L^`LhH. ^`hH. ^`hH. PLP^P`LhH..h()()h(a)h.h-0-0()0.0.0.0()h.0()p0p()()p@ ()ho(0o(()p0po(()p0po(-0o(()0o(()0o(-p0po(()@ 0@ o(()0^`0o(()"7^`56o(hH.$ 0$ ^$ `0o(() 7^`o(hH()   ^ `hH. xLx^x`LhH. HH^H`hH. ^`hH. L^`LhH.7^`56o(hH.h^`56o(hH. pLp^p`LhH. @ @ ^@ `hH. ^`hH. L^`LhH. ^`hH. ^`hH. PLP^P`LhH.ho(.0^`0o(() ^`56o(hH.$ 0$ ^$ `0o(() 7^`o(hH()   ^ `hH. xLx^x`LhH. HH^H`hH. ^`hH. L^`LhH. 0OJQJo(-.h()()h(a)h.h-0-0()0^`0o(()"7^`56o(hH.$ 0$ ^$ `0o(()@ 0@ ^@ `0o(()   ^ `hH. xLx^x`LhH. HH^H`hH. ^`hH. L^`LhH.0^`0o(() 7^`56o(hH.$ 0$ ^$ `0o(()@ 0@ ^@ `0o(()   ^ `hH. xLx^x`LhH. HH^H`hH. ^`hH. L^`LhH.0^`0o(()7^`56o(hH.$ 0$ ^$ `0o(()@ 0@ ^@ `0o(()   ^ `hH. xLx^x`LhH. HH^H`hH. ^`hH. L^`LhH..()()().-0-0().()()().-0-0() ^`o(hH()B7^`56o(hH. 7^`o(hH() @ @ ^@ `hH. ^`hH. L^`LhH. ^`hH. ^`hH. PLP^P`LhH.0^`0o(()7^`56o(hH.$ 0$ ^$ `0o(()@ 0@ ^@ `0o(()   ^ `hH. xLx^x`LhH. HH^H`hH. ^`hH. L^`LhH.0^`0o(()"^`56o(hH.$ 0$ ^$ `0o(() 7^`o(hH()   ^ `hH. xLx^x`LhH. HH^H`hH. ^`hH. L^`LhH.0^`0o(() 88^8`hH. L^`LhH.   ^ `hH.   ^ `hH. xLx^x`LhH. HH^H`hH. ^`hH. L^`LhH.7^`56o(hH.h^`56o(hH. pLp^p`LhH. @ @ ^@ `hH. ^`hH. L^`LhH. ^`hH. ^`hH. PLP^P`LhH.0^`0o(()^`56o(hH.$ 0$ ^$ `0o(() 7^`o(hH()   ^ `hH. xLx^x`LhH. HH^H`hH. ^`hH. L^`LhH. ^`o(hH()B7^`56o(hH.  ^`o(hH() @ @ ^@ `hH. ^`hH. L^`LhH. ^`hH. ^`hH. PLP^P`LhH. ^`o(hH() ^`hH. L^`LhH. ^`hH. ^`hH. V LV ^V `LhH. &&^&`hH. ^`hH. L^`LhH.0^`0o(()^`56o(hH.$ 0$ ^$ `0o(() 7^`o(hH()   ^ `hH. xLx^x`LhH. HH^H`hH. ^`hH. L^`LhH.0^`0o(()"7^`56o(hH.$ 0$ ^$ `0o(() 7^`o(hH()   ^ `hH. xLx^x`LhH. HH^H`hH. ^`hH. L^`LhH.0^`0o(. 88^8`hH. L^`LhH.   ^ `hH.   ^ `hH. xLx^x`LhH. HH^H`hH. ^`hH. L^`LhH.0^`0o(()"7^`56o(hH.$ 0$ ^$ `0o(()@ 0@ ^@ `0o(()   ^ `hH. xLx^x`LhH. HH^H`hH. ^`hH. L^`LhH.0^`0o(()"7^`56o(hH.$ 0$ ^$ `0o(() 7^`o(hH()   ^ `hH. xLx^x`LhH. HH^H`hH. ^`hH. L^`LhH.0^`0o(()"7^`56o(hH.$ 0$ ^$ `0o(() 7^`o(hH()   ^ `hH. xLx^x`LhH. HH^H`hH. ^`hH. L^`LhH.0^`0o(()7^`56o(hH. L^`LhH.   ^ `hH.   ^ `hH. xLx^x`LhH. HH^H`hH. ^`hH. L^`LhH.P222247 22222 >%~~}}||'z222247 22222 >%<~}|'z22u fHct&EamoDMJPB~)c.O%p%9vrTIE@;\q6Ur hDgc$QH>qS }jHQ'Nxg $S%V)c["|ect&E ct&EP ġġXġSCT~XC(@ O@GTimes New Roman5Symbol3& Arial?5 Courier New5& zTahoma#0h |u |u|uswrVg6~B!0d"1@PC:\Program Files\Microsoft Office\Templates\Publications\TPR-S-English(pool).dotRESTRICTEDCodefallaCostelloOh+'0  4 @ L Xdlt|RESTRICTEDCodeESTfallaCTallTPR-S-English(pool).dot Costellolis2stMicrosoft Word 8.0.@@@j@j՜.+,D՜.+,< hp|  ϲʹs1 RESTRICTEDCode Title 8~ _PID_GUIDCountrySymbol1ChapterAN{711360E7-97E8-11D1-BD86-000629B04860}Kingdom of MoroccoT WT/TPR/S/116roc 2T  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~Root Entry F^0NP1Table5sWordDocument1\SummaryInformation(DocumentSummaryInformation8CompObjjObjectPool0NP0NP  FMicrosoft Word Document MSWordDocWord.Document.89q