ࡱ> `b[\]^_@ 3bjbjFF :,,C&FFF!<T"T"T"h"4t4t4t8ltlu,h"w&w:`w$xxx.{||      $MR"DT" xx DT"T"xxY T"xT"x >R-T"T"xw `=-i4t`ҋLo0,h"h"T"T"T"T"T"$"} Գ<"}"}"}DDh"D .#R!(h".RTRADE AND INVESTMENT POLICY REGIME Overview Since its previous Review in 2000, Brazil has implemented no fundamental changes to its domestic legal regime, although it has continued to take steps to reduce the complexity of its trade regime. These steps have enhanced transparency, for example by making all legislation and the tariff available online. Efforts have also been made to simplify the trade regime, including through the consolidation into one document of the main import and export legislation. Brazil is an original Member of the ϲʹ, and one of the most active participants in the multilateral trading system. Brazil has submitted numerous proposals to various ϲʹ bodies and took part in the GATS negotiations on telecommunications and on financial services. However, Brazil did not ratify the Fourth Protocol, on telecommunications, and, as at May 2004, it had not yet ratified the Fifth Protocol, on financial services, which depends on the enactment of a complementary law on reinsurance. Brazil has maintained a rigorous programme of notifications to the ϲʹ, although notifications in some areas, such as agriculture and state trading enterprises are lagging. Brazil is also an active user of the ϲʹ dispute settlement mechanism, participating in 23 disputes as a complainant and 12 as a defendant since the creation of the ϲʹ. Brazil considers preferential agreements as a complement to and not a substitute for the multilateral trading system. Brazil is a participant in the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR), within which its major objective is the completion of the common market. Through this participation in the MERCOSUR, Brazil has preferential trade agreements with Bolivia, Chile, and Peru, which are also associate members of the Common Market. MERCOSUR has also concluded preferential agreements with the three other countries of the Andean Community, and framework agreements with India, Mexico, and South Africa. It is negotiating a preferential trade agreement with the European Union, and participates in the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) initiative. Brazil has a number of bilateral preferential agreements with other LAIA members. Although, Brazil still conducts most of its trade on an MFN basis, its growing involvement in preferential agreements raises concerns about the resulting administrative burden, decreased transparency of the trade regime, and possible trade diversion. Brazil's investment regime is generally open to foreign investors and there are generally no restrictions for the remission of profits and the repatriation of capital that has been registered with the Central Bank. However, a number of market access and investment limitations for foreigners remain in mining, financial services, and transport. The Federal Government does not grant any special incentives to foreign investment. Although Brazil has signed bilateral investment agreements with several countries, the Brazilian Executive decided to withdraw all of them from the consideration of the Congress. Trade Policy Formulation and Implementation General legal and institutional framework Brazil is a federative republic with 26 states and a federal district. The President, aided by the Cabinet of Ministers, exercises executive power. The President holds office for four years and may be re-elected for an additional four-year term. The last election took place in October 2002. The Cabinet of Ministers is appointed by the President. The Federative Republic of Brazil is formed by the union of the states, the municipalities, and the Federal District. Laws may be issued by the Federal Government, by the states, and at the municipal level. The Federal Government has exclusive authority to legislate on foreign trade, telecommunications, insurance, maritime and air transport, credit policy, monetary issues, and utilities, among other areas. The Federal Government and the states may legislate concurrently on economic issues, taxation and incentives, education, health, and social security. Municipalities may only legislate on matters of local interest. Legislative power at the federal level is vested in and exercised by the National Congress, composed of the Chamber of Deputies and the Federal Senate. Deputies representing the people are elected in states, territories, and the Federal District for a period of four years; their number is proportional to their jurisdiction's population. The Federal Senate comprises representatives of the states and of the Federal District (three of each), elected by a majority vote for eight-year terms. Congress has responsibility for legislating on all matters within the competence of the Union, including fiscal and budgetary arrangements; national, regional, and local development plans and programmes; financial, foreign exchange, and monetary matters, and issues related to financial institutions and their operations; and currency issuance limits, and the amount of federal indebtedness. Congress is also responsible for ratifying international treaties. The judiciary is exercised by the Supreme Federal Court, the Superior Court of Justice, the Federal Regional Courts and the Federal Judges, and other special courts and judges. Legal instruments are, according to their hierarchy, the Constitution, supplementary laws, ordinary laws, delegated laws, provisional measures, legislative decrees, and resolutions. The 1988 Constitution is the main law of the State. The Constitution has been amended 43 since its promulgation in October 1988 (as at April 2004); 19 of these amendments have been made since the beginning of 2000. The Constitution may be amended by proposal of at least one third of the members of the Chamber of Deputies or of the Federal Senate; by the President of the Republic; or by more than half of the members of the Legislative Assemblies of the administrative units of the Federation. To be approved, an amendment must be voted twice in each House, and obtain the vote of at least three-fifths of the total members of each House. Certain Constitutional clauses, for example, those related to abolishing the federative form of State or the separation of the Government powers, may not be amended. Supplementary laws may be voted only when the Constitution calls for them, in areas where this kind on law is required to supplement the Constitution. Supplementary and ordinary laws may be proposed by any member or committee of the National Congress, the President of the Republic, the Supreme Federal Court, the Superior Courts, the Attorney-General of the Republic, or by popular initiative, which requires the support of at least 1% of the population eligible to vote, distributed among at least five states, with no less than 0.3% of the electors in each. Supplementary laws must be approved by absolute majority of the members of each House. Ordinary laws must be approved by majority vote, when an absolute majority of members is present. After legislative approval, the law goes to the President for sanction. The President can sanction the law, veto the entire law, or veto articles of the law. If a draft law is vetoed, it returns to Congress, which can maintain or override it. To override a Presidential veto, an absolute majority of Deputiesand Senators is required. If a veto is overridden, a legislative decree must be passed to regulate the subject of the law. According to the authorities, it is not uncommon for the President toveto articles of laws; it is very uncommon, however, for Presidential vetoes to be overridden, or even examined. From August 2000 to May 2004, no presidential veto was examined; in May 2004, more than 1,000 were examined at once, but were all maintained. Provisional measures are permitted under Article 62 of the Constitution, and are used to legislate on issues considered to be of importance and urgency; they are issued by the President and become effective upon publication. Provisional measures are analysed by Congress upon enactment; they should be voted on within 60 days, renewable once for the same period, failing which, they lapse. They have the same legal status as ordinary laws. Many laws in Brazil originate as provisional measures. An amendment to the Constitution was introduced in 2001 to prevent the proliferation of provisional measures. The amendment expressly prohibited the regulation by provisional measures of several matters, and extended the examination period by Congress from 30 to 60 days. The amendment also prohibits the reintroduction, in the same legislative session, of a provisional measure that has been rejected or has lapsed during the period. Legislative decrees, which are administrative in nature, enact Congress deliberations on matters of its competence. Legislative decrees are approved by a simple majority in Congress and do not need the sanction of the President; they are the legal instrument through which international treaties and conventions are internalized. Legislative decrees have the same legal status as ordinary laws. International treaties and conventions must be approved by Congress to enter into force domestically. International agreements must be enacted through a formal Legislative Decree before an instrument of ratification is deposited internationally. After enactment, international treaties have the same legal status as ordinary laws; their revocation takes place only when deemed incompatible with the Federal Constitution through an express decision of the Supreme Federal Court. Trade and investment policy objectives Brazil's broad objective is to use trade policy to foster sustainable economic growth and to reduce the country's vulnerability with respect to global financial markets. Brazil sees regional economic integration and export promotion and diversification as important policy targets. In particular, Brazil considers it essential of essence to obtain enhanced market access for its agricultural products through multilateral and regional negotiations, while seeking to maintain instruments to foster development in its manufacturing sector. Brazil is also trying to strengthen bilateral relations with countries in the region and with other major trading partners, such as the NAFTA countries, the European Union, India, Russia, China, and South Africa. Brazil strongly supports enhancing south-south trade, while recognizing the need for more flexible rules for developing countries at the multilateral level. In the ϲʹ, Brazil supports the strengthening of special and differential treatment and making the provisions "effective and with real value". In this respect, Brazil and India submitted a joint proposal in 2002 advocating the amendment of the Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs) in order to incorporate specific provisions to provide developing countries with flexibility to implement development policies. At the regional level, Brazil's major trade objective has been the completion of MERCOSUR, as well as granting MERCOSUR-associate status to other countries of the region, such as Chile, Bolivia and Peru. In this context, Brazil aims to foster policy and interest coordination and convergence at the regional level, and to create a broader economic space in South America. In the context of the FTAA negotiations, Brazil is vying for better market access for its agricultural products. Also part of Brazil's agenda are the conclusion of negotiations with the European Union, to establish a transatlantic free-trade area, and the conclusion of an agreement with South Africa. However, Brazil does not consider regional and other integration programmes as a substitute for the multilateral trading system, but as complementary to it. Brazil considers it vital to improve its external balance, through competitive (market-based) import substitution and export growth. As stated in its medium-term plan (PPA 2004-2007), Brazil considers that fostering export growth will pave the way for future import growth, contributing to enhance competition in the domestic market and accelerating the absorption of technology through the importation of capital goods. This fostering of export growth should go hand-in-hand with a cost-benefit analysis, and a reduction of production and related costs. Furthermore, the PPA 2004-2007 states that it is vital to increase participation in international markets. This is to be accomplished through deepened integration with MERCOSUR and other regional trading partners, increased participation in the global economy, and the search for new markets. Export support policies are part of the trade policy environment; these policies have been traditionally geared mainly to make funds available to producers at a reasonable cost, (ChapterIII(3) and (4)). Brazil considers that industrial policy also has a role in expanding trade and investment, and that technological innovation should be fostered through industrial policy, but also through technology transfer. To this end, it is important to be able to attract foreign direct investment. The promotion of agriculture and agri-industry is vital, particularly given the strategic role it plays in the posting of Brazil's trade surplus. In services, Brazil is seeking to develop the tourism sector, computer services, construction, distribution, and audiovisual services, among others. Trade policy formulation and implementation The Chamber of Foreign Trade (CAMEX), created in 1995, is responsible for formulating, adopting, coordinating and implementing trade policy in goods and services. Its competence was extended by Decree No. 4,732 of 10 June 2003, which gave it responsibility for policy formulation. The CAMEX, a part of the Government Council of the Presidency of the Republic, consists of: the Minister of Development, Industry and Foreign Trade, who presides over it; and the Ministers of the Civil House; Foreign Affairs; Finance; Planning, Budget and Administration; and Agriculture and Supply. The CAMEX's main decision-making body is the Council of Ministers, composed of an the Executive Management Committee (GECEX), an Executive Secretariat, a Private Sector Consultative Council (CONEX), and an Export Finance and Guarantee Committee (COFIG). The CONEX, comprised of up to 20 private sector representatives, seeks private sector participation in trade policy formulation. This is particularly important since no other bodies in Brazil have a formal mandate to carry out public reviews and assessments of the Government's trade policy. The CAMEX coordinates implementation of its decisions, but each ministry remains responsible for matters within its competence. The CAMEX is responsible for customs procedures; rules of origin; labelling; tariff classification; tariff policy issues, including fixing tariff rates; export financing and promotion; fixing export tax rates; fixing anti-dumping duties and countervailing measures; and provides input in the formulation of air and maritime transport policy, airport and port administration, and tourism. The CAMEX also establishes the guidelines for the negotiation of bilateral, regional, and multilateral trade agreements, and for overseeing foreign investment policies. The CAMEX must be consulted by other public bodies on any decisions related to trade policy issues, with the exception of financial market issues within the competence of the National Monetary Council and the Central Bank. Decree No. 4,993, of 18 February 2004 created the Export Finance and Guarantee Committee (COFIG), as part of the CAMEX. Its task is to establish the parameters and conditions for the provision of financial assistance to exports, and to monitor the operations of the Export Financing Programme (PROEX) and the Export Guarantee Fund (FGE) (Chapter III(3)(v)). The Ministry of Development, Industry and Foreign Trade (MDIC) is in charge of implementing trade policy, according to the guidelines devised by the CAMEX, through the Secretariat of Foreign Trade (SECEX). The SECEX is divided into four departments: Foreign Trade Operations (DECEX); Commercial Defence (DECOM); International Negotiations (DEINT); and Planning and Development of Foreign Trade Policies (DEPLA). The Ministry of External Relations assists the CAMEX in formulating foreign policy regarding, inter alia, regional integration and trade. The Ministry of Finance formulates and implements economic policy. It is in charge of customs and tax policy and administration, inspection, and revenue collection. The National Monetary Council (CMN) is responsible for formulating foreign exchange policy. In accordance with the guidelines established by the CMN, the management of the exchange rate, regulations affecting foreign capital, and the management of international reserves are under the jurisdiction of the Central Bank. Main trade legislation As pointed out in the context of its last Review in 2000, Brazil does not have a single overall trade law. It has a large number of laws, provisional measures, decrees, and resolutions, governing foreign trade, which sometimes overlap, and make it difficult to understand Brazil's trade policy. This body of legislation is amended frequently, including through the use of provisional measures (MPs) issued by the President. Regulations are also changed constantly, mainly through the use of Ministerial Acts (Portarias). Efforts have been made, however, in recent years, to have all legislation and regulations available on the Internet, including recent changes, and to keep websites up-to-date. For example, the lists of goods subject to non-automatic licensing for importation or to prior authorization for exportation is now available at the MDIC's website; this was not the case in 2000. The latest version of the tariff is also available, as well as tariff concessions granted by and to Brazil under bilateral or regional agreements. The main customs procedures have been codified in Decree No. 4,543 of 26December 2002, as amended by Decree No. 4,765 of 24 June 2003 and by Decree No. 5,138 of 12July 2004. The main import measures have been codified in the Consolidation ofMinisterial Acts(Imports) contained in Ministerial Act No. 17 of 1 December 2003, as amended by Ministerial Acts No. 1 of 2 February 2004, No. 3 of 11 February 2004, and No. 5 of 3 May 2004, while themainexport measures are included in the Consolidation of Ministerial Acts (Exports), ascodifiedinMinisterial Act No. 12 of 3September 2003, as modified by Ministerial Acts No. 4 of 16February2004, No. 6 of 3 May 2004, and No. 7 of 12 May 2004. The ϲʹ Agreements are an integral part of Brazilian legislation and have the samehierarchical level as ordinary laws. Moreover, a number of important changes in Brazilian trade-related laws and regulations derive from the adoption of the ϲʹ Agreements: some domestic legislation required amendments to make them consistent with the ϲʹ Agreements. In this regard, since 2000, new legislation has been approved on customs procedures and valuation, intellectual property, and services. However, legislation on re-insurance is pending, and has delayed the ratification of the Fifth Protocol to the GATS. Foreign Investment Regime No major changes to Brazil's foreign investment regime have been made since its last Review in 2000. Law No. 4,131of 3 September 1962 (Foreign Capital Law), as amended, establishes the foreign investment regime and remittances of funds abroad. The Foreign Capital Law is regulated by Decree No. 55,762 of 17 February 1965. Reforms in the past 15 years have liberalized the Brazilian foreign investment regime. Constitutional amendments passed in 1995 eliminated the distinction between foreign and national capital and the Constitutional Law now mandates the same legal treatment for national capital, and foreign capital invested in the country, under the same circumstances, and prohibits all forms of discrimination not explicitly foreseen in the Law. As a consequence, the Federal Government does not grant special incentives to foreign investment, other than those available to investment in general, and foreign direct investment (FDI) is accorded, in general, national treatment. CMN Resolution No.2,689/2000 opened to foreign investors the modalities of portfolio investment available to domestic investors. Brazil's current investment policy is aimed at attracting foreign capital to enhance technology transfer, expand production, and increase productivity. Brazil believes that it is important, to this end, to achieve a stable business environment. In the 2004-2007 Brazil Plan, the authorities point out that investment policy should be geared at reducing investment costs, mainly through lower financial intermediation costs, and lower taxation on capital goods. The Ex Tarifario mechanism allows the temporary reduction to 2% of import tariffs on capital, computer, and telecommunications goods that are not produced in MERCOSUR (Chapter III(2)(iv)(c)). FDI must be registered with the Central Bank's Foreign Capital Exchange Department (DECEC) through the Electronic Declaratory Register-Foreign Direct Investment (RDE-IED), which is part of the Central Bank Information System (SISBACEN). Registration must be completed within 30 days of bringing the capital into the country. Registration is required for remittances abroad, to repatriate invested capital, and to reinvest profits. The investor must first enroll in the SISBACEN. Once registered there are no restrictions on the remittance of profits, and the repatriation of capital requires no further authorization. Central Bank Circular No. 2,997 of 15 August 2000 introduced some changes to the registration procedures. The most important is that FDI registration is no longer subject to preliminary review and verification by the Central Bank; it is now made through a statement by the foreign investor or his/her representative. Foreign investors in financial institutions must obtain an authorization through a Presidential Decree prior to registration in the RDE-IED. There are no authorization requirements for investment in domestic or foreign currency, including buying stakes in Brazilian companies. However, repatriation of capital requires registration with the RDE-IED, since, as is the case also for remittance of profits and registration of reinvestment, repatriation is based on the amount of foreign exchange registered. Foreign currency investments must be registered in the currency in which they were made. Resolution CMN No. 2,689 of 26 January 2000 regulates investment in Brazilian capital and financial markets by non-residents, whether individuals or legal entities. The potential investor must appoint a legal representative in Brazil and register with the Brazilian Securities Commission (CVM). The Resolution replaced various different investment mechanisms with a single one, through which foreign funds flowing into Brazil may be invested in fixed or variable-income financial instruments with a single registration number. Once registered with the CVM and in the RDE-Portfolio, non-residents may move funds across different types of financial instruments. Securities belonging to foreign investors must be kept in custody in Brazil. The repatriation of profits is exempt from withholding tax. In the case of repatriation of capital, remittance of the registered amount is exempt from income tax. Repatriation of capital gains is subject to a 15% withholding tax; in practice, capital gains are calculated in accordance with Law No. 9,249/95, as amended, which stipulates that capital gains to be transferred abroad be converted to reais at the selling exchange rate of the date they were accounted for in Brazil. Restrictions to foreign investment apply in a number of areas. The prospecting and mining of mineral resources may take place only with authorization or concession by the Union, in the national interest, by Brazilians or by a company organized under Brazilian laws and having its head-office and management in Brazil (Chapter IV(4)). The prospecting and exploitation of hydrocarbons, as well as their refining, importation and exportation, and ocean and pipeline transportation are under State monopoly (Chapter IV(6)). However, with the exception of activities linked to nuclear energy, the State may contract out the execution of these activities to state-owned or private enterprises. Foreigners may not own rural property larger than a quarter of the municipality in which the property is located, exceptions may be granted if the foreigner is married to a Brazilian citizen or if they have Brazilian descendants. Foreign investors require authorization of the Special Secretariat for Aquaculture and Fisheries to engage in any fishing activities. Foreign citizens are precluded from engaging in the exploitation of rivers, lakes and waters, and of the territorial ocean and any other fishing activities; these activities are open, however, to foreign enterprises registered in Brazil, in accordance with Decree No. 68,459/71. Direct or indirect investment in health care in Brazil is closed to foreign enterprises and capital, except where provided for by laws (Article 199 of the Federal Constitution). Foreigners may provide private health insurance, in accordance with Law No. 9,656 of 3 June 1998. Foreigners are also prohibited from investing in services for the safeguarding and transport of valuables. Foreign investment in highway freight transport is limited to no more than one fifth of the capital stock with voting rights. The enterprise must be organized as a joint-stock company and its capital must be represented by registered shares. The limit does not apply to enterprises already in existence on 11 July 1980, although, in the event of future capital increases through subscriptions, they are required to have four fifths of this increase in ordinary registered shares subscribed and paid by Brazilian investors. In road transport, foreign ownership is limited to 20% of capital without voting rights, for companies established in Brazil after 7 November 1980. International road transport is reserved to companies with more than half of capital with voting rights held by citizens of the seven member countries of the International Land Transport Agreement (ATIT), and of the Latin-American Integration Association (LAIA). Commercial presence of foreign entitities or individuals is restricted in financial services, in accordance with Article 192 of the Constitution and Article 52 of the Temporary Constitutional Provisions Act. These restrictions, however, do not apply to authorizations resulting from international agreements, reciprocity, or from the Brazilian's Government interest. The authorities note that the installation of new financial institutions is subject to case-by-case approval. Foreign persons may participate in the privatization of public sector financial institutions, and in each case commercial presence will be allowed, also by means of a Presidential decree (ChapterIV(7)(ii)) for details). Direct participation in air transport public domestic services is restricted for foreign investors not established in Brazil (Chapter IV(7)(iv)(b)). Only Brazilian individuals or corporations established in the country with principle domicile and real effective seat in Brazil may own Brazilian flag vessels (Chapter IV(5)(v)(c)). In telecommunications, concessions to provide mobile telephone services or transmission through satellites may only be granted to companies established and administered in Brazil (Chapter IV(7)(iii)). General mail services are under Federal Government monopoly. Other mail distribution services, such as special deliveries, may be provided by enterprises operating in Brazil under Brazilian legislation. Cable television concessions are granted only to enterprises with a minimum of 51% of Brazilian capital, in accordance with Law No.8,977/95. Management as well as 70% of the capital of newspapers, magazines, and other publications, and of television and radio networks is reserved for Brazilians or persons naturalized for more than ten years. Brazil has signed bilateral investment agreements (BITs) with: Belgium, Chile, Cuba, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, the Republic of Korea, the Netherlands, Portugal, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and Venezuela. There are two MERCOSUR protocols on investment: the Buenos Aires Protocol (extrabloc) and the Colonia Protocol (intrabloc). None of these agreements and protocols has been ratified. The Executive decided to withdraw these agreements from the consideration of the Brazilian Parliament. The authorities note that this was because some elements of their texts were considered by members of Congress to be incompatible with the Brazilian Constitution. Brazils has signed double taxation agreements with Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, China, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Italy,Japan, the Republic of Korea, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Philippines, Portugal, SlovakRepublic, Sweden, and Spain. Brazil became a member of the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency in 1992; and in1997 became an observer the International Committee on Foreign Investment and Multinational Enterprises of the OECD. International Relations World Trade Organization Brazil is an original member of the ϲʹ and grants at least MFN treatment to all its trading partners. It participates actively in the ϲʹ process and is a leading voice among developing countries; Brazil has made a number of proposals on various issues of the Doha Development Agenda. It made specific commitments in the ϲʹ negotiations on financial services and on basic telecommunications (Chapter IV). However, Brazil withdrew its offer on telecommunications as some Members objected to the revised schedule it had submitted, after it was unable to ratify the Fourth Protocol (see also ChapterIV(7)(iii)). Brazil has not yet ratified the Fifth Protocol (as of June2004). Brazil has made a large number of notifications to the ϲʹ but certain annual notifications are yet to be fulfilled (as at June 2004), for instance under the Understanding on the Interpretation of Article XVII of the GATT 1994 (state trading enterprises) and the Agreement on Agriculture (TableAII.1). Brazil has made active use of the ϲʹ dispute settlement mechanism during the period under review. It has appeared as a complainant in 22 matters, 16 of these since 2000. A disaggregation of the cases by sectors shows that Brazil's involvement relates in most cases to matters of market access to its agriculture and manufacturing export industries (Table AII.2). In this respect, Brazil has sought the limitation of the amount of subsidies provided by trading partners, which distort the global markets of products where Brazil is particularly competitive, notably agricultural products (e.g., sugar and cotton) and certain manufactures (e.g., steel and airplanes). One of the highest profile cases concerned subsidies by Canada to regional aircraft manufacturing. Brazil requested DSB authorization to suspend benefits to Canada for US$3.3billion, under Article 21.5 of the DSU. Canada objected to the level of suspension of benefits proposed by Brazil, and arbitrators decided that the countermeasures that Brazil sought were in order in the circumstances and conformed with Article 4.10 of the SCM Agreement. The authorities indicated that Brazil did not take any countermeasures against Canada. Other prominent cases include Brazil's joint complaint in 2001 against the U.S. Continued Dumping and Subsidy Offset Act (CDSOA or Byrd Amendment); a complaint against the U.S.regime of domestic and export subsidies on upland cotton; a case against the European Community's export subsidy regime for sugar; and a joint case against certain safeguard measures adopted by the UnitedStates on certain imported steel products. The number of cases in which Brazil has appeared as a respondent in the ϲʹ decreased from nine cases reported in its previous Review in 2000, to only four cases over the period 2000-04. No new cases against Brazil have been brought to the DSB since 2001. One of the four cases was the resubmission to the original Panel of a case that began before 2000. This case, dealing with interest rate equalization payment for regional civil aviation aircraft under the Export Financing Progamme was the only one in the period that led to a modification of Brazilian Legislation (Chapter III(3)(v)(a)). The other cases include a case brought by the United States in 2001 challenging Brazil's industrial property law, which makes provision for the compulsory licensing of a patent that has not been locally worked. In July 2001, Brazil and the United States notified the ϲʹ that they hadreached a mutually agreeable solution In the two other cases, involving a complaint by the United States with respect to minimum import prices under Brazilian law, and a compliant by India with respect to anti-dumping measures affecting jute bags and jute yarn, no action was taken during the period under review (Table AII.3). In July 2004, Brazil circulated its offer on services in the context of negotiations in the Doha Development Agenda. Brazil's position in this respect is that "the GATS cannot be reduced to its market access dimension" and that "market access commitments might turn out to be no more than an expectation without the certainty accruing from a multilaterally developed set of rules on subsidies, safeguards, domestic regulation and classification". Also, Brazil considers that the services negotiations are not an isolated endeavour and should reflect progress, or lack thereof, in other areas of the DDA negotiations where it has priority interests. Brazil has presented, alone, as part of MERCOSUR, or together with other countries a relatively large number of proposals in the areas covered by the Doha Development Agenda. The MERCOSUR countries submitted a proposal to liberalize trade in services in sectors and modes of supply of export interest to developing countries. The proposal identifies the use of economic needs tests as one of the most important barriers to international trade in services, and proposes that developed ϲʹ Members eliminate these tests in sectors and modes of supply of export interest to developing countries. In a joint communication, Brazil proposed that autonomous liberalization in services by developing countries be taken into account in the DDA negotiations. Brazil and other MERCOSUR countries made a submission with respect to tourism services, calling for specific commitments without limitations in four subsectors: hotels and restaurants, travel agencies and tour operators services, tourist guides services and other. Brazil also submitted a proposal to the Council for Trade in Services with respect to audiovisual services, calling for the progressive liberalization of the sector while ensuring at the same time governments' autonomy to preserve and promote cultural identity and cultural diversity, and to contribute to increasing the participation of developing countries in trade in services. Brazil also submitted proposals aimed at developing computer, distribution, audiovisual, and construction services, among others. The authorities note that, regarding audiovisual services, Brazil considers the preservation of cultural diversity a priority, and that liberalization should not put this at risk. Brazil also considers it important to ensure its autonomy to implement policies to support its cultural identity. With respect to the negotiations on agriculture, Brazil, together with a number of other ϲʹ Members (G-20), made a framework proposal in September 2003. Brazil has also made proposals on state trading enterprises (jointly with MERCOSUR, Bolivia, Chile, and Colombia), and on export credits (with MERCOSUR, Bolivia, Chile, Costa Rica, Guatemala, India, and Malaysia). For the preparation of the Cancun Ministerial meeting, Brazil submitted a joint communication to the Trade Negotiations Committee summarizing a number of key actions to be taken. These included: the resolution of implementation-related issues and concerns and the strengthening of special and differential treatment for developing countries; the inclusion of agricultural negotiation modalities of interest to developing countries; less than full reciprocity in non-agricultural market access negotiations. A communication containing similar proposals with respect to the framework for the negotiation of tariff reductions on non-agricultural products was submitted by the MERCOSUR countries. Brazil also submitted a Contribution to the Improvement of the ϲʹ Dispute Settlement Understanding. The proposal called for the establishment of "fast track" panels whenever a Member considered it was being affected by a measure that had already been declared inconsistent in an adopted Panel or Appellate Body Report. Brazil submitted numerous individual and joint proposals to the Negotiating Group on Rules on issues related to anti-dumping and countervailing duty procedures and investigations. Preferential agreements (a) MERCOSUR Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay are the founding members of the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR). MERCOSUR was established in November 1991 with the entry into force of the Treaty of Asuncin. The Treaty of Asuncin aimed to create a common market with free movement of goods, services, and persons by the end of 1994. In January 1994, the member countries decided to implement only the customs union for goods from 1995, leaving other aspects of the common market for a later stage. The Protocol of OuroPreto, signed in December 1994, provides the institutional structure of MERCOSUR and a legal personality to MERCOSUR under international law. MERCOSUR was notified to the GATT 1947 in March 1992, under the Enabling Clause; it is under examination in the ϲʹ Committee on Regional Trade Agreements (CRTA). Three meetings have been held, the last in May 1997. At its March 2004 meeting, theCRTA agreed that MERCOSUR's examination should in principle be concluded not later than March 2005. The primary MERCOSUR decision-making body is the Council for the Common Market, comprising the Ministers of Foreign Affairs and of Finance of the member countries; it issues decisions and is responsible for consolidating the integration process and fulfilling the goals stated in the Treaty of Asuncin. The other two decision-making bodies are the Common Market Group and the Trade Commission. The Common Market Group is MERCOSUR's executive body, in charge of supervising the application of the Treaty of Asuncin, its protocols and the agreements signed within its framework. It is also responsible for negotiating with third countries, groups of countries, and international organizations. The Common Market Group issues Resolutions, which are mandatory for the member countries; it comprises representatives of the Ministries of Foreign Affairs, and of Finance, and of the Central Bank of the member countries. Within the Common Market Group there are a number of working groups (communications, institutional affairs, technical regulations and conformity assessment, financial affairs, transport, environment, industry, agriculture, energy and mining, labour issues, investment, economic affairs), committees (technical co-operation, automotive industry), and ad-hoc groups (sugar industry, external relations, government procurement). The Trade Commission is responsible for the application of common trade policy instruments, as well as for the follow-up and revision of related issues. The Commission issues directives and has a number of technical committees (tariffs, customs issues, trade rules, public policy that distorts competitivity, defence of competition, trade defence and safeguards, and consumer protection). When MERCOSUR entered into force on 1 January 1995, intra-trade benefiting from duty-free rates accounted for some 85% of trade. Currently (May 2004), only sugar, the automotive sector, and products originating in free zones do not yet benefit from complete intra-MERCOSUR free trade. A common sugar regime is expected to be negotiated until the end of 2004, and both the automotive sector and products originating in free zones already receive preferences in the context of LAIA's bilateral agreements signed by MERCOSUR members. For that reason, it is estimated that 95% of intra-trade benefits from duty-free rates. MERCOSUR's Common External Tariff (CET) came into force on 1 January 1995, though with a number of sector- and country-specific exceptions. Sector-specific exceptions (for capital, informatics, and telecommunication goods, as well as for the automotive and sugar sectors) are to progressively converge to the CET by 1 January 2006 (Chapter III(2)(iv)(a)). Country-specific exceptions were scheduled to converge to the CET by 1 January 2001, but this deadline was not met. As a result, MERCOSUR member countries were allowed to maintain, up to 31 December 2005, exception lists comprising 100 tariff lines (additional exceptions are authorized for Paraguay and Uruguay). These lists of exceptions can be modified every six months, up to a limit of 20 products. Other exceptions to the CET are derived from concessionary regimes operated by individual MERCOSUR members. These rates are also scheduled to converge to the CET by 1 January 2006. For Brazil, the convergence of capital goods' tariffs (BK) towards the CET finished on 31December 2000 and no longer constitute an exception to the CET. Tariffs on 302 informatics and telecommunication goods (BIT) are to converge to the CET by 2006. Therefore, Brazil applies the MERCOSUR CET, with the exclusion of 100 tariff lines constituting its exception list, and the 302 tariff lines corresponding to BIT goods. These exceptions altogether represent 4.1% of Brazilian tariff lines (Chapter III(2)(iv)(a)). The temporary increase of the MERCOSUR CET by three percentage points, which came into force on 12 November 1997 (Decree No. 2,376/97) and was scheduled to be eliminated by 31December2000, has been extended regularly, though with a reduced rate: 2.5 percentage points from 1 January 2001, and 1.5percentage points from 1 January 2002 to 31 December 2003. The increase was terminated at that date (Chapter III(2)(iv)(a)). Negotiations for the establishment of a MERCOSUR automotive policy, dealing with both intra-MERCOSUR and external trade, were concluded in June 2000 between Brazil, Argentina andUruguay; Paraguay accepted the regime in 2001. However, this agreement has not entered into force (as at mid-2004) and intra-MERCOSUR trade in the automotive sector is ruled by bilateralagreements. On intra-MERCOSUR trade, the automotive policy provides for limitations to duty-free trade in the form of trade-balancing between Argentina/Brazil up to 31 December 2005 and quotas among Brazil/Uruguay and Argentina/Uruguay to be increased gradually up to 31December2006. Intra-trade beyond these limitations is subject to a preferential tariff rate. Tariffs for automotive products will be eliminated by 1 January 2006 between Argentina/Brazil and by 1January 2007 between Brazil/Uruguay and Argentina/Uruguay, subject to compliance with origin rules. The rules of origin, based on the value-added criterion, require a minimum regional content of 60%, except for new models where this figure is lowered to 40% and 50% in the first and second years, respectively. With respect to trade with third parties, the MERCOSUR automotive policy foresees a transition period until 31 December 2006, during which a tariff of 35% is applied to assembled automobiles, 14% to tractors and agricultural and road-work vehicles, and the existing CET to auto parts. National import tariffs differing from these general rates may be applied, under the automotive policy or under general CET exceptions. All tariffs are expected to converge to CET rates on 1 January 2006, in accordance with conditions yet to be defined. In December 2003, the Council of the Common Market adopted MERCOSUR's common regime for imports from third parties of capital goods not produced in MERCOSUR; this will be in effect from 1 January 2006. These goods are classified as BK in the MERCOSUR Common Nomenclature. The regime provides for the temporary application of reduced rates to BK capital goods based on two lists: one prepared by the Council of the Common Market based on requests from MERCOSUR members, and agreed upon by all members; and national lists, in which each member country may include BK goods not included in the common list. BK goods included in the common list will enter duty-free, those included in national lists will be subject to a 2% tariff. The national lists will expire after 21 to 27 months, subject to a possible extension; in the case of Paraguay and Uruguay, national lists may be maintained up to 31December 2010. As of 1January2008 only imports of new BK goods will be allowed. In the period December 2003 to June 2004, the Council of the Common Market adopted various decisions referring to MERCOSUR's rules of origin. Decision 01/04 consolidated all MERCOSUR's rules of origin, which are applied to products converging to the CET and products subject to the CET but comprising materials that are themselves converging to the CET; up to 1January 2006, all Members may apply MERCOSUR's origin rule for all regional trade. MERCOSUR origin is granted for (a) wholly obtained goods; (b) whole produced goods made only of originating materials; (c) goods for which a substantial transformation takes place, with substantial transformation occurring either through a change of tariff heading or a maximum import content of 40% (minimum domestic content of 60%) (ChapterIII(2)(iii)). Decision 29/03 reduced the domestic content requirement, for goods originating in Paraguay, to 40% until 2008, 50% until 2014, and 60% from 2014. Decision 41/03, acknowledging that the MERCOSUR-Andean Community Agreement rules of origin regime is more favourable than the one prevailing in MERCOSUR, establishes a system of diagonal cumulation between these two groups of countries as from the entry into force of that Agreement. MERCOSUR has two dispute settlement mechanisms, under the Protocol of Ouro Preto and under the Protocol of Brasilia. The latter is automatic and of an expedited nature (normally no more than five months). The former mechanism provides for a longer procedure, which gives member countries time to negotiate and exchange information. In the period under review, the three dispute settlement cases involving Brazil have followed the procedures provided for in the Protocol of Brasilia (Table II.1). Table II.1 Dispute settlement cases involving Brazil under the Protocol of Brasilia, 2001-03 ComplainantRespondentCaseTime FrameBeginningEndBrazilArgentinaApplication of AD measures on exports of whole poultry from Brazil7 March 200121 May 2001UruguayBrazilImport prohibition of remoulded tyres from Uruguay17 Sept 20019 Jan 2002ArgentinaBrazilBarriers to the entry of phytosanitary products from Argentina27 Dec 200119 April 2002Source: MERCOSUR Secretariat; reports on all of these cases are available online at:  HYPERLINK "http://www.mercosul.gov.br/normativas/lista.asp" http://www.mercosul.gov. br/normativas/ lista.asp, under the section "Laudos Arbitrais". The Protocol of Olivos, signed in February 2002, entered into force on 1 January 2004 andreplaced the Protocol of Brasilia. In December 2003, the Council of the Common Market agreed on a Regulation of the Protocol of Olivos for the Settlement of Disputes in MERCOSUR (CMC/DEC/37/03). The Protocol of Olivos contains a number of new features: the choice of forum (MERCOSUR or ϲʹ); recourse to mediation by the Group of the Common Market only upon agreement by the parties; and the creation of a review procedure. Rules regarding direct negotiation (i.e. consultations) and ad hoc arbitration are generally the same as in the Protocol of Brasilia. The main change is the establishment of a Permanent Review Court of five arbitrators. Recourse to the review procedure may be filed by one of the parties to a dispute following an award by an adhoc arbitration court; or parties may, by mutual agreement, access the Permanent Review Court upon completion of the direct negotiation phase, without going through the ad hoc arbitration process. Awards of ad hoc arbitration and permanent review courts are binding. The binding nature of an ad hoc arbitration court award is suspended if a motion for review is filed; awards by the Permanent Review Court are not subject to appeal. The Protocol of Olivos provides for compensatory measures pursuant to total or partial non-compliance with an award of the arbitration court. In June 2002, the Council of the Common Market adopted the ϲʹ Agreements on Anti-Dumping and on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures for the application of these contingency measures to intra-MERCOSUR trade (CMC/DEC/13/02 and CMC/DEC/14/02, respectively). However, the disciplines contained in these Agreements do not prevail vis--vis specific, additional decisions already agreed or to be developed in the context of MERCOSUR. In this context, specific disciplines regarding investigation, injury determination, domestic industry, application, and maximum duration of anti-dumping/compensatory measures, and the monitoring of investigations were adopted in December 2002 (CMC/DEC/22/02). Further work is proceeding regarding the possibility of the gradual elimination of contingency measures on intra-MERCOSUR trade; on common disciplines regarding the use of investment, production, and export incentives; and on the definition of the conditions applying to intra-MERCOSUR trade of products from special customs areas. Final proposals on these issues are expected to be presented to the relevant MERCOSUR bodies by 30 November 2004; they are among the issues dealt with in the MERCOSUR Work Programme 2004-06, adopted in December 2003 by the Council of the Common Market, which sets precise deadlines for solving various pending issues before the full establishment of the customs union on 1 January 2006. One important issue is the circulation, within MERCOSUR, of non-originating products; this problem, which dates from the creation of the customs union, generally results in the CET being charged twice. A proposal for solving this question, including the distribution of the customs revenue collected, is expected later in 2004. In December 2003, the Council of the Common Market adopted MERCOSUR's Protocol on Government Procurement, which will enter into force upon ratification by two of the four MERCOSUR countries. The protocol improves the transparency of government procurement and contains MFN and national treatment clauses. It provides for the opening to other MERCOSUR countries of goods, services and public works procurement by federal and sub-federal governments above a specified threshold (US$75,000 for Brazil, US$150,000 for Argentina and US$200,000 for Paraguay and Uruguay, subject to country-specific reservations). Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay do not provide market access for public work tenders/projects under the MERCOSURs Protocol on Government Procurement as at mid-2004. For Brazil, the Protocol establishes a threshold of US$3million for public work tenders/projects. Argentina and Brazil have reservations in respect of procurement by sub-federal government. The protocol does not cover concessions and contracts financed by international organizations. Brazil's list includes the main bodies of the Executive Branch of the Central Government, excluding the majority of public enterprises and all regulatory agencies. The Protocol of Montevideo on Trade in Services, signed in December 1997, is aimed at liberalizing trade in services within MERCOSUR over a ten-year period. It has been ratified by Argentina and was approved by the Brazilian Congress in 2003; however, the ratification process in Brazil is still ongoing (as at mid-2004). Its entry into force is subject to ratification by a third MERCOSUR country. The protocol is generally similar to the GATS, although it goes further in certain areas (e.g., it does not allow MFN exemptions). It has four annexes: movement of natural persons; financial services; land and water transport services; and air transport services. MERCOSUR countries concluded the fourth round of negotiations on specific commitments in December 2003, but these were not yet implemented subject to the entry into force of the Protocol. The fifth round was under negotiation as at mid-2004. The Protocol of Montevideo has not been notified to the ϲʹ. Further to the Protocol of Montevideo, the Council of the Common Market adopted Decision No. 11/01, in December 2001, regarding any future restrictive regulation on services. According to this Decision, a country that has not regulated a service sector or subsector must not apply restrictive measures to service providers from other MERCOSUR countries in the case the other three members have inscribed "none" in their schedules for that sector or subsector. For movement of personnel, the Council of the Common Market adopted in December 2003 an agreement for the creation of a "MERCOSUR visa" for higher level professionals, to be granted for two years with the possibility of one extension. At the same time, the Council adopted directives concerning the conclusion of framework agreements on mutual recognition of professional entities and the granting of temporary licensing. A MERCOSUR Framework Agreement on Environment was signed in June 2001 (CMC/DEC/02/01). The Agreement recognizes the linkages between trade and environment; establishes principles and objectives aiming at the future harmonization of environmental and sustainable development policies and regulations within member countries; calls for the participation of the civil society in the treatment of environmental issues; and provides for the application of MERCOSUR dispute settlement procedures in case of disputes under the agreement. The agreement has been ratified by all the MERCOSUR members, and entered into force on 27 June 2004. A Meeting of the Environment Ministers was established by the Council of the Common Market in December 2003 (CMC/DEC/19/03); these Ministerial meetings have become a permanent forum mandated for policy coordination and cooperation on environmental and sustainable development, issues. During their second meeting in 2003, the Environment Ministers endorsed the Declaration of Principles of Clean Production. The Treaty of Asuncin, which created MERCOSUR, provides for the coordination of macroeconomic and sectoral policies. Progress in this area includes Council of the Common Market Decision No. 30/00, of June 2000, to: harmonize macroeconomic statistics; publish periodically fiscal indicators; establish, by March 2001, common debt, deficit, and inflation targets; finalize the assessment of national legislation on financial and capital markets; and to establish a Group of Macroeconomic Assessment, in the context of the meetings of the Ministers of Finance and Presidents of the Central Banks. Chile and Bolivia have also been invited, and have accepted to take part in this exercise. The "Florianpolis Declaration", adopted on 15December2000, set the above mentioned convergence targets. In December 2002, the Ministers of Economy and Presidents of the Central Banks of the six countries involved reaffirmed the targets fixed in Florianpolis as a long-term objective; with respect to inflation, a target of 5% in 2006 was fixed and a convergence timetable was adopted for each country. The institutional structure of MERCOSUR has been strengthened since Brazil's last Review: A Commission of Permanent Representatives of MERCOSUR, comprising of four members and a President, nominated for a period of two years, was established as a subsidiary body of the Council of the Common Market in October 2003 (CMC/DEC/11/03). The Commission will assist the pro-tempore Presidency of MERCOSUR; present initiatives to the Council regarding MERCOSUR integration, external negotiations and the formation ofthe common market; and strengthen economic, social, and parliamentary relations in MERCOSUR. Upon a mandate given by the CCM, the President of the Commission will be able to represent MERCOSUR in its relations with third countries and international organizations. The MERCOSUR's Administrative Secretariat was transformed into a Technical Secretariat in July 2002 (CM/DEC/16/02). A Director, of Brazilian nationality, was nominated in December2002 for the period 2003-04, and has been recently extended up to December 2005. An agreement to establish a MERCOSUR Parliament was reached, under terms and conditions yet to be defined. Chile and Bolivia became associate members of MERCOSUR on 1 October 1996 and 1April1997, respectively, upon their request and after the conclusion of free-trade agreements. In this quality, both countries participate at MERCOSUR summits. ϲʹ Members were informed of the conclusion of both of these agreements in a report presented by the LAIA Secretariat to the Committee on Trade andDevelopment; no formal notification has been sent to the ϲʹ. In December2003, Peru became the third associate member of MERCOSUR (CCM/DEC/39/03). following the signature, on 25 August 2003, of LAIA's Economic Complementation AgreementNo.58, providing for the establishment of a free-trade area within a maximum transition period of 15years. This Agreement had not yet entered into force. Other regional trade agreements and initiatives Brazil grants tariff preferences to several Latin American countries under the LAIA framework: in the context of a customs union (MERCOSUR), free-trade agreements (Bolivia, Chile and Peru, once the latter enters into force), and partial scope agreements (other LAIA countries). Following Cuba's accession to LAIA in 1999, Brazil now also grants it LAIA preferential treatment. Preferential margins to Chile and Bolivia have been enhanced regularly since the entry into force of the corresponding agreements, in accordance with their schedules. Free-trade and framework agreements concluded by Brazil/MERCOSUR since 2000 are presented below. MERCOSUR and Mexico signed a framework agreement in July 2002 aimed at the gradual establishment of a free-trade area. Brazil ratified this agreement, through DecreeNo. 4,598 of 18February 2003. Also in July 2002, MERCOSUR and Mexico signed a partial scope agreement providing for free trade in the automotive sector after a transition period lasting up to 30 June 2011; this agreement was ratified by Brazil through Decree No. 4,458 of 5November 2002. Further, Brazil and Mexico concluded a partial scope agreement in July 2002, ratified by Brazil through Decree No.4,383 of 23 September 2003. Mexico has announced its intention to apply for the status of MERCOSUR associate member. On 16 December 2003, the MERCOSUR countries and three members of the Andean Community (Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela) signed an agreement aimed at establishing a free-trade area between the two blocs. The agreement provides for the removal of tariffs within a maximum transition period of 15 years, depending on the level of development of the member countries and the sensitivity of the products. Asymmetry is also incorporated in the agreement's rules of origin, with different thresholds on the maximum import content allowed; this asymmetry is however gradually reduced and a common threshold of 40% is foreseen. The Agreement also provides for diagonal origin cumulation for products originating in Bolivia and Peru. The Agreement, which concluded a process launched in 1998 and revived in December 2002 with the signature of a framework agreement, also deals with trade disciplines (anti-dumping and countervailing measures, sanitary and phytosanitary measures) and contemplates a dispute settlement mechanism. This agreement has not yet entered into force. MERCOSUR and the European Union are negotiating an interregional association agreement for the establishment of a comprehensive political and economic partnership between the two regions on the basis of the EU-MERCOSUR Interregional Framework Co-operation Agreement, signed in December 1995. While the negotiations were formally launched in June 1999, tariff andservices negotiations started on July 2001. In a trade ministerial meeting held in November2003, parties agreed on a roadmap for the final phase of free-trade negotiations, and renewed theirsupport for a comprehensive agreement covering market access on goods, services, governmentprocurement, and investment, as well as rules and disciplines in these and other areas (sanitary and phytosanitary measures, wines and spirits, anti-dumping, safeguards, competition, and intellectual property rights). By July 2004, 15 rounds of negotiations had taken place; at the stock-taking exercise during the EU-Latin America Summit in Mexico, on 28 May 2004, the target date of October 2004 was confirmed for the conclusions of the negotiations. MERCOSUR and India signed a framework trade agreement on 17 June 2003 (approved by CMC/DEC/09/03), aimed at strengthening relations between the parties, promoting expansion of trade, and the negotiation of a free-trade area agreement in conformity with the rules and disciplines of the ϲʹ. The agreement provides, as a first step, for the negotiation of a partial scope agreement, aimed at increasing bilateral trade flows through the granting of mutual concessions. In this context, a preferential trade agreement between the countries was signed on 25 January 2004; it contains disciplines on safeguards, anti-dumping and countervailing measures, technical barriers to trade, and sanitary and phytosanitary measures, as well as dispute settlement procedures. The lists of concessions are not yet finalized. MERCOSUR and South Africa signed a framework agreement in December 2000; its main objective is the conclusion of a free-trade agreement. In 2003, the other four member countries of the South African Customs Union joined the negotiations. As at mid-2004, the two customs unions were negotiating a preferential agreement as a first step to the conclusion of a free-trade agreement. MERCOSUR and Egypt signed a framework agreement on 7 July 2004 (approved by CMC/DEC/16/04) along the same lines as the MERCOSUR-India framework agreement. Discussions on the possible conclusion of a MERCOSUR-CARICOM trade agreement have also started (Table II.2). Table II.2 Framework and free-trade agreements concluded by MERCOSUR, 2004 AgreementDate of signatureDate of entry into forceCommentFree-trade agreementsMERCOSUR-Chile25 June 19961 October 1996Duty elimination for at least three quarters of tariff lines by January 2004 and for all tariff lines by 2014MERCOSUR-Bolivia17 December 19962 March 1997Establishment of a free-trade area by 1 January 2006MERCOSUR-Andean Community16 December 2003Not yet in forceGradual establishment of a free-trade area within a transition period of 10 year; rounds of negotiations currently taking placeMERCOSUR-Peru25 August 2003Not yet in forceEstablishment of a free-trade area within a maximum transition period of 15 yearsFramework agreementsMERCOSUR-South Africa Framework Agreement15 December 2000-MERCOSUR-Mexico5 July 2002Gradual establishment of a free-trade area; rounds of negotiations taking placeMERCOSUR-India Framework Agreement17 June 2003-MERCOSUR-India Preferential trade agreement25 January 2004Trade agreement; concessions yet to be finalizedMERCOSUR-Egypt Framework Agreement7 July 2004-Source: MERCOSUR Secretariat. Brazil is also involved in the negotiations on the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA), which, from the outset (1994) is aimed at an agreement for the formation of a free-trade area covering goods, services, and investment among all the countries of the Western Hemisphere except Cuba. The original schedule, reiterated in November 2002, set the deadline of 1 January 2005 for signature of the FTAA, which should enter into force on 31 December 2005, after ratification. Since November 2002, Brazil and the United States have co-chaired the FTAA negotiating process. The draft negotiating text, released in October 2002, contains a commitment to make tariff reductions on the basis of applied rates rather than ϲʹ bound rates. During 2003, however, divergent positions caused a break in the negotiations. At the 8th Ministerial Meeting on the FTAA, held in Miami in November 2003, a compromise was reached allowing countries to opt for different levels of rights and obligations; however, the third Draft Agreement, released in November 2003, does not contain a precise definition of how such a regime would be built up and implemented. As it appears, the FTAA could become a framework of (minimal) common rules on nine issues (market access, agriculture, services, investment, government procurement, intellectual property, anti-dumping and countervailing measures, competition, and dispute settlement), with various "FTAA plus" plurilateral agreements concluded among subsets of FTAA countries, horizontal rules on special and differential treatment for developing countries and small economies, and the schedules of concessions on goods and services. Market access negotiations are taking place among the countries involved, with MERCOSUR negotiating as a single entity. Brazil participates in the Global System of Trade Preferences among Developing Countries (GSTP). Brazil is a member of the Association of Tin Producing Countries, the International Sugar Organization (ISO), the International Coffee Organization (ICO), the International Cocoa Organization, the International Tropical Timber Organization, and the International Pepper Community. Brazil also participates in the activities of the Cocoa Producers Alliance (CPA) and the Association of Coffee Producing Countries.  Article 1 of the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil.  Article 30 of the Constitution.  The 1988 Federal Constitution, Title IV (Chapter I, Section II).  Official website of the Brazilian Government available at: http://www.v-brazil.com/government/ laws/laws.html.  Official website of the Brazilian Government available at: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/ Constituicao/Emendas/Emc/quadro_emc. htm.  Official website of the Brazilian Government. Available at: http://www.v-brazil.com/ government/ laws/laws.html.  Brazilian Government Official website, Legislative Process - how Brazilian laws are voted. Available at: http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/laws.html.  Provisional measures may not deal with, inter alia, issues linked to nationality, political and electoral rights; penal law; organization of the Judiciary and the Public Ministry; pluri-annual plans or budgets, additional public credit allocations, budget directives; or issues contained in a proposal of law awaiting sanctioning by the President. Provisional measures increasing taxes may only have an effect on the following year's budget if converted into law before the end of the fiscal year in which it was issued.  Statement by President Luiz Incio Lula da Silva, in the opening session of the XI UNCTAD Conference in So Paulo, Brazil, 15 June 2004, "A new trade geography: south-south cooperation in an increasingly interdependent world". Available online at: http://www.mre.gov.br/portugues/politica_externa/ discursos/discurso_detalhe.asp?ID_DISCURSO=2380.  ϲʹ document G/C/W/428, G/TRIMS/W/25, 9 October 2002.  Ministry of Planning (2003).  Law No. 4,131, 3 September 1962, as amended.  Ministry of Planning (2003).  Central Bank Resolution No. 2,337, 28 November 1996; Central Bank Circular No. 2,816, 15April1998, and Central Bank Circular No. 2,997 of 15 August 2000.  Regulations to Circular No. 2,997 of 15 August 2000. Available online at: http://www4.bcb.gov. br/NXT/gateway.dll?f=templates&fn=default.htm&vid=nmsDececLegis:idvDececLegis.  Brazil Trade Net, Legal Guide for the Foreign Investor in Brazil. Available online at: http://www.braziltradenet. gov.br.  Article 25 of Law No. 9,249 of 26 December 1995. Available online at: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ ccivil_03/Leis/L9249.htm.  ϲʹ document S/FIN/M/44, 21 April 2004.  ϲʹ document WT/DS222/7, 24 May 2002.  ϲʹ document WT/DS222/ARB, 17 February 2003.  ϲʹ Secretariat (2004).  ϲʹ document WT/DS267/1, 3 October 2002.  ϲʹ document WT/DS266/1, 1 October 2002.  ϲʹ document WT/DS259/1, 23 May 2003; and see ϲʹ Secretariat (2004), for details.  ϲʹ document WT/DS199/1, 30 May 2000. ϲʹ document WT/DS199/4, 19 July 2001.  ϲʹ documents WT/DS197, 30 May 2000, and WT/DS/229, 9 April 2001.  ϲʹ document TN/S/O/BRA, 21 July 2004.  ϲʹ document TN/C/M/11, 2 February 2004.  ϲʹ document S/CSS/W/139, 20 March 2002.  ϲʹ document S/CSS/W/130, 30 November 2001.  ϲʹ document S/CSS/W/125, 29 November 2001.  ϲʹ document S/CSS/W/99, 9 July 2001.  ϲʹ document WT/MIN(03)/W/6, 4 September 2003.  ϲʹ documents G/AG/NG/W/104 Corr.1, 23 January 2001, and AG/NG/W/13920 March 2001.  ϲʹ document TN/C/W/13, 6 June 2003.  ϲʹ document TN/MA/W/23, 15 January 2003.  ϲʹ document TN/DS/W/45, 11 February 2003.  These proposals are contained in the TN/RL document series.  MERCOSUR is incorporated in the LAIA legal regime as Economic Complementarity Agreement No. 18. A major characteristic of LAIA's economic complementarity agreements is that they have to be open for accession by any LAIA country.  ϲʹ document WT/COMTD/5/Rev.1, 25 October 1995 and document series WT/COMTD/1.  Together with some other long-standing RTAs' examinations. (WT/REG/M/36, 7 April 2004).  MERCOSUR online information at: http://www.mercosur.org.uy/pagina1esp.htm.  ϲʹ (2000), p. 20.  However, the automotive sector benefits from free-trade subject to certain conditions.  Information provided by the Brazilian Government.  CMC Decisions Nos. 68/00, 21/02 and 31/03.  This refers to 1,181tariff headings labeled "BK".  Tariffs on 125 tariff headings labeled "BIT" have already converged to the CET.  Council of the Common Market Decisions No. 15/97, 67/00, 06/01 and 21/02.  Council of the Common Market Decisions Nos..70/00 and 04/01. Available online at:  HYPERLINK "http://www.mercosul.gov.br/normativas/default.asp?key=1227%20" http://www. mercosul.gov.br/normativas/default.asp?key=1227 and  HYPERLINK "http://www.mercosul.gov.br/normativas/default.asp?key=1583" http://www.mercosul.gov.br/normativas/default.asp ?key=1583.  Brazil/Argentina: 31st Amendment to the ACE-14; Brazil/Uruguay: 60th Amendment to the ACE-02; and Argentina/Uruguay: Partial Agreement No. 57.  CMC/DEC/34/03. Available online at: http://www.mercosur.org.uy/pagina1esp.htm.  Information available online at:  HYPERLINK "http://www.mercosul.gov.br/normativas/lista.asp?cod_tipo_normativa=1&ano=2003" http://www.mercosul.gov.br/normativas/lista.asp?cod_tipo_ normativa=1&ano =2003.  Information available online at the MERCOSUR Secretariat's website: http://www.mercosur.org.uy /portugues/snor/normativa/decisiones/2004/Dec_001_004_Regime%20de%20Origem_Dec%20CMC%2020-02%20Art%206.htm.  Diagonal cumulation means that material originating in one of the Andean Community countries incorporated in a good produced in a MERCOSUR country will be considered as originating in that country.  Other disputes have involved Brazil during the period under review, but have been solved in earlier stages of the dispute settlement mechanisms.  The entry into force followed the deposit of the Brazilian instrument of ratification on the basis of approval of the Protocol by the Brazilian Congress on 14 October 2003 (Legislative Decree No. 712/2003) (see:  HYPERLINK "http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2004-2006/2004/Decreto/D4982.htm" http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2004-2006/2004/Decreto/D4982.htm). The text of the Protocol of Olivos, in English, is available online at:  HYPERLINK "http://www.mercosul.gov.br/textos/default.asp?Key=232" http://www.mercosul.gov.br/textos/default.asp?Key=232.  Information available online at:  HYPERLINK "http://www.mercosul.gov.br/normativas/default.asp?key=2105" http://www.mercosul.gov.br/normativas/default.asp?key=2105.  The choice of forum is at the request of the complainant party and upon agreement of the respondent party. Once a dispute settlement procedure has begun, the parties may not request the use of the mechanisms established in the other fora.  Information available online at:  HYPERLINK "http://www.mercosul.gov.br/normativas/default.asp?key=1858%20" http://www.mercosul.gov.br/normativas/default.asp?key=1858 and  HYPERLINK "http://www.mercosul.gov.br/normativas/default.asp?key=1859" http://www. mercosul.gov.br/normativas/default.asp?key=1859. In December 2000, the CCM also adopted the ϲʹϠAgreement on Technical Barriers to Trade in respect to intra-MERCOSUR trade and trade with other ϲʹ Members, available online at:  HYPERLINK "http://www.mercosul.gov.br/normativas/default.asp?key=1215" http://www.mercosul.gov.br/normativas/default.asp?key=1215.  See CMC/DEC/26/03.  Legislative Decree No.. 335/2003, published in the Dirio Oficial of 25 July 2003. Available online at:  HYPERLINK "http://www.camara.gov.br/mercosul/Protocolos/decretoleg_335_03.htm" http://www. camara.gov.br/mercosul/Protocolos/decretoleg_335_03.htm.  The Brazilian Congress has approved the protocol, but not yet the lists of commitments.  Available online at:  HYPERLINK "http://www.mercosul.gov.br/normativas/default.asp?key=1704" http://www.mercosul.gov.br/normativas/default.asp?key=1704.  Available online at:  HYPERLINK "http://www.mercosul.gov.br/normativas/default.asp?key=2085" http://www.mercosul.gov.br/normativas/default.asp?key=2085 and  HYPERLINK "http://www.mercosul.gov.br/normativas/default.asp?Key=2093" http://www. mercosul.gov.br/normativas/default.asp?Key=2093.  Ratified by the Brazilian Congress in Legislative Decree No. 333/2003, published in the DirioOficial of 25 July 2003. Available online at:  HYPERLINK "http://www.camara.gov.br/mercosul/Protocolos/decretoleg_333_03.htm" http://www. camara.gov.br/mercosul/Protocolos/decretoleg _333_03.htm.  Available online at:  HYPERLINK "http://www.mercosul.gov.br/normativas/default.asp?key=42" http://www.mercosul.gov.br/normativas/default.asp?key=42.  Available online at:  HYPERLINK "http://www.mrree.gub.uy/Mercosur/ConsejoMercadoComun/Reunion19/Anexo4.html" http://www.mrree.gub.uy/Mercosur/ConsejoMercadoComun/Reunion19/ Anexo4.html.  The President of the Commission was also nominated in October (CMC/DEC/14/03).  A country can become a MERCOSUR associate member upon fulfilment of two conditions: being a LAIA member, and concluding a free-trade agreement with MERCOSUR.  WT/COMTD/11, 8 October 1997.  None of the agreements referred to below have been notified to the ϲʹ.  LAIA preferences to the Andean countries and to Mexico have been partly superseded by those contained in the respective bilateral agreements.  Ratified by Decree No 4,598/03. Available online at: http://www.receita.fazenda.gov.br/Legislacao/ AcordosInternacionais/AcordosComplEconomica/2003/Dec45982003.htm.  Final details concerning rules of origin and the trade liberalization programme were concluded in April 2004. Free-trade with Bolivia and Peru is regulated under their agreements concluded with MERCOSUR.  Initial offers had been presented on early 2003. These are now to be improved, and the market access package should be finalized by September 2004. WT/TPR/S/140 Trade Policy Review Page  PAGE 36 Brazil WT/TPR/S/140 Page  PAGE 17 Page III. 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