ࡱ> @ KbjbjFF F,,!BTQQQrRR,SFSTTTTTT#%%%%%%$ЉR"0IhTThhITT^kkkhtTT#kh#kkCp TS PaQ5k4,wt0߃,RikvRX h R lT,[k_c TTTII$6$k6World Trade OrganizationRESTRICTED DOCPROPERTY "Symbol1" WT/TPR/S/144 24 January 2005 (05-0185)Trade Policy Review Body TRADE POLICY REVIEW DOCPROPERTY "Country"QATAR Report by the Secretariat  This report, prepared for the first Trade Policy Review of Qatar, has been drawn up by the ϲʹ Secretariat on its own responsibility. The Secretariat has, as required by the Agreement establishing the Trade Policy Review Mechanism (Annex 3 of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization), sought clarification from Qatar on its trade policies and practices. Any technical questions arising from this report may be addressed to Messrs.Ricardo Barba (tel: 022/739 50 88; fax: 022/739 57 65) and JacquesDegbelo (tel: 022/739 55 83). Document WT/TPR/G/144 contains the policy statement submitted by Qatar.  ADVANCE \y 700  Note: This report is subject to restricted circulation and press embargo until the end of the first session of the meeting of the Trade Policy Review Body on DOCPROPERTY "Country" Qatar. CONTENTS Page SUMMARY OBSERVATIONS vii (1) The Economic Environment vii (2) Institutional Framework vii (3) Trade Policy Instruments viii (4) Sectoral Policies viii (5) Trade Policy and Trading Partners ix I. Economic environment 1 (1) Major Features of the Economy 1 (2) Recent Economic Developments 2 (3) Trade Performance and Investment 4 (i) Trade in goods and services 4 (ii) Foreign direct investment 8 (4) Outlook 9 II. trade and investment regimes 11 (1) The Institutional Framework 11 (2) Trade Policy Formulation and Implementation 12 (3) Policy Objectives 13 (4) Trade Agreements 14 (i) ϲʹ 14 (ii) Regional agreements 16 (iii) Bilateral agreements 17 (iv) Other preferential arrangements 17 (5) Investment Framework 18 III. trade policies and practices by measure 20 (1) Introduction 20 (2) Measures Directly Affecting Imports 21 (i) Registration 21 (ii) Customs procedures and valuation 21 (iii) Rules of origin 22 (iv) Tariffs, other duties, and taxes 23 (v) Import prohibitions, restrictions, and licensing 26 (vi) Contingency trade remedies 27 (vii) Standards and other technical requirements 28 (viii) Government procurement 30 (ix) Local-content requirements 31 (x) Other measures 31 (3) Measures Directly Affecting Exports 31 (i) Registration and documentation 31 (ii) Export duties and taxes 32 (iii) Export prohibitions and restrictions 32 Page (iv) Export subsidies and assistance 32 (v) Export finance, insurance, guarantees, and promotion 32 (vi) Other measures 32 (4) Measures Affecting Production and Trade 32 (i) Incentives 32 (ii) Competition policy and price controls 33 (iii) Public enterprises and privatization 33 (iv) Intellectual property rights 34 IV. trade policies by sector 38 (1) Overview 38 (2) Agriculture and Related Activities 39 (i) Main features 39 (ii) Policy objectives and instruments 40 (3) Mining and Energy 41 (i) Overview 41 (ii) Petroleum 45 (iii) Natural gas 48 (iv) Electricity 49 (4) Manufacturing 50 (i) Main features 50 (ii) Policy framework 52 (iii) Selected industries 53 (5) Services 55 (i) Main features 55 (ii) Financial services 56 (iii) Telecommunications and postal services 59 (iv) Transport 60 (v) Tourism 63 REFERENCES 67 APPENDIX TABLES 69 CHARTS Page I. ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT I.1 Structure of merchandise exports and imports, 1998-02 6 I.2 Direction of merchandise trade, 1998-02 7 III. TRADE POLICIES AND PRACTICES BY MEASURES III.1 Applied MFN tariff distribution by sector (ISIC 1 definition), 2004 24 III.2 Tariff escalation by ISIC 2-digit, 2004 25 IV. TRADE POLICIES BY SECTORS IV.1 Value added in manufacturing, 2001 50 IV.2 Exports of manufactures, 2002 51 IV.3 Imports of manufactures, 2002 52 IV.4 Qatar's applied tariff by ISIC classsification, 2004 54 TABLES I. ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT I.1 Qatar at a glance 1 I.2 Main economic indicators, 1998-03 3 I.3 Balance of payments, 1999-03 8 I.4 Foreign direct investment, 1998-03 9 II. TRADE AND INVESTMENT REGIMES II.1 Main trade-related laws in Qatar 13 II.2 Qatar's selected notifications to the ϲʹ, as of November 2004 15 III. TRADE POLICIES AND PRACTICES BY MEASURES III.1 Structure of MFN tariffs in Qatar, 2004 20 III.2 Import prohibitions and restrictions, November 2004 26 IV. TRADE POLICIES BY SECTORS IV.1 Qatar's main imports and exports of agricultural products, 1998-01 40 IV.2 Qatar's "expected" reserves of crude and condensate, 2000-04 42 IV.3 Contracts between QP and foreign companies 43 IV.4 QP's activities, October 2004 43 IV.5 Qatar's average daily production of crude oil and field condensate, 1999-03 45 IV.6 Crude oil production, exports, reserves, and price, 1995-03 46 IV.7 Production and consumption of refined products, 1999-03 47 IV.8 Qatar's reserves of associated and non-associated gas, 2000-04 48 IV.9 Production of natural gas liquids, 1997-02 48 IV.10 Selected telecommunication indicators, 1998-03 59 IV.11 Merchant fleet, 1999-02 61 APPENDIX TABLES Page I. ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT AI.1 Structure of exports, 1995-02 71 AI.2 Structure of exports, including re-exports, 1995-02 72 AI.3 Destination of exports, 1995-02 73 AI.4 Destination of exports, including re-exports, 1995-02 74 AI.5 Structure of imports, 1995-02 75 AI.6 Origins of imports, 1995-02 76 IV. TRADE POLICIES BY SECTORS AIV.1 Summary of Qatar's specific commitments in services 77 SUMMARY OBSERVATIONS The Economic Environment Qatar's development strategy, together with high international crude oil prices since mid-1999, has resulted in an impressive economic performance in the past few years. Its real GDP growth rate rose from an annual average of 1.3% during 1986-95 to around 9% over the period 1996-03. Steps taken by Qatar towards monetary and fiscal discipline contributed to reducing inflation to 2.5% in 2003 from a peak of 8.8% in 1996. Largely due to increased oil and natural gas earnings, the external current account has recorded surpluses since 1999 (estimated at 20% of GDP in 2003), as has the Government's overall fiscal balance since fiscal year 2000/01 (5.3% of GDP in 2003/04). Nevertheless, despite Qatar's diversification efforts, in 2003, oil and gas accounted for 56.1% of its GDP, around 70% of public revenue, and almost 90% of total merchandise export earnings. Qatar has invested in health, education, and infrastructure projects with a view to ensuring intergenerational economic equity in the exploitation of its non-renewable natural wealth. Qatar has been implementing measures to improve its business and investment climate, with the objective of further attracting foreign direct investment. The measures include establishment of a one-stop window for investment procedures, and the possibility offered to foreigners by the 2000 Investment Law to fully own companies in selected sectors (i.e. agriculture, industry, tourism, education, health, and natural resources). However, foreign companies remain excluded from investing in certain key activities (e.g. banking, insurance, and commercial representation), and are limited to 49% in other sectors. Such restrictions contrast with the relatively high share of foreigners in Qatar's labour force (70%). The Quality Qatarization programme aims to increase the share of qualified Qatari nationals to 50% of the total labour force in the energy and industry sectors by the end of 2005. Qatar's external debt is still manageable despite its surge from US$9,323million (82.5% of GDP) in 1997 to US$15,035 million (75% of GDP) in 2003. Pegged to the U.S. dollar, the Qatar riyal, the national currency, has remained fairly stable in real terms. Qatar's relatively high ratio of merchandise trade to GDP (some 87% in 2003) reflects the importance of trade to its economy. In contrast with its merchandise exports, which are dominated by oil and gas, its imports are quite diversified both in terms of products and their origins. Qatar is a net services importer, although the services sector, dominated by public administration services, accounts for about 30% of GDP and employs 65% of the labour force. (2) Institutional Framework The Ministry of Economy and Commerce (MEC) formulates, administers, and coordinates Qatar's trade policies. Depending on the nature of the issue, the MEC consults with relevant ministries and other institutions that also take part directly or indirectly in foreign trade policy formulation and/or implementation. The private sector provides inputs to trade policy formulation by communicating its views either directly to the MEC or through the Qatar Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Qatar's trade association. The National Committee on ϲʹ Affairs discusses and assesses ϲʹ-related issues. Spurred by ϲʹ provisions, Qatar enacted new laws, in 2002, on patents, copyrights and neighbouring rights, trademarks, geographical indications, and industrial designs; laws on topography of integrated circuits and undisclosed information are being prepared. Qatar has no competition legislation, nor laws and/or regulations on anti-dumping, subsidies and countervailing measures, and safeguards. A contracting party to the GATT since 7 April1994, Qatar became an original Member of the ϲʹ on 13 January 1996. It grants at least MFN treatment to all its trading partners. Qatar has difficulties in implementing some of its multilateral trade commitments, and in meeting some of the notifications required by certain ϲʹ Agreements. It is neither a signatory nor an observer to any of the ϲʹ's plurilateral agreements. Qatar has not been involved in any dispute under the ϲʹ Dispute Settlement Mechanism, either directly or as a third party. Qatar is a member of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), of which the customs union component became effective as from 1 January 2003. In the context of the GCC, negotiations for a trade agreement are continuing with the European Communities, and a possible trade agreement is also under discussion with China. Qatar is also a member of the Greater Arab Free-Trade Area (GAFTA) in which all six States of the GCC participate. Qatar is considering negotiating bilateral trade agreements with the United States and with Singapore. (3) Trade Policy Instruments Qatar has applied the GCC common external tariff (CET) since 1 January 2003. The adoption of the CET by Qatar increased its simple average applied MFN tariff from 4.2% in 2002 to 5.2% in 2004. Ad valorem tariffs account for 99% of total lines, the others being alternate duties. MFN applied tariffs average 7.1% on agricultural products (ϲʹ definition), and 4.8% on non-agricultural products. Using the ISIC (Revision 2) definition, manufacturing, and mining and quarrying are granted almost the same average tariff protection (5.3% and 5%, respectively). All of Qatar's tariff lines are bound, generally at ceiling rates. The average bound tariff is 16%, leaving Qatar margins for applied tariff increases. Furthermore, the imposition of non-ad valorem tariffs (1% of total tariff lines) may not ensure compliance by Qatar with its binding commitments made at ad valorem rates. In addition, the applied MFN rate is 5% on 32 tariff lines at the HS eight-digit level (certain organic chemicals), on which the tariffs were bound at zero. Qatar has never taken any anti-dumping, countervailing or safeguard actions. Various incentives (e.g. duty and tax concessions) are granted (including on a selective basis) to, inter alia, attract investment, encourage economic diversification through processing of locally produced goods, and promote exports. Qatar is yet to implement the ϲʹ Agreement on Customs Valuation. Documentation for all imported products must be authenticated by the Qatari Embassy in the country of origin. Permits may be issued to allow importation of prohibited goods. Import controls are applied on sanitary, phytosanitary, and Islamic grounds, by means of certificates. Parallel imports of certain products are subject to a 5% commission (on the f.o.b. value) on behalf of local agents with distributor rights. Qatar does not have export finance, insurance, guarantees, or promotion programmes. Its public procurement regime provides for 10% and 5% price preferences for local and GCC products, respectively. Qatar faces some difficulties in enforcing its TRIPS legislation. Key industries (e.g. energy, transport, and telecommunications) remain dominated by public companies. Some of these are sheltered from competition and/or represent a drain on public revenue. Products/services under the areas of activity of public enterprises are generally subject to price controls. Recognizing the need to increase efficiency, reduce the pressure on public resources, and increase the participation of the private sector in the economy, a privatization programme is in progress in some areas, including gas transport, steel, and fertilizer industries, as well as in certain services subsectors. (4) Sectoral Policies 12 Despite its very small and decreasing share of GDP (0.3% in 2003), agriculture is an important sector in the economy because of Qatar's food security objective. Qatar is a net importer of agricultural products, and food security is mainly promoted through relatively low customs tariffs. The Government assists farmers by offering them basic infrastructure (e.g. drainage and irrigation facilities), and free inputs, such as pesticides, natural fertilizers, veterinary services, and vegetable seeds. 13. Qatar Petroleum (QP), a state-owned company, holds the monopoly for oil and natural gas activities in Qatar, albeit increasingly in cooperation with foreign enterprises through joint-ventures. QP is pursuing an intensive exploration drive to increase the lifetime of its reserves, and broaden its production capacity. Qatar has the world's second largest proven reserves of natural gas (14.3% of the globe's total), and it aims to become the largest liquefied natural gas (LNG) producer in the world by 2010. It is also building the largest gas-to-liquids (GTL) plant. Qatar is expanding its electricity network and modifying the distribution management system in order to meet its growing demand. 14. Qatar's manufacturing sector (6.7% of GDP) is based mainly on its comparative advantages in gas-intensive industries. The Government holds a majority stake or is an important shareholder in major manufacturing companies (e.g. steel, cement, and fertilizers). The sector is being promoted partly through investment incentives, including exemption from import duties, and tax holidays for 5-10 years. Alcoholic beverages, and tobacco and tobacco products are subject to the highest tariff rate of 100%. 15. The services sector is dominated by several state-owned companies, some of which are a monopoly, or hold exclusive rights (e.g. telecommunications, postal services, and air transport). Under the General Agreement on Trade in Services, Qatar made commitments in some services categories; it does not maintain MFN exemptions under Article II of the GATS. Despite the presence of a significant foreign working population, Qatar made no commitments on the movement of natural persons under the GATS, except for entry and temporary stay of managers, specialists, and skilled technicians. Presence of foreign natural persons as self-employers is not allowed. (5) Trade Policy and Trading Partners 16. Qatar is a strong supporter of the multilateral trading system, having hosted the fourth Ministerial Conference where the Doha Development Agenda (DDA) was launched. Moreover, with few exceptions, Qatar's market for all products is quite open, and the bulk of its trade has been liberalized on an MFN basis. However, Qatar needs to bring some elements of its trade regime more up to date and into greater conformity with ϲʹ provisions. Continued reforms, including on tariffs and privatization, and further improvement of Qatar's multilateral commitments, both on goods and services, would contribute to better resource allocation, and increase the predictability of its trade regime. 17. Increasingly, a key element in Qatar's reform process relates to full economic integration under the GCC, including the planned establishment of the monetary union by 2007. Qatar's membership in the GCC has contributed to GDP growth by improving competition in the economy, but has also detracted it from multilateral efforts, given the increased demand on its limited administrative and negotiating resources. Qatar's future trade agreements, both at the GCC level and bilaterally, could further complicate this situation. It is therefore important to consider the potentially greater advantages of further market opening on a multilateral basis. Trading partners could help by ensuring that their markets are fully open to goods produced in Qatar, and by providing more technical assistance. . 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