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Tariffs have been streamlined and lowered following the gradual introduction of the WAEMU common external tariff (CET) between 1998 and 2000. As a result, the simple average of MFN customs duties fell from 20 per cent to 12.1 per cent between 1997 and 2000. Trade-related constraints persist, however, and include the following: a compulsory statistical registration form for all imports and exports; national administrative values for 868 products, which should be replaced by the WAEMU reference values, for which Niger intends to enter a request for a reservation with the АФУХСљКЯВЪЙйЭјзЪСЯ; supplementary duties of the WAEMU and the ECOWAS (including the 1 per cent ad valorem statistical charge), which are only levied on imports from third countries and are a permanent feature; the import inspection tax (TVI), amounting to 1 per cent of the customs value payable on imports subject to the import verification programme (PVI). It should also be noted that for some agricultural products there is a wide gap between the MFN customs duties applied and the ceiling of 200 per cent bound in Schedule LIII annexed to the GATT 1994. This discrepancy could lead to uncertainty and instability in the tariff regime, although this is lessened by the fact that Niger applies the common trade policy of the WAEMU rather than its own tariff policy. Duty-free entry only applies to around one third of the WAEMU’s intra-community trade. Local products and traditional crafts enter completely free of duty, together with a limited number of industrial products produced by enterprises approved by the WAEMU Commission. As of 2006, all such approvals should in principle become the responsibility of national authorities. Intra-community trade has also benefited from the harmonization of domestic tax legislation on excise duty and VAT. It should be noted that the limitations on free trade within the WAEMU lessen the potential benefits of the latter’s establishment for member countries and third countries. Export measures A statistical export charge (RSE) amounting to 3 per cent ad valorem applies to all products with the exception of mineral substances, together with a special re-export tax (TSR). In the case of live animals (the second most important export), the tax is levied on the basis of minimum values. Exports of seed cotton are banned. Niger indicates that there are no export subsidies and has provided full information on the programmes in support of export promotion. Domestic measures Niger has undertaken a number of reforms in order to enhance the legal institutional and economic framework for enterprises setting up in Niger. It has adopted the seven uniform acts on commercial companies of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). It has also improved the climate for investors through the creation of a single window at the Chamber of Commerce, but obstacles to investment remain. Niger has ratified the revised Bangui Agreement (1999), which guarantees convergence between the intellectual property regime of its members and АФУХСљКЯВЪЙйЭјзЪСЯ obligations under the TRIPS Agreement. As a least-developed country (LDC), Niger has an additional period until 2006 for full implementation of the TRIPS Agreement. Niger controls the price of hydrocarbons and in 2001 changed the method used to fix the price in order to lessen economic distortions. Since early 2003, the policy on competition in the domestic market has been governed by WAEMU regulations, which cover anti-competitive practices and State aid, but these provisions have not yet been applied. Niger has not notified the АФУХСљКЯВЪЙйЭјзЪСЯ of its subsidy programmes in the form of tax incentives provided under the Investment Code and sectoral codes. Niger revised its government procurement policy following the adoption of a new Government Procurement Code in May 2002, but it is not yet being applied. The new Code still gives preference to domestic enterprises and excludes foreign enterprises when financing from the National Treasury is involved. measures directly affecting imports Registration Any natural or legal person engaged in international trade must be listed in the Commercial Register and the List of Business Licences, be registered with the Chamber of Commerce, Agriculture, Industry and Crafts (CCAIN), and pay a subscription to the National Transport Users Council (CNUT). Customs procedures Niger’s Customs Code (1961) still applies except for the provisions contrary to those in the WAEMU Customs Code, Book I of which came into effect on 1 January 2003. The latter covers the organizational framework, customs procedures and regimes. It concerns imports and exports of goods in WAEMU member States. The WAEMU Customs Code is administered by the WAEMU Commission and is complemented by the national customs codes. All goods presented to the customs must be the subject of a summary declaration, followed by a detailed declaration, unless the latter has been submitted prior to the entry of the goods. The detailed declaration must be made in writing, in computerized form (ASYCUDA) or orally, and can only be made by a customs agent. Niger’s customs authorities use a customs valuation form drawn up in 2001 in accordance with the provisions of the Customs Code (1961). The detailed declaration must contain the usual data used to determine, inter alia, the customs value and, where applicable, the reference value (see below). The customs procedure requested is either definitive (import or export) or suspensive (transit, customs warehouse, warehouse under direct customs control, special warehouse, private warehouse, temporary admission, prior export (drawback) or temporary export). Goods under suspensive procedures are mainly in transit to Nigeria. Goods transported under customs control or under a suspensive customs procedure must be covered by a bond note. Detailed declarations must be accompanied by the following documents: - Invoices; - statistical registration forms; - licences and all other deeds or documents specified in the regulations on prohibitions and foreign trade and exchange controls; - all documents required by the customs authorities in order to apply customs laws and regulations (certificates of origin, movement or release certificates, temporary admission authorization, evidence of exportation, inspection certificate, etc.); - all documents required by the customs services for the application of special laws and regulations (hygiene, public health, protection of animals and plants against disease, quality controls or packaging); - all documents required for the application of regulations or decisions under the ACP-EU Partnership Agreement at import or export; and - all documents authorizing the application of a special tariff regime (administrative decisions, supply or works contracts, etc.). Registration of the detailed declaration may be followed by inspection of the goods by the customs authorities. In 1996, Niger also introduced an import verification programme (PVI) and this was notified to the АФУХСљКЯВЪЙйЭјзЪСЯ. The purpose of this programme is to exercise stricter control over customs revenue as import duties accounted for 32.19 per cent of budget revenue in 2002, by providing information on the value of goods imported and giving the customs services a tool to combat illegal imports. The PVI applies to imports of an f.o.b. value exceeding CFAF 2 million, except where the tariff heading is exempt. The importer must declare his intention to import the goods, attaching two copies of the invoice, and must obtain the statistical registration forms from the single window for foreign trade formalities at the CCAIN (see section (vi)). The transaction must be domiciled with a bank authorized to act as an approved intermediary in conformity with the exchange regulations (Chapter I(3)(ii)). The single window contacts COTECNA company, which has been responsible for the PVI since 1 October 1996. After inspecting the goods, the COTECNA issues an inspection certificate (or "a notice of refusal to issue a certificate") which the importers attach to their customs declaration. An import inspection tax (TVI) amounting to 1 per cent of the customs value is levied on imports subject to the PVI. The declaration determines the customs value (see below), which is the basis for estimating the amount of duties and taxes payable on the import operation. The goods may not be cleared until all the duties and taxes have been paid and a receipt has been issued, unless there is a clearance credit or a duties and taxes credit. Customs valuation In 1999, the WAEMU adopted regulations to allow its member States to apply the Agreement on Implementation of Article VII of the GATT 1994 ("Customs Valuation Agreement"). Niger has implemented the Agreement since 1 July 2001 and has notified the members of the АФУХСљКЯВЪЙйЭјзЪСЯ accordingly (Chapter II(4)(i)). The WAEMU regulations incorporate all the provisions of the АФУХСљКЯВЪЙйЭјзЪСЯ Agreement. The main basis of customs valuation is thus the transaction value, plus certain adjustments, which are defined in Article 8 of the АФУХСљКЯВЪЙйЭјзЪСЯ Agreement. Disagreements concerning the value of goods must in the first instance be brought before the national administrative body responsible for resolving customs disputes, but subsequently may be brought before the judicial authorities. The WAEMU Customs Code specifies that issues relating to classification are dealt with by the WAEMU Commission in order to ensure homogeneity in this respect within the WAEMU. The WAEMU regulations repeat the substance of the "Decision Regarding Cases Where Customs Administrations Have Reasons to Doubt the Truth or Accuracy of the Declared Value", which forms part of the Marrakesh Agreement. The WAEMU has also adopted a community system of reference values with the aim of "combating false declarations of value and unfair competition". The member States of the WAEMU propose to the WAEMU Commission items to appear on a list of goods subject to reference values, which is updated every six months. The list obtained by the АФУХСљКЯВЪЙйЭјзЪСЯ Secretariat, which dates from 11 March 2002, is composed of thousands of tariff headings. The WAEMU member States draw up national lists and designate reference values, which are used to determine the basis for calculating duties and taxes. This system does not apply to goods originating outside the WAEMU. Niger currently applies national administrative values to 868 products (at the eight-digit tariff line and subheading levels (latest update 2001)) when imports do not exceed CFAF 1 million and official values for petroleum products (latest update 2000). The community system of reference values is not yet applied in Niger, but will come into effect soon. Niger intends to request the АФУХСљКЯВЪЙйЭјзЪСЯ for a reservation in order to retain minimum values (Chapter II(4)(i)). The authorities have indicated that 90 per cent of imports are dealt with by full service customs offices are processed on the basis of the transaction value. Customs levies Niger’s tariff Most-favoured-nation (MFN) tariffs (customs duties) Niger’s tariff has been entirely based on the WAEMU’s CET since 1 January 2000. All the 5,538 10-digit tariff lines are defined in the 2002 version of the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System. Pursuant to the WAEMU regulations, products are grouped into one of four categories: 0 per cent, 5 per cent, 10 per cent or 20 per cent. The simple average of MFN customs duties is 12.1 per cent (Table AIII.1) and, according to the authorities, it was 20 per cent in 1997 before the launching of the WAEMU tariff reform. Tariff actually applied In addition to MFN customs duties, goods imported from countries not belonging to the WAEMU are subject to several additional duties: the statistical charge (RS) at a rate of 1 per cent, the community solidarity levy (PCS) of the WAEMU, at a rate of 1 per cent, and the ECOWAS community solidarity levy (PCS) at a rate of 0.5 per cent. The taxable base is the customs value. Other taxes may be imposed under the WAEMU’s various protection mechanisms. There is a special import tax (TCI), which is a nationally-applicable protection mechanism established by the WAEMU and is imposed on agricultural, agro-industrial, livestock and fisheries products, with the exception of fish and fish products; there is no plan to abolish it. The purpose of the TCI is to mitigate the effects of sharp fluctuations in international prices of certain products on community production and to counteract unfair practices. It is imposed on products imported from third countries in two ways: 10 per cent of the trigger price or by equalization. Niger applied a TCI of 10 per cent on rice during the period 200002. The degressive protection tax (TDP) is another of the WAEMU’s nationally-applicable protection mechanisms, but Niger has not yet applied it. The combined effect of applying MFN customs duties and supplementary duties (RS and PCS) increases the simple average of the duties actually applied. The АФУХСљКЯВЪЙйЭјзЪСЯ Secretariat has calculated a simple average of 14.6 per cent if all the MFN duties and additional ad valorem duties are taken into account. Tariff protection for agricultural products is higher than for non-agricultural products (Table AIII.2) because of the protection given to finished agricultural products and low taxation of manufactured inputs (see below). Table III.1 Rate of MFN duties (customs duty plus principal supplementary taxes) actually applied, 2002 Imports in 2001Simple average of duties (%)10-digit tariff linesValue (US$ millions)Share (%)NumberShare (%)Total324.5100.014.65,538100.0АФУХСљКЯВЪЙйЭјзЪСЯ definitionaAgricultural products144.044.416.781014.6Non-agricultural products (excl. petroleum)148.045.614.34 ,0885.0Petroleum32.510.010.0200.4Harmonized System DefinitionPrimary productsb144.244.417.584215.2Other productsc180.355.614.14,69684.8a In Annex 1 to the АФУХСљКЯВЪЙйЭјзЪСЯ Agreement on Agriculture, agricultural products are defined as products in Chapters 01 to 24 of the HS, less fish and fish products (Chapter 3), together with certain products in Chapters 29, 33, 35, 38, 41, 43, 50, 51, 52 and 53. b HS Chapters 01 to 24. c HS Chapters 25 to 97. Note: The principal supplementary duties/taxes used for these calculations include the statistical charge and the community solidarity levies. Source: АФУХСљКЯВЪЙйЭјзЪСЯ Secretariat calculations based on data provided by the authorities of Niger. The level of duties actually applied is below the bound levels set out in the Schedule of Concessions LIII annexed to the GATT 1994 (Table III.2). Nevertheless, it should be noted that Niger has not bound 3.2 per cent of its tariff lines following the unbinding of non-agricultural products that had been bound under the GATT 1947. There is also a wide gap between the levels applied and the ceiling rates for bound duties on certain agricultural products (200 per cent) in Schedule LIII of the tariff concessions annexed to the GATT 1994 (Table AIII.1). This discrepancy could lead to uncertainty and instability in the tariff regime, although this is lessened by the fact that Niger applies the common trade policy of the WAEMU rather than its own tariff policy. Table III.2 Breakdown of MFN customs duties applied and bound, 2002 RateCustoms duty appliedCustoms duty boundFrequencyPercentageFrequencyPercentageDuty free691.2320.6400.030.052,08237.656510.0700.03055.4101,10019.9410.71200.040.11500.02684.81600.050.1202,28741.31472.62500.0961.75000.03,80667.67500.050.120000.01833.2Not bound00.01723.1Note: The tariff comprises 5,538 10-digit lines. Nevertheless, the total number of lines bound is higher because some lines comprise several bound rates. Source: АФУХСљКЯВЪЙйЭјзЪСЯ Secretariat calculations based on data provided by the authorities of Niger. Dispersion of duties actually applied The CET groups products into four major categories (0 per cent; 5 per cent; 10 per cent; and 20 per cent), which greatly reduces the dispersion of duties. Escalation of duties actually applied Niger maintains a tariff regime under which the manufacturing sector benefits from actual levels of protection that are higher than those indicated by the nominal rates (Chart III.1). In fact, the simple average of duties on unprocessed and semi-processed products in the agricultural sector is lower than the simple average of duties on finished products, and this escalation can be seen in other sectors as well, with the exception of machinery and equipment, for which finished products are included in category 1 of the WAEMU’s CET. Excise duty In order to harmonize taxation legislation in the member States of the WAEMU, excise duties are mandatorily imposed on tobacco, tobacco products, and alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages (excluding water); in addition, four products selected from a common list of nine products – coffee, cola, wheat flour, edible oils and fats, perfumery and cosmetics products, tea, arms and ammunition – may also be subject to excise duty. Each member State is free to fix the excise duty within the ranges determined.  EMBED Excel.Sheet.8  In Niger, excise duties are imposed on the following products: tobacco and tobacco products (30 per cent); beer (25 per cent) and other alcoholic beverages (45 per cent); perfumery and cosmetics products (15 per cent); coffee (15 per cent); cola nuts (15 per cent); edible oils and fats (15 per cent). The authorities of Niger confirm that excise duty applies equally to foreign and domestic products, in conformity with the principle of national treatment. In order to harmonize WAEMU member States’ legislation on the taxation of petroleum products, these are mandatorily subject to excise duty. The member States of the WAEMU are free to fix the levels, but must gradually narrow the gap between individual products. The excise duties applied in Niger are: premium petrol (15 per cent); regular petrol (25 per cent); lamp oil (20 per cent); diesel fuel (30 per cent); heating oil (25 per cent); grease (35 per cent); lubricating oils (35 per cent). Excise duty applies to the products in question of any origin (including those from the WAEMU). The amount of excise duty levied on imports is calculated on the taxable base of the customs value plus the customs duty itself (MFN or preferential) and the RS. Value-added tax (VAT) Prior to the harmonization of the legislation on VAT in the WAEMU member States in 1998, Niger had already significantly streamlined and harmonized the VAT regime. A single rate of 17 per cent had been introduced in 1994 and this was raised to 19 per cent in 2000. In order to harmonize the legislation on taxation of petroleum products in member States of the WAEMU, VAT of 19 per cent also applies to petroleum products. The WAEMU regulations provide for a single rate of VAT, on a common basis and at a convergent rate, with the exception of common exemptions. These common exemptions include the following: deliveries of medicines and pharmaceuticals; unprocessed and staple food products; banking operations and insurance and reinsurance services, which are subject to a special tax regime; imports of goods the supply of which is exempt from VAT within Niger; exports and international transport. The scope of the exemptions granted by Niger do not fully correspond to those determined by the WAEMU because of the VAT provisions in the Investment, Mining and Petroleum Codes (section (4)(ii)). VAT is applied to imported products of any origin (including those from the WAEMU), except for products the supply of which is exempt from VAT within Niger, in conformity with the principle of national treatment. Staples such as basic foodstuffs and pharmaceuticals, as well as agricultural machinery and equipment, are exempt from VAT. The amount of VAT is calculated on the taxable base of the customs value, plus duties and taxes (customs duty, the RS and the PCS, as well as excise duty where applicable). Customs revenue In principle, the revenue collected by customs authorities is composed of customs duties, the RS, excise duty and VAT on imported products. Revenue from the PCS is refunded to the WAEMU and the ECOWAS. The total amount of revenue collected on imported products rose to CFAF 65.2 billion for the year 2002. The total amount of import revenue was levied on a taxable value of CFAF 266.7 billion for 2002, which results in an overall rate of imposition of duties and taxes of 24.5 per cent on imports. The authorities have estimated that in 2000 the loss of customs revenue due to the introduction of the full CET and the reduction in the RS from 5 per cent to 1 per cent on 1 January 2000 amounted to CFAF 10.8 billion. The taxable value decreased as a result of two factors in particular: the preferences granted to products originating in the WAEMU; and the volume of goods admitted free of duty and taxes by virtue of the Investment Code (section 4(ii)), the Mining and Petroleum Codes, and government procurement financed from external funds. The revenue foregone as a result of various duty and tax exemptions in 2002 has been estimated at CFAF 14.8 billion. There is also a strong incentive for tax evasion and tax fraud at the border because of the relatively high level of taxes on certain products. Imports are subject to customs duty and supplementary duties, to which must be added excise duty where applicable, and VAT. For example, alcoholic beverages (other than malt beer) are subject to customs duty of 20 per cent, supplementary duties of 2.5 per cent, excise duty of 45 per cent, and VAT of 19 per cent, whose aggregate effect increases the customs value by 112.5 per cent. Rules of origin MFN customs duties apply to imports of goods of any origin, with the exception of products covered by the transitional preferential regime of the WAEMU. A certificate of origin is required. This regime introduced entry free of MFN customs duty for local products and traditional handicrafts on 1 July 1996; Niger does not grant such treatment to local products and traditional handicrafts of ECOWAS origin. Industrial products produced by enterprises approved by the WAEMU Commission have been granted entry absolutely free of duty since 1 January 2000. Applications for approval are made by member States. The number of industrial products concerned increased from 948 to 2,240 between May 1998 and the end of 2002. Originating industrial products from enterprises that are not approved are granted a 5 per cent reduction in MFN customs duties. The new WAEMU rules of origin came into effect on 1 January 2003. Products originating in the WAEMU comprise local products and traditional handicrafts and those in whose manufacture at least 60 per cent of the raw materials come from the country in question; products obtained are those which have been the subject of sufficient working or processing. The latter are defined according to two rules: a change in the tariff classification affecting one of the first four digits of the WAEMU tariff and statistical nomenclature, subject to a list of exceptions; or those whose community value added is 30 per cent or more of the ex-factory cost price excluding tax (the previous WAEMU rules of origin determined the community value added threshold at 40 per cent). Applications for approval of products originating in the WAEMU have been dealt with by the national authorities since the beginning of 2003 and applications for products obtained will be dealt with in the same way as of 2006. Prohibitions and products subject to licensing According to Niger’s notification to the АФУХСљКЯВЪЙйЭјзЪСЯ, since 1990 goods have been freely imported and exported. The authorities indicate that some import prohibitions or restrictions may be applied in the following cases: for reasons of public morality, public order, public security, to protect human or animal health or life, to conserve plants, to protect the environment, to protect national treasures of artistic, historical or archaeological value, to protect industrial or commercial property, to protect consumers, for reasons of product packaging, customs inspections, or control of financial transactions with other countries. It should be noted that import transactions require a statistical registration form issued by the single window for foreign trade formalities at the CCAIN, within 15 minutes for intra-WAEMU trade and within 24 hours for trade outside the WAEMU. The latter form includes the exchange authorization issued by the Ministry of Finance through an approved bank in conformity with the exchange regulations (Chapter I(3)(ii)). According to Niger’s authorities, the main reason for this requirement is to streamline formalities and to obtain statistics on the intentions of economic operators as regards import and export operations, so as to supplement the statistical customs data, which refer to actual imports and exports. For the moment, there are no plans to abolish this system. Sanitary and phytosanitary measures In order to control the quality of foodstuffs consumed, Niger introduced a Public Hygiene Code in 1993, and sanitary controls on imports and exports of foodstuffs in 1996. Sanitary protection measures may be decided by the competent authority. The Ministry of Agriculture decides on phytosanitary protection measures. Phytosanitary controls apply to imports and exports of plants and plant products. The measures taken may be in the form of authorizations, bans or import licences issued by the Minister for Agriculture. It should also be noted that it is prohibited to import or market any phytopharmaceutical product that has not been approved or authorized. Approval of phytopharmaceutical products is the responsibility of the Sahel Pesticides Committee (CSP), in accordance with the common regulations on pesticides of member States of the Permanent Inter-State Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel (CILSS). Laboratories belonging to the Plant Protection Directorate or laboratories approved by the Minister for Agriculture are responsible for controlling phytopharmaceutical products. Technical standards and accreditation procedures Although Niger did not have any standards applicable to imported or domestic goods in May 2003, the preparation of national standards based on international standards is going ahead; Niger is a member of the ISO. Since December 2002, Niger has applied a national standardization, accreditation and certification system. In 2003, it is planned to draw up national standards for food products (rice, oil, milk), building materials (cement, reinforcing steel), water and the environment. The procedure for drawing up standards for Niger will include the following phases: preparation of draft standards by a technical committee, public enquiry (two months), submission of the draft to the National Standards Council (CNN) for approval, submission to the Minister responsible for standardization for approval, publication of the decision on approval of the Niger standard in the Journal Officiel. The CNN is composed of representatives of government authorities, the CCAIN, associations of consumers, importers and exporters, and Niger’s professional organizations. Niger intends to notify the draft standards to the АФУХСљКЯВЪЙйЭјзЪСЯ where there are no relevant international standards or where the technical content of a planned technical regulation is not in conformity with the relevant international standards. The Law states that the application of Niger’s standards is recommended, but could be made mandatory "where such measures are necessary for reasons of public order, public security, to protect human or animal health or life, to protect the environment, to protect the cultural heritage of artistic, historical or archaeological value, or for imperative needs relating to the effectiveness of fiscal controls, the fairness of commercial transactions, and protection of consumers". Mandatory national standards will apply both to domestic and imported goods and will be specifically mentioned in the specifications for government procurement. Sanctions amounting to CFAF 100,000 to CFAF 3 million are provided if the mandatory standards are not respected. It will be possible for a body accredited by Niger to attest that imported goods comply with the standards made mandatory as a result of regulatory technical provisions through the granting of a certificate or by affixing a mark showing conformity with the standards. In 2002, the WAEMU introduced a standardization, accreditation and quality promotion programme and it is planned to set up a regional standardization body. Contingency measures According to the information available to the АФУХСљКЯВЪЙйЭјзЪСЯ Secretariat, Niger does not have any domestic legislation on anti-dumping or countervailing measures. On 23 May 2003, the WAEMU adopted a Community Anti-Dumping Code, to come into effect as of 1 July 2004, which fully incorporates the provisions of the relevant АФУХСљКЯВЪЙйЭјзЪСЯ Agreement. In 1998, the WAEMU adopted regulations prescribing the procedures that allow member States to take safeguard measures as an exception to the common trade policy. Such measures cannot be taken without the authorization of the WAEMU Commission, following a request made by a member State. The regulations state that "the Commission shall ensure that the safeguard measures adopted comply with the general principles of the relevant rules of the World Trade Organization". Niger has not had recourse to these regulations and no safeguard measures have been taken. State trading Niger has not notified the АФУХСљКЯВЪЙйЭјзЪСЯ of any State trading enterprises within the meaning of Article XVII of the GATT that deal with imports. According to the authorities, the Niger Petroleum Products Company (SONIDEP) is currently the only State enterprise that has an import monopoly, in its case for hydrocarbons and petroleum products. measures directly affecting exports Duties, taxes and taxable values A 3 per cent statistical export charge (RSE) applies to all goods except mineral substances, together with a special re-export tax (TSR). Tobacco products are subject to a TSR of 5 per cent when exported to countries that are outside the franc zone but are members of the ECOWAS (for example, Nigeria), and a TSR of 15 per cent when exported to other countries outside the franc zone. For all other goods, the TSR rate is 10 per cent. The base for these taxes is the c.i.f. value at the Niger border, except for live animals, for which Niger has introduced taxable export values. It should be noted that Niger has a large re-export trade (for example, cigarettes), mainly going to Nigeria, which is Niger’s second most important trade partner, and that live animals are the second largest export (Chapter I(4)). Sanitary and phytosanitary measures Since 1996, Niger has applied sanitary control measures to foodstuffs for export, which are decided by the Minister for Public Health (section (vii)). The Minister for Agriculture decides on phytosanitary control measures for exports in order to guarantee the sanitary status of plants and plant products. A phytosanitary certificate or a reforwarding certificate may be requested from the Minister for Agriculture in order to meet the requirements of the destination country. Prohibitions and products subject to licensing Since 1998, Niger has imposed an export ban on seed cotton in order to guarantee the development of the cotton subsector. Export transactions require a statistical declaration form issued at the single window for foreign trade formalities at the CCAIN (section (vi)). Export subsidies and promotion Niger has not notified the АФУХСљКЯВЪЙйЭјзЪСЯ of any subsidies and the authorities explain that there are no direct export subsidies. Nevertheless, according to the information available to the Secretariat, certain enterprises approved under the Investment Code because of their export potential may in exchange be given the tax benefits allowed under the Code. The authorities of Niger have not provided any additional information on this question. The authorities have provided full details of several export promotion programmes. There is a programme drawn up as part of the private sector promotion programme, with the support of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and an agriculture and livestock export promotion programme, with the support of the World Bank. The CCAIN supports exports in a number of ways, including the following: assistance for participation in fairs and exhibitions organized in Niger or abroad; organization of trade and market survey missions; training of economic operators. The task of the Foreign Trade Centre is to promote trade by assisting and training economic operators and seeking outlets. State trading According to the information available to the Secretariat, the French company COGEMA has a de facto monopoly of exports of uranium produced by the Akouta Mining Company (COMINAK) and the Aяr Mining Company ((SOMAIR), semi-public companies. Uranium is Niger’s major export product (Chapter I(4)). domestic measures Legal regime governing enterprises and companies in Niger Niger has been a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA) since 18 September 1995. The Organization was established under the Treaty on the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa, signed on 17 October 1993. It comprises the WAEMU countries and those of the Central African Economic and Monetary Community (CEMAC). The main objective of the Treaty is to overcome the legal and judicial insecurity in member States, due in particular to the obsolescence of the legal texts in effect, the majority of which date from the colonial era, by adopting common legal texts called "uniform acts". The seven uniform acts on commercial companies so far adopted by the OHADA concern the following: general commercial law; commercial companies and economic interest groups; arrangements for security; simplified recovery procedures and enforcement; bankruptcy and insolvency; arbitration; organization and harmonization of business accounting. The Common Court of Justice and Arbitration, with headquarters in Abidjan in Cєte d’Ivoire, is the appeal body and replaces national appeal bodies for any disputes concerning the uniform law; appeals may be brought before the Court either directly by one of the parties to proceedings before a national court or by referral from a national court. The Court organizes and oversees the proper conduct of arbitration proceedings: it appoints or confirms the appointment of arbitrators, is informed of the progress of the proceedings and examines the draft rulings, although it may only propose formal amendments. The first four uniform acts on commercial companies entered into force in Niger on 1 January 1998 (enterprises under the previous provisions had until 1 January 2000 to comply with the new acts). The next two uniform acts entered into force on 1 January 1999. The last uniform act came into effect in Niger on 1 January 2001 in the case of payrolls and on 1 January 2002 for consolidated or combined financial statements. In addition to observance of the regulations in force, an individual enterprise or company in Niger must be listed in the Commercial Register, the List of Business Licences and the Employers’ Register. Foreigners must also obtain an "authorization to practise for foreigners" for non-wage professional activities from the Minister responsible for trade, or from the prefect for certain activities, which is valid for five years (renewable) for commercial activities and 10 years (renewable) for industrial activities. The average time required to obtain such an authorization has been two weeks since the establishment of the Enterprise Formalities Centre (CFE) at the CCAIN in February 2003. The Niger authorities also indicate that, as one of the measures taken since 1996 to promote deregulation and development of economic activities in Niger, a Commercial Code was adopted in 1997. This brings together in one single text and updates the provisions relating to the activities of enterprises. Investment regime Investment Code Niger’s Investment Code dates back to 1985 but has been amended on several occasions since then; it is complemented by two sectoral Codes (Mining and Petroleum) (Chapter IV(3)). Capital investment covers contributions in foreign currency or in kind, whether or not in exchange for shares, loans with a minimum term of 10 years, and reinvestment of funds derived from previous investments, if these are intended to create new enterprises, expand, diversify, convert or modernize existing units. Enterprises being privatized are not eligible for the Code’s incentives (Chapter I(3)(iii)), even though the inflow of new capital is eligible. Until the Code was revised in 2001, this in practice excluded the majority of Niger’s enterprises, which are mostly micro, small or medium-sized enterprises unable to mobilize the necessary investment funds. Persons approved under the Code (see below) enjoy the following benefits: freedom to transfer capital for non-resident natural or legal persons; equal treatment subject to the provisions of treaties and agreements concluded by the Republic of Niger with other States (Article 3); no expropriation or nationalization of the investment, except in cases of public interest covered by the law, when fair and equitable compensation will be paid; and the right to settlement of disputes resulting from interpretation or application of the Code. The latter are settled by arbitration, with the option of turning to the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) for foreigners. Enterprises which invest in one of the activities covered by the Investment Code are eligible for tax and customs incentives during the investment phase and for five years during the operating phase, depending on the approval regime applicable – A, B or C (Table III.3). The sectors covered by the Code are production or processing of primary agricultural, livestock or fisheries products, production for export, mining or processing of quarrying products or mineral substances (access to which is subject to the Mining or Petroleum Codes, where applicable), air transport, and the building of hotels or social housing. Investment in the production of handicrafts, cultural and artistic production, the building of hotels, schools and clinics, and technological innovation may also be eligible for special incentives. Approved investment enjoys exemption from duties and taxes on imports of material and equipment needed to set up a production unit, unless these are available locally. The benefits given during the operating phase are mainly fiscal because enterprises in Niger are subject to heavy and dissuasive taxation: the business licence fee (12 per cent), the minimum fiscal tax (1 per cent), and tax on industrial and commercial profits (45 per cent). Employers must also pay social contributions amounting to 15.4 per cent of the payroll. The benefits increase in proportion to the amount of the investment or the creation of jobs for Niger’s nationals. Approval of enterprises under the Investment Code is granted by means of a joint decree of the Ministers for Industry and Finance for regimes A and B, or in the case of regime C in a decree adopted by the Council of Ministers after hearing the opinion of the Investment Commission. The order or decree specifies the purpose, scope, location and duration of the object of the investment programme, the benefits granted and their duration, and the obligations with which the enterprise must comply (for example, the creation of jobs for Niger nationals). The time usually taken to obtain approval is three months, but investors may experience longer delays. The authorities of Niger intend to shorten the time taken to a maximum of two months. The following are also eligible for special benefits: investment in producing handicrafts, cultural and artistic production, the building of hotels, schools and clinics, and technological innovation. Enterprises are approved by means of a joint decree of the Ministers for Industry and Finance. Table III.3 Investment-related conditions and benefits in Niger RegimeConditions Benefits"A"- Enterprises engaged in activities in one of the sectors covered by the Code; - Undertake to create a new activity, or to restructure or modernize an activity, or to increase the value of fixed assets.- Installation phase: exemption from duties and taxes levied by the State (import duties and taxes, VAT, but not the statistical tax) on services, materials, tools and equipment for production, except where these are available in Niger, in which case exemption from import taxes is not allowed; - Operating phase: exemption from the tax on industrial and commercial profits (BIC), the minimum fiscal tax (IMF), the business licence fee, and property tax"B"Conditions under regime "A" plus the following: - Small enterprises: investment of at least CFAF 50 million and the creation of at least five jobs for Niger nationals; - Medium enterprises: investment of at least CFAF 250 million and the creation of at least 10 jobs for Niger nationals; - Large enterprises: investment of at least CFAF 1 billion or the creation of at least 150 jobs for Niger nationals.- Installation phase: exemption from duties and taxes on the import of equipment and materials (except the TS on materials, tools and equipment for production) which are not available in Niger; - Operating phase: exemption from the tax on BIC, the business licence fee, tax on rental value, IMF, property tax, duties and taxes levied by the State, except the TS and VAT on raw materials available locally."C"- Large enterprises: investment of at least CFAF 2 billion or the creation of at least 400 jobs for Niger nationals; - Approved by mutual agreement.Benefits under regime "B" plus: - Reduction of 50% of duties and taxes on fuel and other sources of energy.Note : 1. The duration of the benefits under the various regimes is three years for enterprises setting up in the departments of Agadez, Diffa, Tahoua or Zinder. 2. Small enterprises investing CFAF 25 million to 100 million, medium enterprises CFAF 100 million to 500 million, and large enterprises over CFAF 500 million. 3. The benefits available under the various regimes include total exemption from VAT on business carried out throughout the duration of the regime, including the purchase of goods and services, for activities in the air transport or hotel building sectors. Source: Ordinance No. 97-09 of 27 February 1997. Employment of Niger nationals and foreigners Investors in Niger must observe the Labour Code. The authorities of Niger indicate that, as part of the measures taken since 1996 to encourage deregulation and the development of economic activities in Niger, the requirements applicable to dismissal for economic or technological reasons or because of the reorganization of the enterprise have been eased. Workers from Niger may be freely recruited, but the recruitment of foreigners is subject to an authorization from the Ministry of Labour, following a procedure that is the same for all irrespective of nationality. Niger has not undertaken any commitment concerning the supply of services through the presence of physical persons (mode 4) under the GATS. It allows the entry of persons on business subject to a visa valid for three months where there is no local expertise. Protection of intellectual property rights Overview Since it became independent, Niger has taken part in the efforts made by the franc zone to establish a uniform regime for the protection of intellectual property that would be enforceable in each country and have common administrative procedures. These efforts started in 1962 with the creation of the African and Malagasy Industrial Property Office under the Libreville Agreement, which was replaced by the Bangui Agreement (1977) establishing the African Intellectual Property Organization (OAPI), whose headquarters are in Yaoundщ, Cameroon. The 1977 Bangui Agreement was revised on 24 February 1999 and Niger ratified the revised Bangui Agreement on 28 May 2002. In undertaking the revision, the member States of the OAPI wanted "to make its provisions consistent with the demands of international treaties relating to intellectual property, to which member States are parties, especially the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights; to streamline the procedure for issuing certificates; to broaden the base of objects for protection; and to fill up some legal gaps". The terms of protection have been amended in order to conform to those in the TRIPS Agreement (Table III.4). The revised Agreement and Annexes I to VIII thereto came into force on 28 February 2002. The Agreement applies as a domestic law in Niger and is automatically enforceable; there is no domestic legal instrument for its implementation. The OAPI Administrative Council deferred the entry into force of Annexes IX and X dealing respectively with layout designs (topographies) of integrated circuits, which should be protected under Article 35 of the TRIPS Agreement, and new plant varieties, which should be the subject of patents according to Article 27 of the TRIPS Agreement. For the time being, the OAPI does not have the necessary competence to deal with applications for protection under Annex IX and the majority of its member States do not have the necessary centres of expertise capable of examining applications that may be made under Annex X. For each of its member States, the OAPI serves as the national industrial property service and provides a common system of administrative procedures for registering rights. Its responsibilities also include implementing the provisions of multilateral conventions to which the member States of the OAPI are party. The issue of a certificate by the OAPI automatically gives rise to rights valid in all member States. As regards multilateral intellectual property protection treaties, since 18 May 1975, Niger has been party to the Convention Establishing the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), signed in Stockholm (1967). The revised Bangui Agreement (1999) commits its members to accede to certain intellectual property protection treaties in force administered by the WIPO (Table AIII.3), but Niger has not yet acceded to some of these. Table III.4 Subjects and terms of protection under the Bangui Agreement (1977) and its revision (1999) SubjectBangui Agreement (1977)Revised Bangui Agreement (1999)Patents10 years, renewable for a maximum of two further periods of 5 years20 yearsUtility models5 years10 yearsTrademarks or service marks10 years, renewable every 10 years10 years, renewable every 10 yearsIndustrial designs5 years5 years, renewable for two further periods of 5 yearsTrade names10 years, renewable every 10 years10 years, renewable every 10 yearsAppellations of originn.a.n.a.Literary and artistic property CopyrightLife of the author + 50 yearsLife of the author + 70 years Films, radio and audiovisual programmes50 years70 years Photographs25 years25 years Related rights for performancesn.a.50 years Related rights for phonogramsn.a.50 years Related rights for broadcastsn.a.25 yearsLayout designs (topographies) of integrated circuitsan.a.10 yearsProtection of new plant varietiesan.a.25 years a The regime under the revised Bangui Agreement has not yet come into effect. n.a. Not applicable. Source: АФУХСљКЯВЪЙйЭјзЪСЯ Secretariat. Intellectual property rights under the revised Bangui Agreement (1999) Industrial intellectual property Annex I to the revised Bangui Agreement (1999) concerns patents. According to Title I, inventions (products or processes) may be patented providing that they are new, involve an inventive step and are industrially applicable; there is also provision for patents of addition. Computer programs and plant varieties may not, however, be patented. The maximum term of protection is 20 years as of the date of filing the application; an extension has therefore been allowed for patents granted under the previous regime of the 1977 Bangui Agreement. The principle of national treatment is also an integral part of Annex I to the revised Bangui Agreement (1999). The revised Bangui Agreement (1999) has amended the provisions on non-voluntary licences in order to make the conditions more stringent. Applications for non-voluntary licences before the civil courts must, inter alia, be accompanied by evidence of the effort made by the applicant to obtain a licence agreement on reasonable commercial terms from the patent owner within a reasonable time. The granting of a non-voluntary licence must be accompanied by "equitable" compensation to the patent owner. The revised Bangui Agreement (1999) also provides that utility models (Annex II), trademarks or service marks (Annex III), industrial designs (Annex IV), trade names (Annex V) and geographical indications (Annex VI) may be protected by the OAPI. In the same way as patents, such protection is granted according to a procedure that commences with the filing of an application, accompanied by the supporting documents, including a receipt for payment of the taxes due to the OAPI. In the case of applicants not resident in member States of the OAPI, applications may be filed with the OAPI either through an agent in one of the member States or following procedures laid down in the Patent Cooperation Treaty. In the case of applicants domiciled in one of the member States, applications are filed either with the National Liaison Body (SNL) for the OAPI, or directly with the OAPI, or through an agent in one of the member States. In Niger, the SNL, which is the Industrial Development Directorate in the Ministry of Trade, states that in 2001 and 2002 four applications for protection of trade names were filed, four for trademarks, and five for patent protection. After the application filed has been received by the Director General of the OAPI, the latter initiates the procedure, and registers and examines the application. Any decision to reject an application may be the subject of an appeal to the High Commission of Appeal, whose decision is irrevocable. If the patent is granted, the attendant rights remain in effect subject to payment of the applicable renewal fees. Literary and artistic property Annex VII to the revised Bangui Agreement (1999) deals with copyright, related rights and the cultural heritage derived from the creative activities of nationals of the member countries. There is an exhaustive list of the subjects of copyright, the main ones being literary and artistic works – cinema, theatre, audiovisual and pictorial works, sculpture or music. Computer programs are also recognized as works, in conformity with Article 10 of the TRIPS Agreement, whereas this was not previously the case. The work is protected throughout the life of the author plus 70 years, an increase of 20 years compared with the 1977 Bangui Agreement. The revised Agreement also recognizes related rights – rights of performers, producers of phonograms and broadcasting organizations, whereas this was not previously the case. The term of protection for performances is 50 years. Regarding copyright and related rights, in 1993 Niger introduced a national regime for the protection of copyright, related rights and expressions of folklore. This grants protection for a work throughout the life of the author plus 50 years, in accordance with the Bangui Agreement (1977); a term of protection of one year is given for performances (not fixed on phonograms), 25 years for radio broadcasts and 50 years for phonograms. These provisions are not consistent with those in the revised Bangui Agreement (1999) so Niger’s authorities intend to amend the national legal regime. The National Copyright Office (BNDA) is responsible for collective administration of rights in Niger. The authorities draw attention to certain problems in implementing the national regime for the protection of copyright, related rights and expressions of folklore, including the following: inadequate logistics (vehicles, means of communication, no separate premises, no software for distributing royalties); lack of resources to promote awareness among users; problems in distributing royalties (the list of works performed is not always given to the BNDA); and training needs (filing clerk, computer expert). Protection against unfair competition Annex VIII to the revised Bangui Agreement (1999) covers protection against unfair competition in a more general context than trade names and incorporates in particular the provisions of section 7 of the TRIPS Agreement on the protection of undisclosed information. According to Article 6(4) of Annex VIII, an act of unfair competition is the commercial use of commercial data obtained from tests or other confidential data submitted to a competent authority for the purpose of obtaining authorization to market pharmaceutical products or agricultural chemical products utilizing new chemical entities". Protection of intellectual property rights The revised Bangui Agreement (1999) provides for the protection of the intellectual property rights established therein, which lies within the competence of national authorities. The penalties for infringement have been significantly increased in order to enhance their deterrent effect (Table III.5). If an offence is repeated, terms of imprisonment ranging from one to six months are provided. The penalties may only be imposed by the competent Office of the Public Prosecutor upon lodging of a complaint by the injured party. Patent owners (whether nationals or foreigners) may, subject to an order by the President of the Civil Court, have a detailed inventory of the allegedly infringing objects made, with or without seizure. Such an order "shall be made on request and on presentation of the patent" (Article 64(2)). The recognized infringing objects and the tools intended for their manufacture that have been seized are either destroyed or handed over to the owner of the patent. Persons entitled to literary or artistic property rights may request the President of the Civil Court to order certain action to combat piracy. This consists of prohibiting the committing or ordering the cessation of the infringement; seizure of the allegedly pirated objects; as well as the payment of damages to the person entitled. The amount of the damages is determined in accordance with the relevant provisions of the national civil code. The President of the Civil Court may also order penal sanctions. The authorities indicate that the border measures provided in Article 51 of the TRIPS Agreement concerning the application by a right holder for suspension of release are not included in the Customs Code (1961). Book I of the WAEMU Customs Code, however, provides that the WAEMU Council of Ministers may, by means of a regulation, ban "goods whose import or export is prohibited for reasons: of public order, public security, conservation of the environment, protection of national treasures of artistic, historical or archaeological value, and protection of intellectual, industrial or social property or of consumers". Regarding process patents, Article 64(2) of Annex I to the revised Bangui Agreement (1999) contains the provisions set out under Article 34 of the TRIPS Agreement concerning the burden of proof in judicial disputes between holders of patents for processes for obtaining products and those accused of having infringed them. It states that "… the judicial authorities shall have the authority to order the defendant to prove that the process used to obtain an identical product is different from the patented process in one of the following situations: (a) the product obtained by the process is new; (b) there is a substantial likelihood that the identical product was made by the process and the owner of the patent has been unable, through reasonable efforts, to determine the process actually used". Table III.5 Fines and terms of imprisonment under the Bangui Agreement (1977) and its revision (1999) OffenceBangui Agreement (1977)Revised Bangui Agreement (1999)Infringement of patentsFine of CFAF 30,000 to 50,000 and, if the offence is repeated, a term of imprisonment of 1 to 6 monthsFine of CFAF 1,000,000 to 3,000,000 and, if the offence is repeated, a term of imprisonment of 1 to 6 monthsInfringement of utility modelsFine of CFAF 30,000 to 180,000 and, if the offence is repeated, a term of imprisonment of 1 to 6 monthsFine of CFAF 1,000,000 to 6,000,000 and, if the offence is repeated, a term of imprisonment of 1 to 6 monthsUnlawful exploitation of registered trademarksFine of CFAF 50,000 to 150,000 and/or a term of imprisonment of 1 month to 1 yearFine of CFAF 1,000,000 to 3,000,000 and a term of imprisonment of 3 months to 2 yearsUnlawful use of compulsory marks and prohibited signsFine of CFAF 50,000 to 100,000 and/or a term of imprisonment of 15 days to 6 monthsFine of CFAF 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 and a term of imprisonment of 15 days to 6 monthsInfringement of industrial designsFine of CFAF 50,000 to 300,000 and, if the offence is repeated, a term of imprisonment of 1 to 6 monthsFine of CFAF 1,000,000 to 6,000,000 and, if the offence is repeated, a term of imprisonment of 1 to 6 monthsInfringement of rights in trade namesFine of CFAF 50,000 to 300,000 and/or a term of imprisonment of 3 months to 1 yearFine of CFAF 1,000,000 to 3,000,000 and/or a term of imprisonment of 3 months to 2 yearsInfringement of rights in appellations of originFine of CFAF 50,000 to 300,000 and/or a term of imprisonment of 3 months to 1 yearFine of CFAF 1,000,000 to 6,000,000 and/or a term of imprisonment of 3 months to 1 yearLayout-designs (topographies) of integrated circuitsan.a.Fine of CFAF 1,000,000 to 6,000,000 and/or a term of imprisonment of up to 6 monthsProtection of new plant varietiesan.a.Fine of CFAF 1,000,000 to 3,000,000 and/or a term of imprisonment of 1 to 6 monthsa The regime under the revised Bangui Agreement has not yet come into effect. n.a. Not applicable. Source: АФУХСљКЯВЪЙйЭјзЪСЯ Secretariat. The Niger authorities draw attention to certain problems in protecting intellectual property rights due to the lack of human and financial resources, and the need to train magistrates and economic operators, as well as lack of knowledge of the revised Bangui Agreement (1999). Competition policy Principles of the pricing regime Niger recognizes freedom of pricing for sales of goods, whether imported or manufactured domestically, as well as for services. Nevertheless, the price of certain goods or services may be fixed in an order by the Minister for Trade and the list of goods and services concerned is determined in a decree. The key prices controlled in this way are those for hydrocarbons (together with the margins for importers and distributors), medical services and pharmaceuticals; the price of water is fixed in an agreement between the State and the privatized enterprise. The price of electricity is fixed in a decree, pursuant to Article 10 of the Electricity Code; the national power company, NIGELEC, is included in the privatization programme and this might change the way in which prices are fixed. Anti-competitive practices Since the beginning of 2003, policy on competition in the domestic market has been governed by WAEMU regulations, administered by the WAEMU’s Consultative Committee on Competition. When this Committee starts to function, it will be assisted by the national competition commissions, which will only have responsibilities at the investigation stage. The authorities of Niger indicate that previously there was no national regime on anti-competitive practices and, consequently, no administrative structure such as a national competition commission. The authorities intend to set up a National Competition and Consumption Council in order to assist the implementation of the WAEMU regulations as part of the formulation of a draft law on consumer protection. The following anti-competitive practices are prohibited within the WAEMU: any agreement between enterprises, decisions on association by enterprises or concerted practices among enterprises for the purpose or having the effect of restricting or distorting competition within the Union, as well as the abuse of a dominant position. The latter prohibition also covers concertation among enterprises (for example, the merger of two or more previously independent enterprises) which creates or reinforces a dominant position. The WAEMU Competition Commission may, however, declare these provisions inapplicable if the anti-competitive practice helps to improve production or distribution of products or promote technical or economic progress. Conditions may be imposed on the enterprises concerned in order to meet those objectives. These provisions also apply to State enterprises and enterprises to which the member States of the WAEMU grant special or exclusive rights. In order to obtain exemption from the relevant provisions or a negative attestation, the WAEMU Competition Commission must be notified of any agreement among enterprises, decisions on association by enterprises or concerted practices among enterprises. In the near future, the Commission intends to define exemptions by category in respect of specialization agreements, research and development agreements and transfer of technology agreements. The Commission may act ex officio or at the request of an interested party for the purpose of suppressing anti-competitive practices. It may order the operators concerned to terminate the anti-competitive practices within a specified period or impose special conditions on them for engaging in their activities, levy fines on the enterprises concerned, or refer cases to the WAEMU Court of Justice with a view to bringing criminal proceedings. Subsidies and other forms of production aid Niger has not notified the АФУХСљКЯВЪЙйЭјзЪСЯ of its various subsidy programmes, but according to the authorities it intends to do so. According to the information available to the АФУХСљКЯВЪЙйЭјзЪСЯ Secretariat, these programmes concern in particular the incentives under the Investment Code (section (4)(ii)), the sectoral regimes (mining, petroleum, telecommunications), and the agreement between the State and the company COMINAK, which exploits uranium. Various pressures are being exerted within the WAEMU to reduce subsidies and production aid. As part of the harmonization of the legislation of member States of the WAEMU on taxation of petroleum products, the member States must eliminate direct subsidies for petroleum products within five years as from 2003. This prohibition does not extend, however, to direct subsidies to enterprises which "do not distort competition". It should also be noted that, since 1997, the WAEMU has been preparing a "WAEMU Investment Charter", but this is still pending. This project would reduce competition among countries by granting various benefits to attract foreign investors, whose economic advantages are recognized as being minimal. Since early 2003, the policy on State aid within the WAEMU has been governed by WAEMU regulations. These will be administered by the WAEMU Consultative Committee on Competition when it starts to function; the Committee will also decide on matters relating to anti-competitive practices (section 4(iv)). These regulations have not yet come into effect in Niger. "State aid" is defined as any measure which "(i) generates a direct or indirect cost or a reduction in revenue for the State, its components or any public or private body set up or designated by the State for the purpose of administering the aid; and (ii) thereby confers an advantage on certain enterprises or certain production activities". The only aid prohibited is "State aid liable to distort competition by favouring certain enterprises or certain production activities". A State aid programme is in principle only prohibited after it has been examined by the WAEMU Consultative Committee on Competition. Some State aid programmes are automatically prohibited, however, while others are allowed (Table III.6). Member States must notify any new State aid programme to the Consultative Committee in order to allow it to be examined; the Committee may also examine a programme ex officio on the basis of information received from various sources. If the examination leads to a finding that the State aid programme is illegal, the prohibited programme must be abolished because no countervailing measures are provided within the WAEMU. Table III.6 Categories of State aid programmes under WAEMU regulations StatusRegulation No. 4/2002/CM/UEMOAInconsistent with the common market without the need for an examination - Subject to the performance of exports to other member States; - Subject to the use of domestic products rather than products imported from other member States.Consistent with the common market without the need for an examination- Social programmes directed at individual consumers provided that they are granted without discrimination as to the origin of the products; - Intended to remedy damage caused by natural disasters or other extraordinary events; - Intended to promote the carrying out of a major project of community interest or to remedy a serious upheaval in the economy of a member State; - Research activities conducted by enterprises or higher education or research establishments that have contracts with enterprises if the aid covers a maximum of 75 per cent of the cost of industrial research or 50 per cent of the cost of pre-competitive development activities; - Intended to promote the adaptation of existing installations to new environmental rules imposed by the legislation and/or regulations which imply greater constraints on enterprises and a heavier financial burden provided that the aid: (i) is of a temporary nature and is not repeated; and (ii) is restricted to 20 per cent of the cost of adaptation; or - Intended to promote culture and conservation of the heritage when it does not restrict competition in a significant part of the common market. Source: АФУХСљКЯВЪЙйЭјзЪСЯ Secretariat based on Regulation No. 4/2002/CM/UEMOA. Government procurement The rules on government procurement on behalf of the State, local authorities and public, industrial and commercial establishments, State-owned companies and semi-public companies are the subject of the Government Procurement Code, revised in 2002. The Code is administered by the Central Procurement Commission (CCM). Niger is not party to the АФУХСљКЯВЪЙйЭјзЪСЯ Plurilateral Agreement on Government Procurement, but could become an observer. Any expenditure exceeding CFAF 5 million must be the subject of a procurement contract. There are four types of tender: national tenders, limited to national companies; international tenders, which are usually required by donors; selective tenders, based on a list of preselected enterprises for contracts concerning supplies and services not exceeding CFAF 15 million or contracts for works not exceeding CFAF 40 million; mutual agreement without a competition. Basic information on a contract – the contracting authority, the subject of the contract, the terms of eligibility, dates, place where the specifications are available, conditions of the competition, etc. – must be published in the Journal Officiel and the Niger authorities indicate that it is also published on the Internet. The contract is awarded to the bidder whose bid has been recognized as conforming to the tender specifications and is deemed to be the lowest of those technically valid. It should be noted, however, that government procurement contracts financed by the National Treasury allow preference to be given to domestic enterprises or enterprises established in Niger. Thus, a reduction is applied to the prices proposed by "domestic enterprises and industries" when assessing their bids in order to estimate the cost of supplies, services or works, and the amount varies from 2 to 15 per cent.  IMF (2001).  The amounts of the subscriptions are the following: to the CCAIN, CFAF 100,000 for natural persons (wholesalers or semi-wholesalers), CFAF 45,000 for retailers, CFAF 600,000 for public limited companies, and CFAF 300,000 for limited liability companies; to the CNUT, they are CFAF 30,000 for natural persons and CFAF 55,000 for legal persons.  Law No. 61-17 of 31 May 1961, as amended.  Regulation No. 09/2001/CM/UEMOA.  Article 77.2 of the WAEMU Customs Code.  Article 80 of the WAEMU Customs Code.  Order No. 509/MF/E/DGD of 7 December 2001.  Articles 51-53 of the Customs Code (1961).  АФУХСљКЯВЪЙйЭјзЪСЯ documents G/PSI/N/1/Add. 5 of 5 February 1997, Add. 7 of 24 February 1998, Add. 8 of 28 September 1999. This is covered by Decree No. 96-21/PCSN/MF/P of 12 February 1996, amended by Decree No. 96370/PCSN/MF/P of 18 October 1996.  Article 23 of Law No. 2000-23 of 20 December 2000.  Advance payment of 4 per cent on industrial and commercial profits (BIC) is payable on customs transactions by enterprises not subject to the real taxation regime.  Article 62 of the Customs Code (1961).  Pursuant to Article 58bis of the Customs Code (1961), importers may present for payment duly secured bonds, with a maximum expiry date of four months, but this is not allowed when the amount to be paid is less than CFAF 100,000.  Regulation No. 5/99/CM/UEMOA.  Article 16 of Regulation No. 5/99/CM/UEMOA.  Article 2 of Regulation No. 4/99/CM/UEMOA.  Ordinance No. 99-02 of 18 February 1999.  The following are exempt: goods acquired under financing arrangements with foreign partners, subject to a specific clause on exemption from any fiscal or parafiscal levy, and goods imported in accordance with diplomatic privileges (Regulation No. 2/2002/CM/UEMOA).  Additional Act No. 4/96.  Annex No. 2 to Regulation No. 6/99/CM/UEMOA on adoption of the TCI lists the following products on which the TCI is imposed: bovine meat; edible poultry meat and offal (heading No. 01.05); condensed milk; potatoes; onions; bananas; maize; rice; sorghum; millet; wheat flour; unrefined vegetable oil; refined vegetable oil; sugar; tomato concentrate; cigarettes and cigarillos.  The TCI applies if the customs value is lower than the trigger price (threshold price) set by the WAEMU Commission. It is imposed at a rate of 10 per cent of the value calculated as from the trigger price. For this purpose, the duties and taxes payable apply to the same trigger price (the trigger price is calculated according to the following formula: PD = (0.3*CM + 0.7*CPI) with PD being the trigger price; CM = the global price of the product; and CPI = cost of domestic production of the product).  Regulation No. 3/99/CM/UEMOA. The TDP should have expired at the end of 2002, but has been renewed for 2003.  Directive No. 3/98/CM/UEMOA.  Law No. 2000-03 of 2 May 2000.  Directive No. 6/2001/CM/UEMOA.  Directive No. 2/98/CM/UEMOA.  Law No. 2000-03 of 2 May 2000.  Directive No. 6/2001/CM/UEMOA.  The amounts levied under the WAEMU’s PCS are as follows: CFAF 520,098,246 in 1998; CFAF 444,905,288 in 1999; CFAF 866,236,488 in 2000; CFAF 978,872,626 in 2001; and CFAF 1,001,109,080 in 2002.  Additional Act No. 4/96, as amended by Additional Act No. 1/97 and Additional Act No. 4/98. Regulation No. 4/2001/CM/UEMOA determines exceptions to the CET for imports of inputs taxed more highly than certain finished products. These are imported under a suspensive customs regime if they are to be used to manufacture pharmaceuticals (Chapter 30 of the HS), books, brochures and printed matter (49 01), or certain machinery, appliances and parts thereof (84 32 10 00 00; 84 32 30 00 00; 84 32 90 00 00; 84 37 10 00 00; 84 37 80 00 00). Under the CET structure, pharmaceuticals are social products in the zero category (no customs duty applies) and inputs used to manufacture such pharmaceuticals are therefore exempt.  Additional Protocol No. III establishing the WAEMU rules of origin.  Regulation No. 12/2002/CM/UEMOA.  Regulation No. 13/2002/CM/UEMOA.  АФУХСљКЯВЪЙйЭјзЪСЯ document G/LIC/N/1/NER/1 of 12 January 1998.  Three forms are issued for WAEMU trade: one for the single window, one for the economic operator, and one for the Ministry of Trade. The fees amount to CFAF 11,000 (the form costs CFAF 2,000 and three stamps at CFAF 3,000 each are required).  For trade between Niger and a WAEMU country, three forms are issued: one for the single window, one for the economic operator, and one for the Ministry of Trade. The fees amount to CFAF 11,000 (the form costs CFAF 2,000 and three stamps at CFAF 3,000 each are required. For trade outside the WAEMU, four forms are required: one for the single window, one for the economic operator, one for the Ministry of Finance for exchange authorization concerning transactions outside the franc zone, and one for the Ministry of Trade. The fees amount to CFAF 14,000 (the form costs CFAF 2,000 and four stamps costing CFAF 3,000 each are required).  Ordinance No. 93-13 of 2 March 1993.  Decree No. 98-108/PRN.MSP of 12 May 1998.  Ordinance No. 96-008 and Decree No. 96-68/PCSN/MDRH/E of 21 March 1996.   HYPERLINK "http://www.cilssnet.org/" http://www.cilssnet.org.  Law No. 2002-028/PRN of 31 December 2002.  Regulation No. 9/2003/CM/UEMOA.  Regulation No. 14/98/CM/UEMOA.  Article 7 of Regulation No. 14/98/CM/UEMOA.  According to Ordinance No. 98-001 of 27 February 1998, the monopoly given to the SONIDEP could be replaced in the context of reform of the petroleum subsector by a system of companies authorized to import. This Ordinance has, however, not been put into effect and SONIDEP’s monopoly remains.  Since 1 January 2003, these taxable values have been the following: live horses (CFAF 150,000); bovine animals (CFAF 150,000); donkeys (CFAF 45,000); sheep (CFAF 30,000); goats (CFAF 15,000); camels (CFAF 250,000).  Decree No. 98-108/PRN/MSP of 12 May 1998.  Ordinance No. 96-008 and Decree No. 96-68/PCSN/MDRH/E of 21 March 1996.  The Government of Niger has a 36.6 per cent holding in SOMAIR and 31 per cent in COMINAK.  The other member countries of the OHADA are Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Cєte d’Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Senegal and Togo. See http://www.ohada.com  The authorization to practise for foreigners is governed by Ordinance No. 87-010 of 12 March 1987, Decree 87036 of 12 March 1987 and the Order of 8 August 1988. Any company or enterprise operated on behalf of a foreigner, even if the manager is a national of Niger, is deemed to be foreign. Any company or enterprise in which at least 51 per cent of the registered capital belongs to citizens of Niger and whose chairman, managers and directors are citizens of Niger is deemed to be a national company or enterprise.  Book I was established under Ordinance No. 92-048 of 7 October 1992, Book II under Law No. 95-011 of 20 June 1995, Book III under Ordinance No. 96-038 of 29 June 1996, and Book IV under Law No. 97-40 of 1 December 1997.  Ordinance No. 85-09 of 8 December 1985, amended by Ordinance No. 97-09 of 27 February 1997, Ordinance No. 99-69 of 20 December 1999, and Law No. 2001-20 of 12 July 2001.  Ordinance No. 93-16 of 2 March 1993 and Ordinance No. 92-45 of 16 September 1992, respectively.  Niger has concluded three bilateral agreements and treaties on investment, two of which are in force: Germany (1966) and Switzerland (1962). The authorities of Niger also indicate that investment promotion and protection agreements have been signed with the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and Nigeria.  Investment of CFAF 2 to 25 million; exemption from tax on industrial and commercial profits (BIC), the minimum fiscal tax (IMF), the business licence fee, and property tax.  Exemption from duties and taxes, including VAT, except for the statistical charge, on cinematographic production equipment and building materials, tools and equipment produced locally or imported and utilized on one single occasion, where equivalent local products are not available, provided that they are used directly for the purposes of the investment.  Minimum investment of CFAF 50 million; during the installation phase, exemption from duties and taxes, including VAT, except for the statistical charge, on materials, tools and equipment produced locally or imported where equivalent local products are not available.  Fiscal rebate of two thirds of the cost incurred in purchasing or finishing the innovation and of BIC for the fiscal year following that in which the innovation is introduced.  For regimes A and B, where the amount of the investment is CFAF 50 million and for regime C, subject to the opinion of the Investment Commission, where the amount of the investment is between CFAF 100 million and 500 million.   HYPERLINK "http://www.ita.doc.gov/" http://www.ita.doc.gov [3 January 2003].  Investment of CFAF 2 to 25 million; exemption from tax on industrial and commercial profits (BIC), the minimum fiscal tax (IMF), the business licence fee, and property tax.  Exemption from duties and taxes, including VAT, except for the statistical charge, on cinematographic production equipment and building materials, tools and equipment produced locally or imported and utilized on one single occasion, where equivalent local products are not available and where they are used directly for the purposes of the investment.  Minimum investment of CFAF 50 million; during the installation phase, exemption from duties and taxes, including VAT, except for the statistical charge, on materials, tools and equipment produced locally or imported where equivalent local products are not available.  Fiscal rebate of two thirds of the cost incurred in purchasing or finishing the innovation and of BIC for the fiscal year following that in which the innovation is introduced.  Ordinance No. 96-039 of 29 June 1996.  Niger has an abundant unskilled labour force but appears to lack qualified managers according to the United States Department of Commerce. See  HYPERLINK "http://www.ita.doc.gov/" http://www.ita.doc.gov [3 January 2003].  The other members of the Bangui Agreement (1977) are Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Cєte d’Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Senegal, and Togo ( HYPERLINK "http://www.wipo.oapi.net/" http://www.wipo.oapi.net).  OAPI, "Information Memo on the Enforcement of the Revised Bangui Agreement". Available at http://www.wipo.oapi.net [5 January 2003].  As regards the two intellectual property protection treaties administered by WIPO that are not yet in force, Niger has not signed the Geneva Act of The Hague Agreement concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs (1999), nor the Patent Law Treaty (2000).  The Hague Agreement (1925), as revised, but the procedure is under way, the Lisbon Arrangement (1958), as revised at Stockholm (1967), the Vienna Agreement (1973), the Budapest Treaty (1977), the Nairobi Treaty (1981), and the International Convention for the Protection of New Plant Varieties (1961), as revised.  A licence must be issued to an applicant at the end of a period of three years following the application for the patent (four years under the 1977 Bangui Agreement) subject to one or more of the following conditions: where the patented invention is not being worked in a member State; where the industrial working of the patented invention does not meet the demand for the protected product on reasonable terms; where the patent owner refuses to grant a licence on reasonable commercial terms and procedures unless the owner of the patent provides legitimate reasons for the non-working of the invention. Under the 1977 Bangui Agreement, a licence had to be issued to an applicant if the industrial working of the invention was prevented or hindered by the import of the patented product, but this requirement has been eliminated in the revised Bangui Agreement (1999). Title VI also declares that an ex officio licence may be issued for the exploitation of a patented invention that is of vital interest to national defence, public health or the national economy.  The OAPI has a guide for applicants on its site ( HYPERLINK "http://www.wipo.oapi.net/" http://www.wipo.oapi.net).  The list of approved agents is available on the OAPI site ( HYPERLINK "http://www.wipo.oapi.net/" http://www.wipo.oapi.net).  Ordinance No.93-27 of 30 March 1993.  Law 95-019 of 8 December 1995.  Under the 1977 Bangui Agreement, no penalty could be applied if, at the end of a period of five years from the filing of the application for a patent, the patent had not been worked. This provision has been eliminated in the revised Bangui Agreement (1999).  Article 33 of the Annex to Regulation No.09/2001/CM/UEMOA.  Article 2 of Ordinance No. 92-025 of 17 July 1992.  Niger revised the method of fixing prices for hydrocarbons in 2001 and 2002 as part of its structural adjustment programme approved by the IMF and the World Bank in order to make it more flexible and lessen its subsidy component. See  Regulation No. 2/2002/CM/UEMOA on anti-competitive practices within the WAEMU and relevant procedures, established by Regulation No. 3/2002/CM/UEMOA.  Directive No. 6/2001/CM/UEMOA.  Article 12 of Directive No. 6/2001/CM/UEMOA.  IMF (2001b).  Regulation No. 4/2002/CM/UEMOA.  Article 1 of Regulation No. 4/2002/CM/UEMOA. See also Article 1 of the АФУХСљКЯВЪЙйЭјзЪСЯ Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures.  The former Code was established under Ordinance No. 85-32 of 14 November 1985, and Implementing Decree No. 89117/PCMS/PM of 27 April 1989. The new Code was established under Ordinance No. 2002-7 of 18 September 2002 and ratified by the National Assembly on 16 October 2002. The implementing texts are being prepared. WT/TPR/S/118 Trade Policy Review Page  PAGE 52 Niger WT/TPR/S/118 Page  PAGE 53 Page III. 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