ࡱ> @B?Y &bjbjWW F@== "]LLLbvvv$P<NNdddddd$vddddddvvddNddddvdvdvvvvddZd  vvd:TB2d: SYMPOSIUM ON TOURISM SERVICES Geneva, 22-23 February 2001 NOTE on tourism statistics relevant to international trade in tourism services Professor Jos Quevedo ϲʹ Consultant Madrid, 25 January 2001 "Symposium on Tourism Services" Geneva, 22-23 February 2001 I. Introduction 1.1 International tourism (IT), based on the definition of international visitor, has been traditionally described in monetary terms as the consumption by non-resident visitors, within the economic territory of the country of reference, of goods and services provided by residents (inbound tourism consumption) and the consumption by resident visitors, outside the economic territory of the country of reference, of goods and services provided by non-residents (outbound tourism consumption). 1.2 Because of the importance that tourism - international in particular - has assumed in the national economies of a great many developed and developing countries, it is essential to make a credible assessment of both the volume of IT (inbound and outbound) and its impact on the balance of payments and on national and global economies. 1.3 A review of the situation of available statistical information on IT has however revealed the pressing need to improve and expand it and to integrate it with that of the other economic activities within the framework of reference (in common statistical language) of the System of National Accounts (SCN93) and the Balance of Payments (BP-93). II Situation of available statistics on IT 2.1 The sources of information on IT, which have for a long time been and are still the only ones available in a great many countries, are the following: (a) administrative controls at borders (customs and border crossings) and guest registers in accommodation establishments, which provide physical data on traveller arrivals and departures and nights (overnight stays); (b) the balance of payments which provides monetary data (totals only), i.e. income and expenditure corresponding to the travel and passenger transport items but relating to international travellers, a broader concept than that of international visitors; 2.2 In some countries receiving relatively large numbers of international tourists, these sources of information have been supplemented by: (c) surveys of tourists, generally of two kinds and varying periodicity: visitor surveys carried out chiefly at borders and in accommodation establishments and households; and surveys of companies and establishments that supply goods and services to visitors, e.g. travel agencies, tour operators, means of accommodation and carriers. 2.3 In most countries data on international visitor flows are still obtained from administrative records not subject to rigorous statistical techniques, and the monetary evaluation of international tourism consumption (inbound and outbound) is carried out within the framework of the countrys balance of payments (travel and passenger transport items), mainly applying one of two general methods, viz.: Central Bank data or tourism expenditure surveys, supplemented by data from other sources, such as administrative records or data exchanges with other countries. Bilateral comparisons between countries treatment of travel flows and the travel item reveal strong discrepancies between, and hence the unreliability and incomparability of, the evaluations made with the available statistics. 2.4 In short, the situation of available statistics on IT is typified by: dispersal, unreliability and inconsistencies; large gaps in information; and the scant national and international comparability of definitions, classifications and estimates. 2.5 The information available on IT worldwide is recorded in ϲʹϒs publications, especially in: Yearbook of Tourism Statistics Includes for each of some 200 countries arrivals (at frontiers and in accommodation establishments) and overnight stays Compendium of Tourism Statistics (annual) Supplements the information in the Yearbook and includes in its blue pages a series on IT arrivals and receipts worldwide since 1950 and by the various world regions for the past five years. Tourism Market Trends (annual) A separate publication for each of the six ϲʹ regions, which analyses arrivals, receipts and expenditure, hotel capacity and the major generating markets in each region. Tourism Highlights (three a year) ϲʹϒs most up-to-date publication, it contains the preliminary results of IT worldwide and the latest data on IT arrivals, departures and income and expenditure by region and selected countries. II International tourism statistics and the Tourism Satellite Account: recommended methodological framework (TSA:RMF) 3.1 The situation of IT statistics, like that of domestic tourism statistics which is still more serious, means that the available information on tourism has limited credibility, compared to that of the statistics on other economic activities. In view of tourisms growing importance in the national economies of a great many developed and developing countries, the obvious conclusion is that there is an urgent need to improve and expand IT statistics and to integrate them with those of other economic activities. 3.2 Since the beginning of the 1980s the World Tourism Organization (ϲʹ) has directed its research and other work on tourism information towards integrating tourism into the general definitions and classifications of socio-economic statistics, particularly within SNA93 and BP-93. This long process has been marked in particular by the adoption by the United Nations Statistical Commission (UNSC) of the following international standards on tourism statistics: in 1978 provisional guidelines on international tourism statistics, at the proposal of ϲʹ; in 1993, as a result of the Ottawa Conference of 1991 and at ϲʹϒs proposal, standard tourism definitions and classifications together with the Standard International Classification of Tourism Activities (SICTA), published in 1994 by the United Nations and ϲʹ under the title Recommendations on Tourism Statistics (REC93); and in March 2000, at the joint proposal of ϲʹ, OECD and EUROSTAT, the common methodological framework of the TSA was approved and is shortly to be published under the title Tourism Satellite Account: recommended methodological framework (TSA:RMF) (REC00). 3.3 The TSA:RMF sets out the appropriate methodology for meeting the present demand for statistical information on tourism, the nature of which has moreover changed, since to ensure that tourism measurements are credible, they have to be obtained by continuous statistical processes and be comparable in time and space and consistent (compatible with the international macroeconomic systems of accounts, in particular SNA93 and BP-93). 3.4 The TSA:RMF, a new statistical instrument, sets out concepts, definitions, classifications, aggregates and ten tables compatible with the international guidelines of SNA93 and BP-93 and providing public and private decision-making centres with the foundations on which to develop their tourism-related plans and programmes of action, national and international alike. To ensure the international comparability of tourism results, it establishes the definitions and classifications of tourism characteristic products and activities to be used (see the Annex to this Note). 3.5 In its present form, the TSA:RMF builds on the traditional concept of IT in two main directions: it expands on and specifies the composition of visitor consumption expenditure, distinguishing between that of tourists and same-day visitors (i.e. excursionists), and classifies the goods and services consumed by the visitor, including second homes owned by non-residents; it broadens the scope or coverage of external transactions in tourism goods and services since, besides those related to visitor consumption, it includes those related to tourism industries (IC and GFCF) and public administrations (TCC). 3.6 In future developments of the TSA it will be necessary to broaden the concept of IT still more to include other tourism-related external transactions, such as rents, current and capital transactions and certain financial transactions, such as direct tourism investments. ANNEXES  For statistical purposes, the term international visitor describes any person travelling to a country other than in which he/she has his/her usual residence but outside his/her usual environment for a period not exceeding twelve months and whose main purpose of visit is other than the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the country visited (REC93, paragraph 29)  Measuring Travel Item of the Balance of Payments of EU Member States for stage III of EMU. Annex C. EUROSTAT 1997  Institutional approach to the TSA and TBP PGINA 1 +2^   5 B C M n { | o;M]^y ` !!""""##$$$&&&&&&&&&&&&&0JmH0J j0JUOJQJj0J5CJOJQJU5CJ0>*6 j0JU5P     +,-.JKLMNu$ 8!     +,-.JKLMNu./012BC34     _ ` ghi   W./012B$$BC34     _ `  & Fd h Sd  @d dd$? ghi ! & F )d h) d  & F ed he & Fed he <d d  & Fd h d  !~no:;]^"#$pq!!{!|!""~##$$$$$&&&&&          :~no:;]^ Sd  & F)d h) <d d  & F)d h) &d  & F )d h) )d  d "#$pq!! $ & F) h)$ $ & F) h)$ $ & F) h)$<d<d$n)d!{!|!""~##$$$$$&&&&&&&&&&`#$$$$dd & F)d h)d&&5CJ0 0. 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