ࡱ> q Wibjbjt+t+ ݚAAch]```````Dbvl>,&4Z4>>>>>>>$?A>`>``&``>*````>!9@``>D0]~DN>JWorld Trade OrganizationRESTRICTEDWT/TPR/S/127 5 January 2004 (04-0001)Trade Policy Review Body TRADE POLICY REVIEW  DOCPROPERTY "Country"\* Upper THE GAMBIA Report by the Secretariat  This report, prepared for the first Trade Policy Review of The Gambia, has been drawn up by the ϲʹ Secretariat on its own responsibility. The Secretariat has, as required by the Agreement establishing the Trade Policy Review Mechanism (Annex 3 of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization), sought clarification from the Government of The Gambia on its trade policies and practices. Any technical questions arising from this report may be addressed to Mr. Amar Breckenridge (tel: 739 5372). Document WT/TPR/G/127 contains the policy statement submitted by the Government of The Gambia  ADVANCE \y 700  Note: This report is subject to restricted circulation and press embargo until the end of the meeting of the Trade Policy Review Body on DOCPROPERTY "Country" The Gambia. CONTENTS Page summary observations vii (1) The Economic Environment vii (2) Institutional Framework vii (3) Trade Policy Instruments viii (4) Sectoral Policies x (5) Trade Policy and Trading Partners xi I. Economic environment 1 (1) Major Features Of The Economy 1 (2) Recent Economic developments 2 (3) Trade Performance and Investment 5 (i) Trade in goods and services 5 (ii) Investment 8 (4) Outlook 10 II. trade and Investment regime 12 (1) The Institutional Framework 12 (2) Trade Policy Formulation and Implementation 13 (3) Policy Objectives 14 (4) Laws and Regulations 15 (5) Trade Agreements and Arrangements 20 (i) Multilateral agreements 20 (ii) Regional agreements 21 (iii) Bilateral trade agreements and arrangements 23 (iv) Non-reciprocal preferential treatment arrangements 23 (6) Trade-Related TEchnical Assistance 27 (i) General needs 27 (ii) Supply-side constraints 29 (iii) Integration of trade into development plas 30 III. trade policies and practices by measure 31 (1) Introduction 31 (2) Measures Directly Affecting Imports 32 (i) Registration and documentation 32 (ii) Customs procedures 32 (iii) Tariffs, other duties, and charges 33 (iv) Rules of origin 37 (v) Import prohibitions, controls, and licensing 37 (vi) Anti-dumping, countervailing, and safeguard measures 38 (vii) Standards and other technical requirements 38 (viii) Government procurement 40 (xi) Local-content requirements 41 (x) Other measures 41 Page (3) Measures Directly Affecting Exports 41 (i) Registration and documentation 41 (ii) Export taxes 42 (iii) Export prohibitions and controls 42 (iv) Export subsidies, finance, and assistance 42 (v) Free zones 42 (4) Measures Affecting Production and Trade 43 (i) Incentives 43 (ii) State enterprises and privatization 44 (iii) Competition policy and price controls 49 (iv) Intellecutal property 52 IV. trade policies by sector 54 (1) Overview 54 (2) Agriculture and Related Activities 54 (i) Introduction 54 (ii) Evolution of agricultural policy 57 (iii) Main categories of products 59 (3) Mining and Quarrying, and Energy 71 (i) Mining and quarrying 71 (ii) Energy 73 (4) Manufacturing 74 (5) Services 76 (i) Financial services 77 (ii) Telecommunications and postal services 81 (iii) Transport 83 (iv) Tourism 86 references 89 APPENDIX TABLES 93 Page CHARTS I. Economic environment I.1 Structure of exports and imports, 1995-00 7 I.2 Direction of merchandise trade, 1995-00 9 I.3 Sectorial distribution of FDI stock, 1999 and 2000 10 III. trade policies and practices by measure III.1 MFN tariff distribution by sector (ISIC1 definitions), 2003 35 III.2 Tariff escalation by ISIC 2-digit, 2003 36 IV. trade policies by Sector IV.1 The Gambia's tariff by ISIC classification, 2003 75 IV.2 Growth in broad money and private sector credit, as a percentage of GDP 79 TABLES I. Economic environment I.1 Economic performance, 1997-02 4 I.2 Balance-of-payments, 1995/96 to 2002 6 II. trade Policies and Practices by Measure II.1 Main trade-related laws and regulations of The Gambia, July 2003 15 II.2 Priority sectors and activities under the Investment Promotion Act 18 II.3 Selected notifications by The Gambia to the ϲʹ, July 2003 21 II.4 Utilization rates by The Gambia of trade preferences granted by the Quad 24 III. trade policies and practices by measure III.1 Structure of MFN tariffs in The Gambia, 2003 33 III.2 Completed privatization, as at October 2003 44 III.3 Liquidations, as at October 2003 45 III.4 Performance of Track I public enterprises, 1999-02 47 III.5 Track I enterprises envisioned timetable and actions, as at October 2003 48 III.6 Track II enterprises envisioned timetable and actions, as at October 2003 49 IV. trade policies by sector IV.1 Contribution of agriculture and various subsectors to GDP (at market prices), 1997-02 55 IV.2 Main crops: Surface, production and yield 1997-02 55 IV.3 Groundnut production and prices, 1995-01 59 IV.4 Cereals, 1998-02 64 IV.5 Horticultural sector production indicators, 2002 65 IV.6 Fisheries: (a) Catches and exports, 1997-02 66 (b) Composition of exports, 2000-02 66 (c) Costs of licences 66 Page IV.7 Forestry: (a) Production, 1997-01 70 (b) Costs of timber permits, 2002 70 (c) Cost of royalties, 2002 70 (d) Licence fees, 2002 70 IV.8 Electricity: (a) Production and consumption, 1996-99 73 (b) Retail prices per kWh, 1997-00 73 IV.9 Banking sector deposits, assets, and aggregate profits, 1996-01 78 IV.10 Banking sector key interest rates, 1996-02 78 IV.11 Sectoral distribution of loans, 1997-02 79 IV.12 Insurance companies, and value of premiums and assets, 1998-01 81 IV.13 Telecommunications indicators, 1997-00 81 IV.14 International tariffs applied by GAMTEL, 2002 82 IV.15 Banjul Port, cargo throughput, 1997-02 84 IV.16 Charges and dues at Banjul Port 84 IV.17 Passenger and cargo traffic through Banjul International Airport, 1997-02 86 IV.18 Tourism indicators, 1997-01 86 APPENDIX TABLES I. economic environment AI.1 Exports structure (excluding re-exports), 1995-00 95 AI.2 Exports structure (including re-exports), 1995-00 96 AI.3 Imports structure, 1995-00 97 AI.4 Origin of imports, 1995-00 98 AI.5 Destinations of exports (including re-exports), 1995-00 99 AI.6 Destination of exports (excluding re-exports), 1995-00 100 III. trade policies and practices by measure AIII.1 MFN tariff, by HS 2-digit, 2003 101 IV. trade policies by sector AIV.1 Applied MFN tariff statistics, by ISIC Rev.2 category, 2003 104 SUMMARY OBSERVATIONS Economic Environment The pace and depth of economic reforms implemented by The Gambia, a least developed country (with a per capita income of US$320 and about 47% of population living below the poverty line), increased in the late 1990s. Fiscal discipline was improved through a stronger control of expenditure, tariffs were reduced and restructured, and progress was made on the divestiture of public enterprises. These measures contributed to a reduction in inflation, increased inflows of foreign direct investment, and real GDP growth of 5.6% per annum on average during the period 1998-01. Donor support, debt relief under the HIPC initiative, and private transfers from abroad contributed to anchor The Gambia's external reserve position, despite its chronic current account deficits. However, since 2001, policy slippages have brought to the fore the vulnerability of The Gambia's economy, still dominated by groundnut exports and re-export trade. In addition to historical shortfalls in revenue (stemming from the widespread recourse to duty exemptions and weaknesses in revenue collections), expenditure overruns increased the public deficit (including grants) to 9.7% of GDP in 2001 and 7.0% in 2002. This, combined with steep depreciation of the national currency, the dalasi, and erratic rainfall, raised inflation to 10% in 2002 and nearly 15% in the first six months of 2003. Real GDP growth dropped to 3.6% in 2002 (and may fall further in 2003) because of the low level of investment (mainly due to the lack of progress on the reforms of public enterprises), and poor performance by the groundnut subsector, tourism, and re-export trade. The Gambia's merchandise exports (excluding re-exports) are mainly concentrated in agribased products, with groundnuts the single largest export. Non-traditional activities, such as horticulture, have yet to show results commensurate with their export potential; exports of manufactures made in The Gambia have been negligible. Imports are dominated by rice, a staple food, and manufactures, notably transport equipment and machinery. The European Union is the largest market for The Gambia's exports, excluding re-exports, and the largest source of imports to The Gambia. Re-exports have historically accounted for a very high percentage of The Gambia's overall trade. They have been encouraged by the relative efficiency of its port, its historically more liberal exchange rate and trade policies, and underdeveloped customs administration throughout the region, though recent developments, mainly the continued appreciation of the euro, have somewhat dampened The Gambia's comparative advantages for these activities. Diamonds (to Europe), and manufactured products, notably textiles, machinery, and electric and electronic equipment (to the sub-region and East Africa) account for the bulk of re-exports. There is virtually no processing of imports for re-export. In general, The Gambia is a net services exporter, with tourism the largest service export. Freight and insurance are the biggest services imports. The downturn in the tourism subsector contributed to the net balance on trade in non-factor services turning negative in 2000. Institutional Framework Under the 1997 Constitution, The Gambia is a unitary republic, with executive power vested in the Presidency, and legislative power in a unicameral National Assembly. The President is Head of State, head of Government, and responsible for nominating Cabinet, which can comprise up to 15 Secretaries of State and the Attorney-General. The Department of State for Trade, Industry and Employment (DOSTIE) is formally responsible for trade policy. Trade policy formulation also involves other Departments of State, most notably those responsible for Finance and Economic Affairs, for Foreign Affairs, for Justice, for Agriculture, for Local Government, and for Health. Trade policy reforms, particularly tariff reductions, regulatory reforms and divestiture, are aimed at transforming The Gambia into a middle-income country by the year 2020. However, The Gambia's overarching Vision 2020 document provides little discussion of concrete policy measures. Inter-ministerial coordination and the quality of informational flows on trade policy matters are poor. Consequently, the formulation and discussion of trade policy have been, at best, only partially integrated into the overall development and poverty reduction strategies. The Gambia is an original Member of the ϲʹ. MFN treatment is accorded to all its trading partners. The Gambia's ability to benefit from its membership in the ϲʹ is hampered by capacity constraints, which affect both its participation in negotiations (The Gambia does not have a mission in Geneva), and implementation of trade reforms entailed by its commitments. This is particularly apparent in areas such as customs valuation, standards, and intellectual property. While The Gambia has one of the highest levels of commitments under the GATS, for a least developed country, legislation and/or policy practices in some subsectors such as banking, and maritime and road transport do not mirror those commitments. The Gambia benefits from a variety of preferential market access schemes extended by both developed and developing countries. Actual utilization of these preferences tends to be erratic, owing to, inter alia, complex documentation and rules of origin requirements, and (sometimes) a lack of awareness by the Gambian exporters of these opportunities. The Gambia would therefore benefit from specific support designed to disseminate information regarding preferential market access opportunities, and on how to satisfy procedural requirements attached to them. The Gambia is a member of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), but it neither accords nor receives preferential treatment under the ECOWAS Treaty. Trade Policy Instruments Customs duties are The Gambia's main trade policy instrument. The Gambia's applied MFN tariffs were restructured in 2000; six rates ranging from zero to 18% replaced 30 rates ranging from zero to 90%. The simple average of applied tariffs dropped from 13.6% to 12.7%, a relatively modest reduction, partially explained by the fact that the number of zero rates declined from 28% to 16% of all tariff lines. Tariffs are moderately dispersed; the coefficient of variation is 0.53. The modal rate of 18% covers virtually all agricultural products, and a number of manufactured products, including both consumer and capital goods. Agriculture is the most protected sector, with an average tariff of 14.4%, while the average tariff on manufactures is 12.8%. The aggregate pattern of tariff escalation is mixed (negative from the first to the second stage of processing, positive from the second to the third stage). In particular, for industries such as textiles, apparel, leather, chemicals and plastics, the tariff structure on its own (i.e. setting aside duty concessions) does not encourage investment in processing activities. Duty and tax exemptions are aimed at export promotion, import substitution, and the use of local raw materials. The simultaneous promotion of processed exports and the use of local raw materials are not possible, however, where the current tariff structure yields negative escalation from the first to the second stage of processing, since compensating for the anti-export bias caused by the high level of protection of local raw materials necessarily entails granting access at world prices to imported raw materials or support measures (that The Gambia cannot afford due to fiscal difficulties). Weaknesses in customs administration hamper the precise recording of exemptions; however, data available indicate that the value of exemptions could be as high as 16% of the value of merchandise imports in some years. The habitually high total value of waivers granted, lapses in recording procedures, and the discretion over the granting of customs duty concessions are liable to compromise the transparency and predictability of The Gambia's tariff regime. Such discretion is also at odds with attempts to streamline the incentives system, as evidenced by the adoption of the Investment Promotion Act. During the Uruguay Round, The Gambia bound tariffs on a limited number of non-agricultural products. The bound rates range from 30% on passenger service vehicles, to 40% on diamonds and certain other precious stones, and 80% on private motor vehicles. Tariffs on all agricultural products were bound at a ceiling rate of 110%, with the exception of certain products on which tariffs were bound at lower rates. These include certain acylic alcohols (20%), hides and skins (20%), and certain raw fabrics (cotton, silk, flax, and hemp) on which the bound rates vary from 25% to 40%. Other duties and charges on all products subject to the tariff commitment were bound at 10%. The Gambia did not make any tariff concessions prior to the Uruguay Round. Licensing requirements apply to a few products, such as firearms and munitions, mainly for security purposes. The Gambia does not operate a preshipment inspection scheme. It continues to use the Brussels Definition of Value for valuation purposes. The sales tax, the main internal tax applying to imports, discriminates against imports of food and beverages, which are subject to the standard rate, whereas locally produced food and drink are exempt. Certain excise duties also discriminate against imports of beverages. The Gambia does not maintain any quantitative restrictions; prohibitions apply on sanitary, phytosanitary, security or morality grounds, and pursuant to international conventions to which it is a signatory. The list of prohibited exports is identical to the list of prohibited imports. The Gambia does not have any legislation on contingency trade remedies and has not undertaken any action in this area. A competition bill is being considered for adoption. The Gambia has not formulated any domestic standards, nor adopted any international standards into domestic law. Sanitary requirements are governed by various pieces of legislation (the main ones are the Public Health Act and the Diseases of Animals Act) and government departments; this renders policy making and enforcement difficult. The main phytosanitary laws are the Plant Importation and Regulation Act of 1936, and the Prevention of Damage by Pests Act of 1962. Intellectual property legislation is little developed, and consists of a law on copyright enacted in 1916 by the pre-independence power, and the Industrial Property Act of 1989. Under the provisions of the latter, patents are not registered in The Gambia but with the ARIPO, as The Gambia is a party to the Harare protocol under which the substantive examination of patentability is carried out by the ARIPO office. Legislation on public procurement enacted in 2001 established a Government Procurement Authority; approval of the Authority is required before any contract can be concluded above, currently, D3,500 for goods and D10,000 for works. The legislation requires that open tendering be used as the norm. No preferences are awarded to Gambian enterprises. A 10% export duty is levied on all items, except diamonds (taxed at 3%), and fish, fish products, groundnuts and their by-products, and all exports to the European Union, which are exempted. In 2001, The Gambia established a free zone in which qualifying enterprises are exempt from almost all taxes and duties normally applicable. Free zone enterprises are required to export a substantial proportion (an indicative benchmark currently used is 70%) of their production; the remainder (30%) may be sold within The Gambia's customs territory, subject to duties and charges normally applicable to imports. As at December 2003, three enterprises were in the process of commencing activities, but no exports from the zone had been made. The 2001 privatization programme covers state monopolies to be privatized only after the implementation of substantial reforms and the enactment of a regulatory regime (track I), and ten enterprises that the Government considers could be privatized without substantial reform or regulatory action (track II). No privatizations have taken place under the programme. Sectoral Policies Agriculture employs 70% of the labour force, and accounts for 30% of GDP. Groundnuts are The Gambia's main cash crop and main merchandise export. Groundnut exports have suffered from unstable commercialization arrangements (e.g. the privatization and subsequent renationalization of The Gambia Groundnut Corporation), and from border measures and producer subsidies used by some major developed and developing countries. The Gambia has virtually no capacity to process groundnuts into cake or oil. Fisheries also account for a substantial proportion of exports, though The Gambia is handicapped by its lack of infrastructure (no dedicated fishing port, and few commercial trawlers), while overfishing of certain fish stocks, mainly by foreign commercial trawlers, has become a concern. The Gambia's agricultural policy objectives are to increase rural incomes and to achieve food security, The Gambia being a net food-importer. The focus of the policy is currently on research and dissemination of crop techniques, development of seed variety, provision of extension services, and encouragement of rural and micro-credit programmes. Marketing arrangements and input distribution have been liberalized progressively, and inputs subsidies phased out. Subsector-specific schemes for the acquisition of inputs using donor funds have been developed. A system of minimum guaranteed prices, supported by a stabilization fund, operates in the groundnut subsector. Agriculture is the most tariff protected sector, with an average tariff rate of 14.4%. The fisheries subsector is protected by tariffs averaging 17.6%. Most of the main cash and food crops are protected by the maximum tariff of 18%, with the notable exception of rice, which is zero-rated on account of its role as a staple food. Certain subsectors (notably fisheries, groundnuts, horticulture and cereals) are eligible for duty concessions under the Investment Promotion Act. A complex mix of formal legislation and customary and religious practices renders enforcement of land rights difficult, with negative consequences on investment and productivity. The manufacturing sector is particularly under-developed; it accounts for less than 5% of real GDP, and employs fewer than 20,000 people. Manufacturing centres around groundnut processing, brewing and soft drinks, soaps, plastics, and tanning. Though agri-processing activities have potential, they have attracted little investment. The development of manufacturing activities is constrained by pervasive supply-side constraints, notably erratic power supply and the high cost of credit. The tariff structure in a number of manufacturing subsectors induces anti-export biases by, inter alia, raising the cost of inputs. The recent establishment of a free zone might help to encourage investment in manufacturing activities, but is not a substitute for tariff reforms. Services account for around 65% of The Gambia's real GDP in 2002. Distribution services are the single most important subsector; they have close connections with re-exports and are closely associated with informal sector operations. Tourism (12% of real GDP in 2001) is the largest gross earner of foreign exchange (60% of all earnings in 2000). As a tourism destination, The Gambia is in a highly competitive "sea-sun-sand" market, and its attraction for tourists is dependent on its ability to keep pace with rival destinations and to provide access to a variety of tourist activities. The divestiture process has stimulated foreign investment in the subsector. However, backward linkages with other sectors of the economy remain weak. The Gambia has liberalized its financial services subsector. However, the banking activities, still dominated by two large players, display high transaction costs brought about by weaknesses in the judicial system. Cellular telephony has been liberalized, though competition is affected by the close links between one provider and the state-owned fixed line monopolist, and the lack of a negotiated interconnection agreement. The Gambia has undertaken commitments under the GATS in 12 service subsectors, making it one of the least developed countries with the highest number of commitments in the Uruguay Round and subsequent negotiations on services. Specific sectoral commitments cover business-related services, communication services, construction and related engineering services, distribution services, educational services, environmental services, financial services, health and related social services, tourism and travel-related services, recreational, cultural and sporting services, transport services, and other miscellaneous services. In almost all the subsectors involved, measures affecting market access and national treatment have been bound, without limitation, for modes of supply 1 to 3. In some subsectors, legislation and/or policy practices need to be updated to reflect the commitments made. Trade Policies and Trading Partners With a relatively liberal trade regime, The Gambia has fully relied on the multilateral trading system for the orderly promotion of its trade. Its low interest in preferential trade agreements partially results from its traditional role as a hub for re-exports to neighbouring countries. However, its re-export trade, at least in its current form, is unlikely to provide durable prospects for growth. Therefore, in the future, its trade policy reforms need to address anti-export biases resulting from the tariff structure, with a view to contributing to the diversification of production and exports. Consolidation of macroeconomic discipline and resumption of the divestiture programme would also help by creating an environment conducive to private investment. The Gambia could improve the predictability of its trade regime by increasing the coverage of bound tariffs, and by reducing the gap between bound and applied rates. Further tariff reforms would also reduce the need for duty exemptions and concessions. Trade facilitation measures, particularly implementation of the ϲʹ Agreement on Customs Valuation, would also play their part, by ensuring that customs procedures do not generate additional costs for importers. The Gambia's trading partners could help it in its endeavours by providing technical assistance and increased and stable market access, and by eliminating practices that severely distort international markets for products of prime interest to The Gambia. At the same time, The Gambia needs to make more effective use of preferences available to it and of the technical assistance it receives. WT/TPR/S/xx Trade Policy Review Page  PAGE ii The Gambia WT/TPR/S/xx Page  PAGE ii WT/TPR/S/127 Trade Policy Review Page  PAGE vi The Gambia WT/TPR/S/127 Page  PAGE v WT/TPR/S/127 Trade Policy Review Page  PAGE x The Gambia WT/TPR/S/127 Page  PAGE ix WT/TPR/S/xx Trade Policy Review Page  PAGE 12   $()6HRVoDEUV.2ORor   *+g./~{59dmH :CJmH:CJCJmH;CJCJ6CJ5CJ jUCJ5:CJ,>* 5:CJ,O $%&'()6EFGHR |0$$l4+p# $$l4+p# $d$$$l4+p#`$$$dh$ $%&'()6EFGHRSTUVopqrstuvwxuvABCDW2Ss 7 ^ CoD~EEDDD C:DcD{DDDC ML  BRSTUVopqrstuvwx lL$ $$l+p#$$ @$$l`+p#$$ $$l0+p#uvABCDW2SD "C "p# 9!$@&M $$l L$$$$l Ss 7 ^  3 O x # M b E "p#D "p#C "p#D "  3 O x # M b % K f  O p CuĿ~{xsnid_ZEEEE E2D]^gE}EEEE2EfE~EEEDD*CZEEEDE(E]EyEDDDD)DL" % K f  O p CuD "p# pp# E "p#D "C "p##Aaq%APev *+[6gĿ~{xspmjeb_C CMC C C.E>EQEEDDEEDE8EaEuDDCEEEHEZD%#Aaq%APev *+C "p#$  D "p#C "p# E "p#+[6g./S~?7l$C "p# p"p#./S~?7l&{4e3:;f 4|+|yvs-^C`#X$wxC>zC=efCCR,l&{4e3:;f   p"p# np"p# p"p#C "p# p"p# 4|+[>cdtu%H!> p"p#C "p#$ p"p#+[>cdtu%H!>? $Y&))*¿vi\5   E5   E5   5   5  5 > CCHHC%N~"du!>?-/ghhhhhhh h@hAhGhHhJhKhLhMh~hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhiiiiiiiiCiDiJiKiMiNiOiPiWi5mH jU 6hnH 6CJCJmH5CJG>? $Y&))*A*+/144@9=@BFI\J  >@& p"p#)*A*+/144@9=@BFI\J~LMNsfYL?35  ;5   ;]5   ]5   5   5  5  5  y5  y5  5  I5   I5   5   5   _5  \J~LMNQSPVTY]gaaadafggggh h!h"h#h $$$lD# $ & F  NQSPVTY]gaaadafggggPhQhRhShThUhVhWhXh`hahdhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh˾{ywwuwuwswuwwwwwwwqnnwwwqnnwwwwq  5   5   5   !5  5   5   5   35   35   5   +#hLhMhNhOhPhQhRhShThUhVhWhXhhhhhhhhhhh %d $$$lD# $hhhhhhiiiiiOiPiQiRiSiTiUiViWi $$$lD# $hhhhiiiiiiiOiPiQiRiSiTiUiViWi   2 00&P /R . A!"#n$%n? 000&P -pP. A!"#n$%n 90&P -p. A!"#n$%n P + 0&P . A!"#n$%nO [4@4Normal $ CJmH F"F Heading 1$ & F5@& 5;N@2N Heading 2#$ & F5@& 5:DBD Heading 3$ & F5@& 5@R@ Heading 4$ & F5@& 88 Heading 5 & F5@&6.. Heading 6 @&.. Heading 7 @&BB Heading 8 <@&6CJOJQJD D Heading 9 <@&56CJOJQJ<A@<Default Paragraph Font8B@8 Body Text & F5 h4T4 Block Text6P6 Body Text 2  & F56Q"6 Body Text 3  & F5<2< Body Text 41p0 p2B2 Body Text 4  & F5LMRLBody Text First Indent  & F<Cb<Body Text Indent HNarHBody Text First Indent 2FRFBody Text Indent 2dDSDBody Text Indent 3 CJ4+4 Endnote TexthnH \$\Envelope Address&@ /+D CJOJQJ8V@8FollowedHyperlink>*B* , @,Footer  !8&@8Footnote ReferenceH*66 Footnote TextCJ6@6Header $ "5CJ(U@( Hyperlink>*B** *Index 1 "#.!". Index Heading#$/B$List $0(2R(List 2 %0(3b(List 3 &(4r(List 4 'p0(5(List 5 (202 List Bullet ) & F(D6D List Bullet 2* & F)0 H7H List Bullet 3+ & F* @H8H List Bullet 4, & F+p0 H9H List Bullet 5- & F, 6D6 List Continue .>E>List Continue 2/:F:List Continue 3 0>G>List Continue 41>H">List Continue 52p08128 List Number3 & F- hD:BD List Number 24 & F.0 D;RD List Number 35 & F/ D<bD List Number 46 & F0p0 D=rD List Number 57 & F1 &)@& Page Number<< Body Text 429p0 p4Z4 Plain Text: CJOJQJ*J*Subtitle;$@&<,<Table of Authorities<<#<Table of Figures = ,>@,Title>$ 5;KH**Title 2?$>***Title 3@$666 Title CountryA$;... TOA HeadingB5>@>TOC 1C$0 p# ;>@>TOC 2D$0x p# :8@8TOC 3E$0 p#@J66TOC 4F$p0 p# 88TOC 5G$0 (p# 66TOC 6H$o p# CJ66TOC 7I$L p# CJ66TOC 8J$) p# CJ66TOC 9K$ p# CJFOFTPR1st page titleL$ 5CJ$KH$<O<Tpr-Note 1st pageM&d8Y8 Document MapN-D OJQJcWe4u  @ @@@@""" " " " @   4 (/7F?FNUg]]cWe H      5bdfhj00000egggggjdWi6ERS +l >\J#hhWi79:;=?@BCFHJK +)*NhWi8<>ADGILDUWeUTTUT%,/RY\ '*U\_j!t!t!t!t!t!t!t _Toc423484709 _Toc57085618 _Toc57085619 _Toc57085620 _Toc57085621 _Toc57085622)&0Ig]Xe@&0I]XeHQV[\b##f.q.//EEccccc1d4d7d9dPdXd[d^d`ddd~ddddddee!e$e'e)eCeNeUeXe6DJKLPrr!"KL`a# $ ? @ c d t u ,245ef  NNsw56TTjk$%xz12  23z{)*++11YZ[`aa<=BCLLab"$00EGd{ JJRRf]g]]]]]]]1^1^``ababcccdd!d#d@dKdNdPd~ddddddddddddddddddeeeeeeCeNeQeReReSeSeTeTeUeXeAngelier6\\Drake3\Tprd\#Tprd\Country\Gambia\Gambia-d\Gambia.docAngelier6\\Drake3\Tprd\#Tprd\Country\Gambia\Gambia-d\Gambia.docAngelier6\\Drake3\Tprd\#Tprd\Country\Gambia\Gambia-d\Gambia.docAngelier6\\Drake3\Tprd\#Tprd\Country\Gambia\Gambia-d\Gambia.docAngelier6\\Drake3\Tprd\#Tprd\Country\Gambia\Gambia-d\Gambia.docAngelier6\\Drake3\Tprd\#Tprd\Country\Gambia\Gambia-d\Gambia.docAngelier6\\Drake3\Tprd\#Tprd\Country\Gambia\Gambia-d\Gambia.docAngelier3C:\TEMP\autorecover\AutoRecovery save of Gambia.asd Administrator0\\hudson20\DMS\dmssys\division\TPRD\9432_30A.doc Gabrielli/\\hudson20\DMS\dmssys\work\2003\9\94\9432da.doc"|\7}4&6~5pkR4ҽ-v^,z+,;*]9zu ^$@(  u B47 'z(f]<+37K#  >%rTQ) (^$)*,2-hWf4^$B6^$xQ@H[ct&E|IfHDvxKz M;"RyFVhsK\^$XH_%(j^$htaq^$h{).... OJQJo( OJQJo( OJQJo( OJQJo(hh. hhOJQJo(0o(()hh..h()()h(a)h.h-0-0()0.0.0.0()h.0()p0p()()p@ ()ho(0o(()p0po(()p0po(-0o(()0o(()0o(-p0po(()@ 0@ o(()ho(.hh. 0OJQJo(-0o(()0o(().h()()h(a)h.h-0-0()0o(()0o(()hho(().()()().0-p0p()0().()()().-0-0()hho(()0.0()0()0()h.0-p0p()p0p()0o(()0o(().()()().0-p0p()p0p()0o(()0o(()0o(()Cu u u u 47 u u u u u >%<~~}}||'z22222222 >%<~}|fHct&EXH_M;"R7K#xQ@h{)*yFVB6(j@( K (Wf4htaqu sK\"@$=We@GTimes New Roman5Symbol3& Arial?5 Courier New5& zTahoma#1hQ,v3F|&?:tfR *`T +y"d0e-cզjSc8MC:\Program Files\Microsoft Office\Templates\Publications\WT-TPR-S-English.dot World TradeDorange GabrielliOh+'0  0 < H T`hpx World TradeorlDorangeoraWT-TPR-S-English.dot8 Gabrielling63rMicrosoft Word 8.0t@܃+@pߧk@p}+@B ] tfR՜.+,D՜.+,@ hp   OMC - ϲʹ*0e1  World Trade Title8 _PID_GUIDCountrySymbol1 TechnicalAN{04EE4080-C4DC-11D1-BD94-000629B02AF9} The Gambia WT/TPR/S/xxT/T  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnoqrstuvwyz{|}~Root Entry Fĥ8pi ]1TableNBWordDocumentݚSummaryInformation(pDocumentSummaryInformation8xCompObjjObjectPool ] ]  FMicrosoft Word Document MSWordDocWord.Document.89q