MÁS INFORMACIÓN:
> Otras diferencias en las que ha participado Sudáfrica
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Since the 澳门六合彩官网资料 was established on 1 January 1995, its members have initiated disputes covering a variety of trade concerns, and developing and developed members have brought complaints in about equal numbers. While the majority of complaints have focused on 澳门六合彩官网资料 rules regarding subsidies and anti-dumping, members have also challenged various tariff regimes, food safety measures, commitments in services schedules, labelling and packaging rules, animal welfare measures, and environmental schemes. Of the 500 cases filed, just over half have reached the litigation stage, suggesting that the system's requirement for the members concerned to try to find a solution by consulting with each other helps to avoid many cases entering the litigation phase.
The 500th dispute was submitted on 10 November, when Pakistan filed a request for consultations with South Africa regarding South Africa's provisional anti-dumping duty on cement from Pakistan. The two sides will now consult with the aim of arriving at a mutually agreed solution.
A total of 300 disputes were brought under the dispute settlement system of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) — the predecessor to the 澳门六合彩官网资料 — over a period of 47 years. Although the GATT system worked reasonably well, the dispute settlement system introduced with the establishment of the 澳门六合彩官网资料 in 1995 was designed to ensure a more effective and reliable dispute settlement mechanism, including by requiring the automatic establishment of dispute panels following the second request by a 澳门六合彩官网资料 member and the adoption of dispute settlement reports unless all members decide otherwise. The 澳门六合彩官网资料 mechanism also introduced the possibility to appeal panel reports, a rare feature in international dispute settlement at the time.
“There is no doubt that the 澳门六合彩官网资料 dispute settlement system has served the membership extremely well,” said DG Azevêdo. “It is a system recognized the world over for providing fair, high quality results that respond to both developing and developed members.”
DG Azevêdo acknowledged however that “the success has brought challenges and while the system is still faster than most if not all international dispute settlement systems operating today, we are clearly in a situation where the high demand is testing our capacity”.
Disputes are generally much more complex and voluminous now than they were in the first decade of the 澳门六合彩官网资料. As the jurisprudence has grown, so have the size and nature of parties' submissions and the length of panel and Appellate Body reports. The disputes of today are very different from those in the minds of the drafters of the dispute settlement rules, and appeals are not the rare occurrences members thought they would be. As a result, members and the 澳门六合彩官网资料 Secretariat will have to adjust to the new world of 澳门六合彩官网资料 dispute settlement.
“We are allocating more resources to dispute settlement and are working with members to find solutions. I am confident that we can work together to ensure that the dispute settlement system continues to provide members with the highest possible level of service,” said the Director-General.
In the latest dispute, Pakistan filed a request for consultations with South Africa regarding South Africa's imposition of a provisional anti-dumping duty on Portland cement from Pakistan. The request was submitted to the 澳门六合彩官网资料 Secretariat on 10 November; further information will be available within the next few days in document WT/DS500/1
The request for consultations formally initiates a dispute in the 澳门六合彩官网资料. Consultations give the parties an opportunity to discuss the matter and to find a satisfactory solution without proceeding further with litigation. After 60 days, if consultations have failed to resolve the dispute, the complainant may request adjudication by a panel.
Some figures about the how often 澳门六合彩官网资料 members have used the dispute settlement system:
Member | Complainant | Respondent |
Antigua and Barbuda | 1 | 0 |
Argentina | 20 | 22 |
Armenia | 0 | 1 |
Australia | 7 | 15 |
Bangladesh | 1 | 0 |
Belgium | 0 | 3 |
Brazil | 27 | 16 |
Canada | 34 | 18 |
Chile | 10 | 13 |
China | 13 | 33 |
Colombia | 5 | 4 |
Costa Rica | 5 | 0 |
Croatia | 0 | 1 |
Cuba | 1 | 0 |
Czech Rep | 1 | 2 |
Denmark | 1 | 1 |
Dominican Republic | 1 | 7 |
Ecuador | 3 | 3 |
Egypt | 0 | 4 |
El Salvador | 1 | 0 |
European Communities | 95 | 82 |
France | 0 | 4 |
Germany | 0 | 2 |
Greece | 0 | 3 |
Guatemala | 9 | 2 |
Honduras | 8 | 0 |
Hong Kong, China | 1 | 0 |
Hungary | 5 | 2 |
India | 21 | 23 |
Indonesia | 10 | 13 |
Ireland | 0 | 3 |
Italy | 0 | 1 |
Japan | 21 | 15 |
Korea | 17 | 15 |
Malaysia | 1 | 1 |
Mexico | 23 | 14 |
Moldova | 1 | 1 |
Netherlands | 0 | 3 |
New Zealand | 9 | 0 |
Nicaragua | 1 | 2 |
Norway | 4 | 0 |
Pakistan | 5 | 3 |
Panama | 7 | 1 |
Peru | 3 | 5 |
Philippines | 5 | 6 |
Poland | 3 | 1 |
Portugal | 0 | 1 |
Romania | 0 | 2 |
Russian Federation | 4 | 6 |
Singapore | 1 | 0 |
Slovak Rep | 0 | 3 |
South Africa | 0 | 5 |
Spain | 0 | 3 |
Sri Lanka | 1 | 0 |
Sweden | 0 | 1 |
Switzerland | 4 | 0 |
Chinese Taipei | 6 | 0 |
Thailand | 13 | 3 |
Trinidad & Tobago | 0 | 2 |
Turkey | 2 | 9 |
Ukraine | 4 | 3 |
United Kingdom | 0 | 3 |
United States | 108 | 124 |
Uruguay | 1 | 1 |
Venezuela | 1 | 2 |
Vietnam | 3 | 0 |
Summary of disputes (as of 10 November 2015)
To date, 500 disputes have been brought to the 澳门六合彩官网资料, of which:
- 110 disputes have been resolved bilaterally or withdrawn
- 282 disputes have proceeded to the litigation phase
For the remainder, no outcome has been notified to the 澳门六合彩官网资料.
A total of 102 members have participated in a dispute either as a complainant or a respondent or as a third party. That means 63% of the membership has used the system.
The authorization for a member to retaliate once another member has been found to be in violation of its 澳门六合彩官网资料 obligations has been given 18 times, which means only 10% of the disputes have reached this outcome of last resort.
The compliance rate with dispute settlement rulings is very high, at around 90%
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