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Chart MSGraph.Chart.804Microsoft Graph 2000 Chart05"@ Chart MSGraph.Chart.804Microsoft Graph 2000 Chart/ 00DTimes New Romand0bbv 0b( 0DArialNew Romand0bbv 0b( 0" DWingdingsRomand0bbv 0b( 00DArial Blackmand0bbv 0b( 0" ` .  @n?" dd@  @@``  #    \     ob$M^v pqyGu"$9`W嫁Rm6u"$9d7O9qΡ\ "$'0FԨ"H'"$"Ե% M@migW/"$dbv1 #Ac $@@{uʚ;2Nʚ; g4CdCdv 0b.ppp@ <4!d!d` 0bP1b<4dddd` 0bP1b<4BdBd` 0bP1b!PCurrent experience with differential pricing of HIV/AIDS related drugs in UgandaQQ`       Dorothy Ochola M.D.-Muyingo Sowedi - Malamba S. Paul J. Weidle, Pharm.D.,MPH, - Joseph Saba, MD. 10 April 2001  Hsbjr, Norway Based on experience from UNAIDS Drug Access InitiativeZ}@dW@2}'7          \ Background (1) Estimated population of 21 million people (1998) Average HIV prevalence is 7%. An estimated cumulative number of 2,276,000 to have been infected since the onset of the epidemic in 1982 1,438,000 estimated to have died. GNP per capita: $310 (1998). RZ0@  Background (2) :HIV-related drugs in several categories STI drugs provided to patients through STIP Basic drugs for treatment of opportunistic infections TB drugs Basic drugs for pain relief & symptom control Antiretrovirals & sophisticated drugs for opportunistic infections  patient meets full cost6((    The UNAIDS/MOH D.A.I. UNAIDS/MOH HIV Drug Access Initiative. Goal: to increase access to HIV-related drugs and care. Two major mechanisms: Adequate healthcare infrastructures Differential pricing and responsive distribution systeml'9\' 9 \ D.A.I.: Implementation {Pilot Program initiated in June 1998. Access to antiretroviral drugs initiated 1 Aug.1998. National Advisory Board to oversee activities. Mechanism for negotiations, procurement and distribution for ARVs established Treatment centres for access to ARVs accredited. Training of health providers in correct use of drugs conducted Patients pay for ARV medications and medical visits8&V& V|   ARV Price Analysis - Objectives   Carried out in December 2000 with the following objectives: Describe the cost of ARV drug combinations to patients in Uganda. Describe reasons for price fluctuations of ARV to patients in Uganda. Quantify the price reductions as at end of 2000.6==$   Method ^Information on cost of ARV gathered from medical Access (U) Ltd. From August 1998  December 2000. Costs of drugs purchased in foreign currency 7 converted to Ugandan shillings Information on costs of drugs to patients gathered from treatment centres. = cost of drug to medical access plus small mark-upnAZpZK0ZF4ZApK40  ARV price reduction in Uganda  #;ARV costs in response to Currency Valuation & Price Changes<<;  $Reasons for recent price reductions%%$ Negotiated reductions in the prices of some drugs from multinational phamaceutical manufacturers Pressure from Governments, PWAs and other activists in developed countries on multinational companies /May 2000 announcement: Further Price Reductions00/ ~5 pharmaceutical companies/5 UN Agencies pledged to substancially reduce prices for developing countries. Effected in Uganda  November-December 2000. Price reductions for individual products 0-83% compared to Feb 2000 prices. Price reduction not same for all drugs (>50% for 6 drugs, 25-50% for 2 and <5% for 6 drugs).@Z@@ 8Cost of 30 days supply of Combinations of ARVs in Uganda998  8Cost of 30 days supply of Combinations of ARVs in Uganda998  $Lessons learned (1) The cost of ARVs is only one aspect of total cost of providing HIV/AIDS care. Few HIV/AIDS individuals have adequate financial resources to purchase ARVs  majority cannot afford even at current reduced costs.@  Lessons learned (2) "Need more public funding to enhance healthcare infrastructure and subsidize further drug costs. Depreciation of local currency may affect patients purchasing power, and therefore quality of care. Further price reductions will enable more of those previously on dual therapy to access HAART.#@##  Conclusions   WDifferential pricing can be looked at from two perspectives: the health care provider and the care seeker. In developing countries most care seekers cannot meet the costs. 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