аЯрЁБс>ўџ CEўџџџBџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџьЅСq Пё$bjbjt+t+ "6AAё џџџџџџ]ІІІІІІІКККККЮК'0ўўўўўўўўн&п&п&п&п&п&п&$H(є<*ц'Іўўўўў'zІІўўўzzzўšІўІўн&ККІІІІўн&zТz<Т;!|ІІн&ўъPЦV†ЃœРКК˜тЗ&&SYMPOSIUM ON TOURISM SERVICES 22-23 FEBRUARY 2001 WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION, GENEVA Overview of GATS Disciplines and Commitments (As part of Session I: Specificity of Tourism as a Set of Industries Heavily Dependent on Network Services, and its Treatment in GATS) PRESENTATION DALE B. HONECK Counsellor Trade in Services Division World Trade Organization [Good Morning! I now understand much better why conference organizers should never also be speakers, but I am happy to see all of you here to participate in the Symposium!] As noted in the Symposium programme, the objective of my presentation is to review the existing GATS disciplines in respect to trade in tourism services, and to provide an up-dated overview of Members’ scheduled commitments. I’d like to briefly stop and note that the previous Secretariat paper on Tourism, prepared as part of the information exchange exercise for the current services negotiations, is still a good introduction to this topic. Anyway, my presentation today will attempt to cover four main themes: First, taking a very brief look at some of the main GATS disciplines and how they affect tourism; Second, providing an overview of scheduled commitments; Third, looking at some of the specific details of scheduled restrictions; and, Finally, taking a somewhat broader look at other scheduled commitments affecting tourism. Introduction: GATS disciplines concerning tourism First, I think it’s very important to remind ourselves that the core provisions of the GATS agreement, including the transparency and other requirements, have a very significant impact on tourism trade. If services providers, both foreign and domestic, are unable to easily find out what the rules are and, equally important, if these rules are not administered in an equitable, reasonable and transparent manner, it’s almost impossible to be competitive in supplying tourism services. The current transparency levels under GATS have some important limitations, of course, as measures are not listed for the sectors with no commitments and, in a number of cases, Members have scheduled somewhat less than the status quo to give themselves more policy flexibility. Another major point, which illustrates that increased policy flexibility has a price, is that the existence of GATS commitments in tourism-related sectors can help promote both domestic and foreign direct investment, by ensuring greater stability and predictability of government regulations and policies affecting tourism. If a market access or national treatment measure is bound in a Member’s GATS Schedule, investors will realize that sudden policy changes are far less likely. II. Overview of scheduled commitments Next, I’d like to look at the level and patterns of market access and national treatment commitments, as contained in the GATS Schedules. Of course, nearly all the GATS tourism commitments are defined by АФУХСљКЯВЪЙйЭјзЪСЯ Members under the four Services Sectoral Classification List (W/120) tourism sub-categories, that is Hotels and restaurants; Travel agencies and tour operators; Tourist guides; and an “Other” category. The precise definitions of each of these categories are given in the earlier Secretariat paper, S/C/W/51, which is part of the background materials for the Symposium placed on the АФУХСљКЯВЪЙйЭјзЪСЯ website. As the paper also notes, these GATS classifications are “distinctly limited in scope” when compared with the actual range of tourism-related services activities. Although tourism evidently has a substantially higher level of liberalization than any other GATS sector, with about 120 Members (counting the EC as one), making commitments, full liberalization definitely has yet to be achieved within even this limited classification. At the very least, the АФУХСљКЯВЪЙйЭјзЪСЯ obviously has more than 120 Members! Also, while the Members with tourism commitments have all made commitments under the Hotels and restaurants sub-category, the number of commitments then begins to fall, with less than 100 commitments under Travel agencies and tour operators; less than 60 commitments under Tourist guides services; and less than 20 commitments under the “Other” sub-category. It should be noted that under this "Other" sub-category, a number of Members have given no description in their GATS schedule of what is included; other Members have listed specific activities, in one case including transport-related commitments. Of the 118 or so Members making tourism commitments, only about one-half have made commitments in three or more sub-sectors. In respect of the four modes of supply under GATS, Tourism is no exception to the general pattern of the highest levels of full market access (i.e. “None”, meaning no restrictions entered in the Schedule) being giving to consumption abroad, followed by significantly lower levels for cross-border supply and commercial presence, with only minimal levels for Mode 4, the movement of natural persons. What is surprising, however, is that even for consumption abroad, that is the right for citizens of a country to travel abroad to consume tourism services, the level of full liberalization never rises above about 80 per cent for any of the four sub-categories. For АФУХСљКЯВЪЙйЭјзЪСЯ Members whose tourism visitors are from the OECD countries, etc. this is not an issue, but for those countries whose visitors are primarily regional, from developing country neighbors, this is a potential problem. The list of Members who have not bound consumption abroad includes even some of the largest developing countries. III. Details of scheduled restrictions My third topic is a very brief overview of the types and patterns of restrictions imposed on market access and national treatment, as found in Members’ GATS Schedules. I will not mention any АФУХСљКЯВЪЙйЭјзЪСЯ Members by name, but the most common restriction appearing in schedules is that cross-border supply, especially of hotel and restaurant services, is often indicated as unbound due to lack of technical feasibility. Interestingly, other Members have made full commitments for these same services. Among the other measures, an economic needs test is frequently required for opening new bars or restaurants, and citizenship requirements are sometimes imposed for liquor licenses and tourist guide licenses. In regard to commercial presence, market access is often guaranteed only to hotels in excess of a certain size, e.g. 50 or 100 rooms, with access for hotels below that size subject to an economic needs test. In some cases licences are required for commercial presence, and in a number of other cases commercial presence is restricted to fixed equity limits. [Mention Pema Rinchen’s work!] An MFN exemption affecting Tourism has been taken by one Member in regard to tax deductions for individuals attending business conventions. Under the Aviation category in the Transport sector, Members have taken a significant number of MFN exemptions for CRS; exemptions are also in place for a number of other aviation-related measures. In addition, a substantial number of Members have taken general MFN exemptions which may have an effect on the Tourism sector, most notably concerning preferential access measures for natural persons. IV. Future prospects: expanded scheduling? Finally, without attempting to prejudice the current services negotiations, I would very briefly like to look at scheduled GATS commitments on the basis of an expanded definition of tourism, for example as contained in the revised classification structure for the proposed tourism annex. The version I used is found in document S/CSS/W/19, which is in the background materials, starting on page 5. What I did was to ask our services database expert if he could make some listings for me, accord to the number of Members making commitments for each of the sub-categories. It was very much a preliminary effort, especially as it was often not possible to exactly separate out the specific tourism aspects from the more general classifications, but it did have some interesting results. For example, …………………. These preliminary results confirm, as expected, the much lower level of GATS commitments in services sectors of major importance for tourism, and indicate areas where governments may wish to give greater attention in the future. [Thank you very much] _______________________________ 2S[\ˆ‰Š#56Atu{чщ-bx y z А Б  j n ”•–МНОиiѕіуф  ц6UVu v Ђ Ѓ Є Ѕ Й$њє№ьшрькьь№жЮж№ЦМЦЕЋЕ№Ѓ№Е›Е›Е№ЕЃ№ЦЕЋЕ›ЕЦЕЋЃ№ЋЕЦЋЕЋЃ№ЦЕ5CJ OJQJhnH >*CJOJQJ5CJ hnH CJOJQJhnH  CJOJQJ5>*CJOJQJ5CJOJQJ5CJhnH 5CJ 56CJ6CJHhnH 6CJH5CJ$5CJ 56CJ$ 56CJ082STUVWX[\‰Š#$%&'6A\uvwxљљїїїїїїєђєљєєє№єєєєєэєєъъъ$$ $$dh2STUVWX[\‰Š#$%&'6A\uvwxy{+,ьэy z { Џ А Џ А ”•–МНСТ}~іїуф  њћUVu v ќљіѓ№эчфсолигаЭЪЧФСОЛИЕВЏЌЉЃЁЁЁ. šћџџF ›ћџџœћџџ(§џџ)§џџщўџџъўџџšџџџœџџџџџџžџџџŸџџџ џџџЙџџџдџџџпџџџюџџџяџџџ№џџџёџџџђџџџ  GџџџHџџџIџџџJџџџвџџџгџџџ?xy{+,ьэy z { Џ А Џ А ”•–МНСТ}~іќќїїїїїќюоќжжжќЮЬїїїїїїdh Ца. & Fdh$ & FF„„ Ца$„0§ Цаdh$іїуф  њћUVu v Ѓ Є 6"7"И$Й$а$б$ё$њњњњњјѕњњњњњњјѕњњњњњяя$dh$dhv Ѓ Є 6"7"И$Й$а$б$ё$ў Й$Ю$№$ё$ї№ CJOJQJ5CJOJQJ А‚. АЦA!А "А # $ %АА G [4@ёџ4Normal $ ЦаCJmH F@"F Heading 1$ & F6„а„0§Є№@&5;J@2J Heading 2"$ & F7„а„0§Є№@& Цh:J@BJ Heading 3"$ & F8„а„0§Є№@& Цh5F@RF Heading 4"$ & F9„а„0§Є№@& Цh@@@ Heading 5 & F:„а„0§Є№@&6.@. Heading 6 Є№@&.@. Heading 7 Є№@&4@4 Heading 8 $$@&58 @8 Heading 9 $$@&5CJ$<A@ђџЁ<Default Paragraph Font4T@ђ4 Block Text„ „ Є№8B@8 Body Text & F1Є№ Цh6P@6 Body Text 2  & F2Є№:Q@": Body Text 3 & F3„pЄ№FўO2F Body Text 4 & F4„p„0§Є№ Цp6ўOB6 Body Text 5  & F5Є№LM@RLBody Text First Indent  & F„а<C@b<Body Text Indent „аЄ№HN@arHBody Text First Indent 2„аFR@‚FBody Text Indent 2„аdрЄ№DS@’DBody Text Indent 3 „аЄ№CJ4+@Ђ4 Endnote TexthnH 8&@ЂБ8Footnote ReferenceH*6@Т6 Footnote Text„аCJ* @*Index 1 „н„#џ.!@в. Index Heading$/@ђ$List „а„0§(2@(List 2 „ „0§(3@(List 3 !„а„а(4@"(List 4 "„p„0§(5@2(List 5 #„ „а20@B2 List Bullet $ & F;D6@RD List Bullet 2% & F<„ „0§ ЦƒH7@bH List Bullet 3& & F=„а„ Цžа@H8@rH List Bullet 4' & F>„p„0§ ЦЙ H9@‚H List Bullet 5( & F?„ „ Цд 6D@’6 List Continue )„аЄ№>E@Ђ>List Continue 2*„а„аЄ№:F@В:List Continue 3 +„ Є№>G@Т>List Continue 4,„ „аЄ№>H@в>List Continue 5-„p„0§Є№81@т8 List Number. & FD ЦhD:@ђD List Number 2/ & F@„ „0§ ЦƒD;@D List Number 30 & FA„а„ ЦžD<@D List Number 41 & FB„p„0§ ЦЙD=@"D List Number 52 & FC„ „ Цд4Z@24 Plain Text3 CJOJQJ*J@B*Subtitle4$@&<,@<Table of Authorities5<#@<Table of Figures 6 Ца€,>@r,Title7$ 5;KH*ўO‚*Title 28$>**ўO’*Title 39$66ўOЂ6 Title Country:$;..@. TOA Heading;5<@<TOC 1<$„а„0§Є№ Ц" 5;:@:TOC 2=$„а„0§Є№ Ц" :8@8TOC 3>$„а„0§ Ца"@J52@2TOC 4?$„а„0§ Ц" <@<TOC 5@$„а„0§ Ц(" 6mH0@0TOC 6A$„p ЦаCJ0@0TOC 7B$„L ЦаCJ0@0TOC 8C$„( ЦаCJ0@0TOC 9D$„ ЦаCJJўORJParagr. Num. - WTOE & FEЄ№ Цh\$@b\Envelope AddressF&€„@ „ќџ„єџ„№/„Д+DМ CJOJQJё 6џџџџЙ$ё$xіё$v ё$htЗС\ c Џ З   x†6DGPmx?CDMѓ Ÿ­ЇЏЬдоч   Ќ Д ^q ЫкўћЭWYZg‹–Щбфєѓ џџHoneckAC:\Users\Honeck\Data Files\Word\Tourism\symposium\Present-DBH.docHoneckAC:\Users\Honeck\Data Files\Word\Tourism\symposium\Present-DBH.docHoneckAC:\Users\Honeck\Data Files\Word\Tourism\symposium\Present-DBH.docHoneckAC:\Users\Honeck\Data Files\Word\Tourism\symposium\Present-DBH.docHoneckAC:\Users\Honeck\Data Files\Word\Tourism\symposium\Present-DBH.docHoneckAC:\Users\Honeck\Data Files\Word\Tourism\symposium\Present-DBH.docHoneckAC:\Users\Honeck\Data Files\Word\Tourism\symposium\Present-DBH.docHoneckAC:\Users\Honeck\Data Files\Word\Tourism\symposium\Present-DBH.docHoneckAC:\Users\Honeck\Data Files\Word\Tourism\symposium\Present-DBH.docHoneckEC:\DOCUME~1\Honeck\LOCALS~1\Temp\AutoRecovery save of Present-DBH.asd|џџџ dЗ2џџџџџџџџ}џџџ (Ь 1џџџџџџџџ~џџџŽ40џџџџџџџџџџџцtlv/џџџџџџџџ€џџџ<ї”Š(џџџџџџџџџџџі@2r'џџџџџџџџ‚џџџH N\&џџџџџџџџƒџџџФ Т>%џџџџџџџџˆџџџтS(Иџџџџџџџџџ‰џџџ<В4Бџџџџџџџџџ47У vш&`џџџџџџџџ'zоd˜оvEџџџџџџџџ]<ж Ђо. >ў%№9pЮ$zdЧ1 џџџџџџџџџиЩ2њT„д„˜ўЦд.„Й„˜ўЦЙ.„ž„˜ўЦž.„ƒ„˜ўЦƒ. „д„˜ўЦдOJQJo(З№ „Й„˜ўЦЙOJQJo(З№ „ž„˜ўЦžOJQJo(З№ „ƒ„˜ўЦƒOJQJo(З№„h„˜ўЦh. „h„˜ўЦhOJQJo(З№„а„0§Ца.„а„0§Ца.„а„0§Ца.„а„0§Ца()„„Цh.„ „0§Ц ()„p„0§Цp()„ „Ц()„p„Ц@ ()„„Цho(„ „0§Ц o(()„p„0§Цpo(()џ„p„0§Цpo(-„а„0§Цаo(()„ „0§Ц o(()џ„ „0§Ц o(-„p„0§Цpo(()„@ „0§Ц@ o(()„„Цho(. „а„0§ЦаOJQJo(-№„а„0§Цаo(.„„Ца.„„Цh.„„Цh.„„Цh()„„Ца()„„Цh.„ „0§Ц ()„ „0§Ц ()џ„8„h§Ц8-FиЩ2иЩ2иЩ2иЩ247У иЩ2иЩ2иЩ2иЩ2иЩ2‰џџџ >ў%ƒџџџƒџџџ‚џџџ‚џџџџџџџџџ€џџџ€џџџˆџџџџџџџџџ~џџџ~џџџ}џџџ}џџџ|џџџ|џџџиЩ2иЩ2иЩ2иЩ247У иЩ2иЩ2иЩ2иЩ2иЩ2 >ў%ƒџџџ‚џџџџџџ€џџџџџџ~џџџ}џџџ|џџџиЩ2иЩ2иЩ2иЩ247У иЩ2иЩ2иЩ2иЩ2иЩ2 >ў%ƒџџџ‚џџџџџџЖФџџџџџџДЪџџџАЈџџџДЅџџџБе<ж'zоzdЧ1џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ@€pp _PID_GUIDфAN{1431A4F1-C124-11D4-807A-0050DA30082A} ўџџџ !"#$%&'()*+,-./01ўџџџ3456789ўџџџ;<=>?@Aўџџџ§џџџDўџџџўџџџўџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџRoot Entryџџџџџџџџ РFщjлCœР@ €†ЃœРF€1Tableџџџџџџџџџџџџ"+WordDocumentџџџџџџџџ"6SummaryInformation(џџџџ2DocumentSummaryInformation8џџџџџџџџџџџџ:CompObjџџџџjObjectPoolџџџџџџџџџџџџ@ €†ЃœР@ €†ЃœРџџџџџџџџџџџџўџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџўџ џџџџ РFMicrosoft Word Document MSWordDocWord.Document.8є9Вq