аЯрЁБс>ўџ RTўџџџQџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџьЅСq Пр<bjbjt+t+ )TAAP7LCџџџџџџ]"(DDDXXXX8 œDXG(ієє( ((((((($=)є1+d2(D2(DDє"DD (XXDDDD (ввІ€"hDD (р№*ŒSyРXX>Тш'$World Trade OrganizationG/AG/NG/W/61 13 December 2000(00-5402)Committee on Agriculture Special SessionOriginal: Spanish fourth special session of the committee on agriculture 15-17 November 2000 Statements by Bolivia Note on non-trade concerns (G/AG/NG/W/36) Article 20(c) of the Agreement on Agriculture states that Members agree that negotiations for continuing the reform process will be initiated "taking into account … non-trade concerns, special and differential treatment to developing country Members, and the objective to establish a fair and marketoriented agricultural trading system, and the other objectives and concerns mentioned in the preamble to this Agreement;". The preamble indicates that food security and the need to protect the environment are integral elements of non-trade concerns. The Rome Summit defined food security as access by people "at all times … to sufficient … food … for an active and healthy life". This definition does not mention the need for all countries to be selfsufficient and produce all or the majority of the food they consume, but some countries consider that food security policies aimed at achieving a minimum level of self-sufficiency are prudent. Each country's special features will determine the level of support required by the agricultural sector in order to attain this objective. Nevertheless, achieving a minimum level of self-sufficiency cannot be used as an excuse for granting trade-distorting subsidies. Where this is the case, the objective is no longer food security but access to international markets through unfair competition. Consequently, food security is an abstract concept that cannot be situated either in time or in space. At the end of the second millennium, the defining features of food security are very different in developed and developing countries. In 1997, the average daily per capita supply of calories in the least-developed countries was 2,099 calories, in developing countries as a whole it was 2,663 calories and in OECD countries 3,380 calories. It is not the same thing to talk of food security when the average GDP per capita in leastdeveloped countries is US$1,064.00, in developing countries as a whole US$3,270.00 and in OECD countries US$20,357.00 (1998 data). The concept of food security takes on another dimension when agriculture accounts for 32.7 per cent of GDP in the least-developed countries, 13.5 per cent in developing countries as a whole and 2.2 per cent in OECD countries and when it is estimated that 30.3 per cent of the population will not survive until age 40 in least-developed countries, 14.3 per cent in developing countries as a whole and 3.9 per cent in OECD countries. The adverse effects of the production and export subsidies granted by some developed countries have a direct impact on food security in developing countries and jeopardize their political and social stability by increasing the poverty of their populations, especially in rural areas, thus creating an ever-increasing migratory flow to urban centres and the proliferation of belts of poverty in cities. It should be recalled that the urban population percentage rose from 26.1 per cent to 39 per cent between 1975 and 1998, that the poverty ratio deteriorated and that combating poverty has become the first item on the agenda of government policies in developing countries. Indicators for Examining the Question of Food Security in Developing Countries and in the OECD Countries Least-developed countriesAll developing countriesOECD countriesDaily per capita supply of calories 2,099 2,663 3,380GDP per capita (US$) 1,064 3,270 20,357Agriculture as a percentage of GDP 32.7 3.5 2.2People not expected to survive to age 40 (%) 30.3 14.3 3.9 Source: Human Development Report 2000, published by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). These are just some indicators which show that, in the agricultural negotiations, food security cannot be dealt with in general terms but, on the contrary, specific contractual commitments will have to be reached that take into account the special nature of this issue. This is the only way of establishing mechanisms that will guarantee food security to all Members of the АФУХСљКЯВЪЙйЭјзЪСЯ and prevent it being used to continue distorting trade in agricultural products. The need to protect the environment is another non-trade concern according to the preamble to the Agreement on Agriculture. As in the case of food security, we should look at the characteristics of environmental protection in various countries through agriculture. It is useful to recall here a question that has been raised on several occasions: by using larger quantities of insecticides, herbicides, chemical fertilizers and agricultural machinery, is it possible to preserve the environment better, bearing in mind that these inputs are significant and are those most used in agricultural production in developed countries? The main source of environmental pollution is large industrial centres and it is thus paradoxical that it is precisely some industrialized countries with the highest levels of environmental pollution which are putting this issue on the table in the agricultural negotiations. The situation is very different in developing countries, where farmers have to supply products at low prices in order to be able to compete with products subsidized by public funds in some developed countries. This obliges them to use production methods that are not always consistent with environmental protection. There can be no doubt that non-trade concerns are real concerns for Members of the АФУХСљКЯВЪЙйЭјзЪСЯ and they must be taken into account throughout the negotiating process, but at no time should they become disguised forms of international trade-distorting measures or be used arbitrarily by some countries which have not resigned themselves to renouncing the protectionist practices that have such an effect on developing countries. Export subsidies – food security or food dependency? (G/AG/NG/W/38) The purpose of this document, which is co-sponsored by Bolivia and six other Latin American countries, is to foster informed discussion of the adverse effects of export subsidies. The delegation of Bolivia wishes to encourage this discussion by relating its experience of how food security can end up by becoming food dependency. According to the statistical data collected, food aid to Bolivia goes back to 1955, when 2,552 metric tonnes of food were donated, after which food aid steadily increased to an alarming extent. At that time, the estimated population was around 3.3 million, in other words, the per capita donation was 0.77 kg., and the highest levels of food aid reached a figure of 278,055 metric tonnes in 1987 for a population of 6.7 million, equivalent to per capita food aid of 41.5 kg. In 32 years, per capita food aid increased by almost 54 times. Since 1987, the volume of food aid has declined and in 1999 72,400 tonnes were received. The main products concerned were wheat and wheat flour. The increase in food aid had several negative effects on food security, including the following: (i) the creation of a fragile food supply system; (ii) a disincentive to domestic agricultural production; (iii) the diminished importance of local production in relation to self-sufficiency; (iv) a reduction in domestic effective demand; and (v) a change in the dietary habits of Bolivians. Food aid, principally in the form of wheat and wheat flour, has replaced the production and consumption of other indigenous cereals with high yields and very rich in proteins and calories. It is estimated that around 10 per cent of the population has become dependent on the supplementary rations from food aid programmes, which have become a basic element of their daily food intake. The food donations policy, together with a pricing policy on converting them into cash, which were applied for a long time, had the effect of decreasing domestic production to the minimum level. In order to counter the negative effects of food dependency, in 1992 an agreement was reached among the main donors, farmers and the milling industry so that prices reflected the true cost of production and this acted as an effective catalyst for domestic production, which rose from 3,500 hectares in 1994 to 112,000 hectares harvested in 1997. At present, less than 25 per cent of the wheat consumed in Bolivia is produced domestically, so more than 75 per cent of consumption is composed of commercial imports or food aid under international cooperation as part of the programmes to support the balance-of-payments. According to studies carried out in 1998, Bolivia's population has an adequate supply of calories and a deficit of 7 per cent in proteins, although it is clear that these studies show very positive statistical averages whereas in reality large sectors of the population, particularly in rural areas, are suffering from malnutrition. Lastly, it should also be emphasized that Bolivia's agricultural production takes up over one and a half million hectares and five and a half million hectares are used to raise livestock. In relative terms, this means that Bolivia is only using one fourth of its agricultural production potential for agricultural activities. This situation is due to a number of internal factors, but also to the distortionary factors currently dominating international trade in agricultural products. Bolivia does not apply any subsidies and does not grant preferential credits for production or export. It will only be able to develop its agricultural potential and attain food self-sufficiency, dispensing completely with the annual food aid it receives, when all the protectionist measures applied by its main developed trading partners are eliminated. Food aid will then only be necessary in cases of emergency and will cease to be a factor of dependence. Market access, Cairns Group (G/AG/NG/W/54) Bolivia, as a Member of the Cairns Group considers the question of market access to be extremely important and hopes that the results of the agricultural negotiations will contain real and effective provisions in this respect. Bolivia is at present penalized on two counts for having a genuine market economy, which is not limited to certain sectors and for applying trade liberalization policies. Firstly, its agricultural exports are facing unfair competition from subsidized products, as well as being subject to prohibitive tariff rates and restrictive tariff quotas, which are administered at discretion and with no transparency. If our exports still continue to be competitive despite these protectionist measures, sanitary and phytosanitary measures are then used abusively. Secondly, Bolivia is penalized by the influx of subsidized products into its domestic market, causing serious injury to its producers, notably the peasants who work their land in order to feed their family and send their small surpluses to city markets. Consequently, the opening of markets as a result of the current negotiations will not benefit countries such as Bolivia for the simple reason that Bolivian producers will once again have to compete with their counterparts in rich countries who receive billions of dollars in production and export subsidies. We shall embark on the same vicious circle. The benefits of greater market access will accrue to countries which distort trade in agricultural products and they will take up the new market opportunities by dumping products. For the above reasons, during the negotiations specific and contractual provisions must be developed in recognition of the substantial efforts made by countries such as Bolivia, which remain true to the principles of trade liberalization. It should be determined that any new opening of markets should first of all benefit non-trade-distorting countries. We are certain that some delegations will ask which are the countries that do not distort trade. In order to belong to this privileged group of countries, only five requirements have to be met: 1. Not grant any type of export subsidy. 2. Not have any domestic support measures which distort trade (measures in the amber and blue boxes). 3. Not grant preferential export credits. 4. Not have tariff quotas, and finally 5. Not apply agricultural special safeguards. To become a non-trade-distorting country should be the goal of every Member so that it contributes towards meeting the objectives of the АФУХСљКЯВЪЙйЭјзЪСЯ and eliminates any discriminatory treatment in international trade relations. The situation we are experiencing is a sui generis one because it is precisely in the АФУХСљКЯВЪЙйЭјзЪСЯ that negotiations are taking place to ensure that further injury is not caused to Members which apply trade liberalization policies. This is why we are raising the issue of non-trade-distorting countries and are calling on the major trading partners in the АФУХСљКЯВЪЙйЭјзЪСЯ to be consistent in their statements and interventions highlighting the positive elements of trade liberalization and to move forward in this direction with practical measures. As a first measure, they should open their markets to products from non-trade-distorting countries. Efficient Bolivian producers in the hot plains, growing soya that is not genetically modified, palm hearts and sugar, as well as those gathering Brazil nuts, are awaiting the benefits of trade liberalization. They are not alone, Aymara and Quechua peasants working at an altitude of 4,000 metres to cultivate quinoa seed and amaranth, which are highly nutritional and biologically produced cereals, are also awaiting the benefits. These producers are poor because of the negative effects of the trade protectionism of the main trading partners in the АФУХСљКЯВЪЙйЭјзЪСЯ and they demand that the agricultural negotiations lead to mechanisms that will protect them against unfair competition from subsidized products. What Bolivia is asking is that it no longer be doubly penalized by its commitment to the principles of the АФУХСљКЯВЪЙйЭјзЪСЯ. __________  Human Development Report 2000, page 240, published by the United National Development Programme (UNDP).  Idem, page 160.  Idem, page 209.  Idem, page 171.  The food aid received in 1993, amounting to 417.3 metric tonnes to offset the effects of the natural disasters that occurred in 1992 and 1993, has not been included. 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